Possible role of opioids and KATP channels in neuroprotective effect of postconditioning in mice

The present study was designed to investigate the possible role of opioids and K(ATP) channels in ischemic postconditioning-induced reversal of global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) induced neuronal injury. Mice were subjected to global ischemia by bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 10 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h, to produce neuronal injury. Ischemic postconditioning was induced by three episodes of carotid artery occlusion and reperfusion of 10 s each, immediately after global ischemia. Morphine postconditioning was induced by administration of morphine (5 mg/kg i.v.), 5 min prior to reperfusion. Naloxone (5 mg/kg i.v.), opioid receptor antagonist, and glibenclamide (5 mg/kg i.v.), K(ATP) channel blocker were administered 10 min before global ischemia. Extent of cerebral injury was assessed by measuring cerebral infarct size using triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Short-term memory was evaluated using the elevated plus maze test, while degree of motor incoordination was evaluated using inclined beam-walking, rota-rod and lateral push tests. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion followed by reperfusion resulted in significant increase in infarct size, impairment in short-term memory and motor co-ordination. Ischemic/morphine postconditioning significantly attenuated I/R induced neuronal injury and behavioural alterations. Pretreatments with naloxone and glibenclamide attenuated the neuroprotective effects of ischemic/morphine postconditioning. It may be concluded that ischemic/morphine postconditioning protects I/R induced cerebral injury via activating opioid receptor and K(ATP) channel opening.     

The administration of oxytocin during early reperfusion, dose-dependently protects the isolated male rat heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury

In our previous study, the administration of oxytocin (OT) could precondition the heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury. In this study, to investigate the cardiac postconditioning effect of oxytocin, isolated rat hearts were mounted on a Langendorff perfusion apparatus. In all groups, the hearts underwent 30 min of regional ischemia followed by 120 min of reperfusion. In the ischemia/reperfusion (IR) group, ischemia and reperfusion was induced. In the ischemic postconditioning (Ipost) group, hearts underwent 6 cycles of 10s reperfusion and 10s ischemia at the beginning of reperfusion. In the other groups (III-IX), OT was perfused 5 min before the onset of reperfusion and continued for 25 min with following doses (Molar): 10(-12), 5 × 10(-12), 8 × 10(-12), 10(-11), 2 × 10(-11), 5 × 10(-11), and 10(-10). The infarct size and coronary effluent levels of creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were calculated at the end of reperfusion. The infarct size decreased considerably in Ipost group compared to IR group (P<0.05). Also, the infusion of oxytocin by doses of 8 × 10(-12)M, 10(-11)M and 2 × 10(-11)M dose-dependently reduced infarct size (P<0.05) significantly compared to the IR group. LDH level in coronary effluent was markedly decreased in Ipost group and treatment with oxytocin by doses of 8 × 10(-12)M, 10(-11)M, 2 × 10(-11)M and 5 × 10(-11)M (P<0.05) compared to IR group. Ipost, OT 2 × 10(-11)and 10(-11)M significantly decreased CK-MB level (P<0.05). Ipost, OT 8 × 10(-12), 10(-11) and 2 × 10(-11)M significantly decreased MDA level as compared to IR group. Our study shows that oxytocin dose-dependently exerts cardiac postconditioning.     

附子多糖对缺氧/复氧乳鼠心肌细胞的保护机制

目的以细胞凋亡的线粒体信号通路为着眼点,对附子多糖对缺氧/复氧后心肌细胞的保护机制进行探讨。方法建立乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧/复氧模型,将乳鼠心肌细胞分为正常对照组、缺氧/复氧组、缺氧后适应组和附子多糖组。缺氧/复氧组给予心肌细胞缺氧3 h后复氧6 h;缺氧后适应组在细胞缺氧3 h后,复氧前即给予3个循环的5 min复氧/5 min缺氧,随后复氧6 h;附子多糖组在缺氧3 h后,将心肌细胞换入含附子多糖浓度为10 g.L?1的培养液中常规培养6 h。流式细胞仪测定心肌细胞凋亡率和线粒体膜电位,进行凋亡诱导因子(AIF)的Western blotting分析,检测心肌细胞内SOD活性和MDA含量。结果与缺氧/复氧组相比较,附子多糖后处理可以保护心肌细胞SOD活性,减少MDA的生成,阻止线粒体膜电位的下降,抑制AIF自线粒体向胞浆的释放,减少心肌细胞凋亡率。结论附子多糖后处理对缺氧/复氧后心肌细胞的保护机制与其抗氧化损伤,抑制细胞凋亡的线粒体信号途径有关。     

乳化异氟醚后处理对兔在体心脏缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的观察乳化异氟醚后处理对兔在体心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的影响并探讨线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道(KATP)在其中的作用。方法76只♂新西兰白兔,建立心脏30min缺血/180min再灌注损伤模型,随机分为10组:缺血对照组(CON,n=8)、缺血后处理组(IPO,n=8)、1.0MAC吸入异氟醚后处理组(ISO,n=8)、1.0MAC乳化异氟醚后处理组(EPO,n=8)、脂肪乳组(INT,n=7)、Glibenclamide组(GLI,非选择性KATP通道阻滞剂,0.3mg.kg-1,n=7)、5-hydroxy-decanoate组(5-HD,线粒体KATP通道阻滞剂,5mg.kg-1,n=8)、0.3mg.kg-1GLI+1.0MAC EPO组(GLI+EPO,n=8)、5mg.kg-15-HD+1.0MAC EPO组(5-HD+EPO,n=7)、Dimethylsulfoxide组(DMSO,GLI的溶剂,n=7)。观察血流动力学指标,缺血区(AAR)重、梗死区(IS)重,心肌梗死面积(以IS/AAR表示),再灌注180min测定血清肌酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性。结果与CON组比较,IPO组、ISO组和EPO组IS/AAR及血清CK、LDH活性均明显降低(P<0.05);与EPO组比较,EPO+GLI组、EPO+5-HD组IS/AAR明显增加,血清CK、LDH活性明显升高(P<0.05)。结论乳化异氟醚可模拟缺血后处理减轻兔在体心肌缺血/再灌注损伤,这种心肌保护作用可能与线粒体KATP通道的激活有关。     

Hemodynamic and mitochondrial parameters during hypoxia and reoxygenation in working rat hearts.

Hypoxia and reoxygenation in working rat hearts were investigated in this study. Cardiac hemodynamic parameters which decline immediately under hypoxic conditions, recover during reoxygenation. Biochemical and ultrastructural alterations exhibit a more complicated pattern. There is a primary phase in hypoxic perfusion up to 15 min with a steep increase of ADP contents and ATPase activities, and a severe fall of ATP/ADP ratios in mitochondria, as well as in tissue. High CAT (carboxyatractyloside) sensitivity of the ATPase is observed at 5 min of hypoxia. Furthermore, the number of ATPase particles visible at the inner mitochondrial membrane decreases. During the ensuing second phase of hypoxic perfusion (from 30 min on) the damage of mitochondrial ultrastructure becomes more evident. The amount of ATPase particles visible at the inner mitochondrial membrane further decreases. ATPase activities fluctuate, however, they remain connected with the membrane during hypoxia. ATP/ADP ratios attain values of almost 1. During reoxygenation (after 30 min of hypoxia) the levels of mitochondrial adenine nucleotides, oxidative phosphorylation rate and respiratory control index increase within 20 min and then slightly decline again. The ATP/ADP ratio is diminished in the course of reoxygenation. ATPase activity also decreases within 20 min of reoxygenation and the ADP/O ratio reaches control values. The ATPase activity gains its highest sensitivity towards CAT at 10 min of reoxygenation attaining a value similar to that of 5 min of hypoxic perfusion. It is suggested that hypoxia and reoxygenation under our conditions result in reversible derangement of ATPase and mitochondrial membrane structure.     

Targeted inhibition of calpain in mitochondria alleviates oxidative stress-induced myocardial injury

The protein levels and activities of calpain-1 and calpain-2 are increased in cardiac mitochondria under pathological conditions including ischemia, diabetes, and sepsis, and transgenic overexpression of mitochondrial-targeted calpain-1 induces dilated heart failure, which underscores an important role of increased calpain in mitochondria in mediating myocardial injury. However, it remains to be determined whether selective inhibition of calpain in mitochondria protects the heart under pathological conditions. In this study, we generated transgenic mice overexpressing mitochondrial-targeted calpastatin in cardiomyocytes. Their hearts were isolated and subjected to global ischemia/reperfusion. Hyperglycemia was induced in the transgenic mice by injections of STZ. We showed that transgenic calpastatin was expressed exclusively in mitochondria isolated from their hearts but not from other organs including skeletal muscle and lung tissues. Transgenic overexpression of mitochondrial-targeted calpastatin significantly attenuated mitochondrial oxidative stress and cell death induced by global ischemia/reperfusion in isolated hearts, and ameliorated mitochondrial oxidative stress, cell death, myocardial remodeling and dysfunction in STZ-treated transgenic mice. The protective effects of mitochondrial-targeted calpastatin were correlated with increased ATP5A1 protein expression and ATP synthase activity in isolated hearts subjected to global ischemia/reperfusion and hearts of STZ-treated transgenic mice. In cultured rat myoblast H9c2 cells, overexpression of mitochondrial-targeted calpastatin maintained the protein levels of ATP5A1 and ATP synthase activity, prevented mitochondrial ROS production and decreased cell death following hypoxia/reoxygenation, whereas upregulation of ATP5A1 or scavenging of mitochondrial ROS by mito-TEMPO abrogated mitochondrial ROS production and decreased cell death. These results confirm the role of calpain in myocardial injury, suggesting that selective inhibition of calpain in myocardial mitochondria by mitochondrial-targeted calpastatin is an effective strategy for alleviating myocardial injury and dysfunction in cardiac pathologies.     

Linoleic acid epoxide promotes the maintenance of mitochondrial function and active Na+ transport following hypoxia

Low concentrations of arachidonic acid monoepoxides protect against ischemia/reperfusion injury. This study examined whether low concentrations of the linoleic acid monoepoxide, cis-12,13-epoxy-9-octadecenoic acid (12,13-EOA), protect renal cells against decreases in mitochondrial and transport functions induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation. Primary cultures of rabbit renal proximal tubular cells (RPTC) were pretreated with diluent or 1, 5, or 10 microM 12,13-EOA for 1 h and exposed to 2 h hypoxia/0.5 h reoxygenation in the absence of 12,13-EOA. Basal respiration, oligomycin-sensitive oxygen consumption (QO2), and ATP content decreased 31, 35 and 65%, respectively, following hypoxia/reoxygenation. Hypoxia/reoxygenation also increased mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)). Pretreatment with 12,13-EOA prevented decreases in basal and oligomycin-sensitive QO2s and increases in DeltaPsi(m). Despite the protection against decreases in mitochondrial function, 12,13-EOA pretreatment did not prevent the initial decrease in intracellular ATP content following hypoxia. However, pretreatment did accelerate the recovery of intracellular ATP levels during reoxygenation. Pretreatment with 12,13-EOA also prevented hypoxia-induced decreases in active Na+ transport. Ouabain-sensitive QO2 (a marker of active Na+ transport) decreased 38% following hypoxia/reoxygenation but was maintained in RPTC pretreated with 1, 5 or 10 microM 12,13-EOA prior to hypoxia. Pretreatment of RPTC with the hydrolyzed product of 12,13-EOA, 12,13-dihydroxyoctadecenoic acid, did not have any protective effects against mitochondrial dysfunction and decreases in active Na+ transport. Thus, this is the first report demonstrating that preconditioning of RPTC with low concentrations of 12,13-EOA, but not its hydrolyzed product, maintains mitochondrial respiration, accelerates restoration of ATP levels, and prevents decreases in active Na+ transport following hypoxia/reoxygenation.     

Increased Expression of ATP-sensitive K Channels Improves the Right Ventricular Tolerance to Hypoxia in Rabbit Hearts

ATP-sensitive K(+) channels (K(ATP)) are major component of preventing ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, there is little information regarding to the expressional difference of K(ATP) and its function between left and right ventricles. In this study, we measured the lactate dehydrogenase release of rabbit heart slices in vitro and determined the difference of the K(ATP) expression at the both ventricles by measuring the level of K(ATP)-forming Kir6.2 (OcKir6.2) mRNA using in situ hybridization. The hearts were preconditioned with 15 min hypoxia and reoxygenated for 15 min before a hypoxic period of 60 min, followed by reoxygenation for 180 min. With hypoxic preconditioning (100% N(2)) with 15 min, left ventricles (LV) showed higher release of LDH comparing with right ventricles (RV). Adding K(ATP) blocker glibenclamide (10 μM) prior to a hypoxic period of 60 min, hypoxic preconditioning effect of RV was more abolished than LV. With in situ hybridization, the optical density of OcKir6.2 was higher in RV. Therefore, we suggest that different K(ATP) expression between LV and RV is responsible for the different response to hypoxia and hypoxic preconditioning of rabbit hearts.     

Protective effect of edaravone against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury and compared with ischemic postconditioning in rats

The aim of this study is to clarify whether edaravone postconditioning had protective effect against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury and to compare the protective effect between ischemic postconditioning and edaravone postconditioning. Rats were subjected to 45 min ischemia followed by 24 h reperfusion. The rats were randomly assigned to seven groups: a sham-operated control group, an ischemia/reperfusion group, an ischemic postconditioning group, a normal saline vehicle postconditioning group and an edaravone postconditioning (1, 3, and 6 mg x kg(-1)) group. Renal function was assessed by serum creatinine and BUN concentration, while histological damage of renal tissue was assessed with HE staining. MDA content and SOD activity of renal tissue were determined. TUNEL staining was performed to analyze the apoptosis of the tubular epithelial cells, the protein level of Bcl-2 and Bax in renal tissue was examined by Western blotting. Compared to the ischemia/reperfusion group, edaravone postconditioning significantly decreased serum creatinine and BUN concentration, and ameliorated histological damage of renal tissue. MDA was less after 24 h reperfusion in the edaravone postconditioning group than that in the ischemia/reperfusion group, consistent with an increase in SOD activity. In addition, edaravone postconditioning decreased TUNEL-positive cells and Bax expression, and increased Bcl-2 expression. Results detected in the edaravone postconditioning group showed no significant difference from the ischemic postconditioning group. Edaravone administered during the last 3 min of ischemia, prior to reperfusion induces a pharmacological postconditioning in vivo against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. This protection is similar to that observed with ischemic postconditioning.     

Coronary and aortic vasoreactivity protection with endothelin receptor antagonist, bosentan, after ischemia and hypoxia in aged rats.

This study investigated the effects of bosentan, a dual endothelin ET(A) and ET(B) receptor antagonist, during hypoxia-reoxygenation of senescent aorta and during ischemia-reperfusion of senescent heart. Isolated aortic rings and isolated hearts from adult and senescent rats were submitted, respectively, to hypoxia/reoxygenation (20/30 min) and to low-flow ischemia/reperfusion (45/30 min), without or with bosentan (10(-5) M). In the aorta, bosentan treatment prevented the impairment of relaxation in response to acetylcholine after hypoxia-reoxygenation at both ages. In the heart, coronary flow recovery during reperfusion, which is lower in senescents than in adults (48% vs. 76% of baseline value, respectively; P<0.05) was fully prevented by bosentan. Prevention of endothelial dysfunction during reoxygenation of hypoxic aorta and of coronary vasoconstriction during reperfusion of ischemic heart with a dual endothelin ET(A) and ET(B) receptor antagonist suggests a role of endothelin in the vulnerability of aorta to hypoxia-reoxygenation, and of coronary arteries to ischemia-reperfusion, especially during aging.     

七氟烷后处理对大鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注损伤心功能和线粒体的影响

目的探讨七氟烷后处理对大鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注的保护作用。方法48只SD大鼠,随机分为4组(n=12):假手术组(Sham),缺血/再灌注组(I/R)缺血后处理组(Post),七氟烷后处理组(Sevo)。采用Langendroff离体心脏灌注模型。除Sham组其余各组均平衡灌注30min,全心缺血30min,再灌注90min,Post组在再灌注即刻给予4个循环复灌20s/缺血20s,Sevo组在再灌注开始给予含1.5MAC(2.57V/V)七氟烷的K-H液灌注5min,再用K-H液冲洗10min,纪录平衡灌注末,再灌注30min、60min、90min时左室舒张末压(LVEDP)、左室发展压(LVDP)、左室内压上升最大速率(+dp/dt)、左室内压下降最大速率(-dp/dt)、心率(HR)、冠脉血流量(CF),再灌注90min时,计算心肌梗死面积百分比,电子显微镜观察线粒体的损伤程度,Westernblot半定量测定胞质和线粒体、细胞色素C的水平。结果平衡灌注末各组间心功能指标(基础值)差异未见统计学意义(P>0.05)。七氟烷后处理组和缺血后处理组可改善再灌注损伤心功能的各项指标(P<0.05)。复灌90min,Sevo组和Post组心肌梗死面积显著低于I/R组(P<0.05)。与I/R组比较,Sevo组和Post组胞质细胞色素C的含量明显减少(P<0.05),同时伴随线粒体细胞色素C的含量明显增多(P<0.05)。电子显微镜观察线粒体形态,Sevo组和Post组的损伤程度比I/R组明显减轻。结论七氟烷后处理对大鼠离体心脏再灌注损伤有明显的保护作用,其保护强度与缺血后处理相当,机制可能与减轻线粒体的损伤,抑制细胞色素C的释放有关系。     

Protection from myocardial stunning by ischaemia and hypoxia with the adenosine A3 receptor agonist, IB-MECA

Guinea pig isolated working hearts were exposed to 30-min ischaemia by reducing coronary flow to 10%, followed by reperfusion. Aortic output fell to 4.5+/-4.5% of the pre-ischaemic value at reperfusion, recovering to 48.2+/-14.6% at 20-min post-reperfusion; the index of myocardial stunning. IB-MECA (N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide, 3 x 10(-7) M), infused from 10 min into ischaemia, did not affect recovery of aortic output 20 min after reperfusion (41.9+/-1.9%). IB-MECA infused at reperfusion, however, significantly protected against stunning, aortic output recovering to 79.6+/-3.9% at 20-min post-reperfusion. Hypoxic gassing (5% CO(2) in nitrogen, 30 min) of guinea pig isolated paced left atria and papillary muscles reduced the developed tension, recovering to 75% 5 min after re-oxygenation. This myocardial stunning was unaffected by IB-MECA (3 x 10(-7) M) added 10 min into hypoxia. IB-MECA added at reoxygenation significantly improved recovery, which was prevented by the adenosine A(3) receptor antagonist, 1-propyl-3-(3-iodo-4-aminobenzyl)-8-(4-oxyacetate)phenylxanthine (I-ABOPX, 1 x 10(-5) M). Thus, stimulation of adenosine A(3) receptors at reperfusion/reoxygenation in guinea pig cardiac preparations protects against myocardial stunning.     

Pharmacological pre- and post- conditioning agents: reperfusion-injury of the heart revisited

Ischemic preconditioning (PC) and postconditioning (PostC) are endogenous mechanisms of protection of the ischemic heart. In brief, short cycles of sublethal ischemia separated by brief periods of reperfusion render the heart resistant to infarction from a subsequent lethal episode of prolonged ischemia. Although PC is a powerful form of protection, its clinical application is limited because of ethical and practical reasons. It is of interest that multiple very short periods of ischemia and reperfusion applied at the onset of reperfusion are also capable in limiting the infarct size. In fact, the short ischemic insults in PC have to be applied before the onset of sustained period of ischemia which cannot be precisely anticipated. On the contrary, the very brief insults in postconditioning (PostC) have to be applied immediately after the end of the long ischemia thus making the intervention more easily applicable. Both mechanisms reduce the infarct size by limiting the reperfusion injury. Pharmacological PC and PostC represent ideal alternatives that may substitute the short ischemic insults for pharmaceuticals means. The components of PC share two pathways, one that involves the mitochondrial K(ATP) channels- free radicals and PKC and another one that involves adenosine and PKC. Reperfusion injury salvage kinases (RISK) prevent the mitochondrial permeability transition pores (mPTP) which destroy the mitochondria and cause cell death. PC via PKC and PostC via gradual restoration of pH at reperfusion up-regulate RISK and preserve viable part of the ischemic region of the heart. In order to confer pharmacological protection, novel therapeutic strategies, based on the knowledge of the ligands, of the receptors and of the intracellular signaling pathways have emerged. Adenosine, nicorandil and other agents have been already used as pharmacological mimetics of ischemic PC in multicenter trials. Furthermore, agents that increase RISK or directly prevent mPTP are also under investigation as PostC analogues. We summarize recent studies focused on the pharmacological interventions and on the discovery of novel agents that may reduce the infarct size.     

Mitochondrial big conductance KCa channel and cardioprotection in infant rabbit heart

Chronic hypoxia increases resistance to myocardial ischemia in infants. Activation of the mitochondrial big conductance Ca(2+) -sensitive K channel (mitoBKCa) has been shown to be protective in adult hearts; however, its role in infant hearts is unknown. Hearts from normoxic or hypoxic infant rabbits were perfused with a mitoKCa opener, NS1619, or blocker Paxilline before ischemia and reperfusion. Hypoxic hearts were more resistant to ischemia than normoxic hearts as manifested by a reduction in infarct size (9 +/- 5% versus 14 +/- 5%) and an increase in recovery of left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) (69 +/- 7% versus 51 +/- 2%). NS1619 decreased infarct size in normoxic hearts from 14 +/- 5% to 10 +/- 5% and increased recovery of LVDP from 51 +/- 2% to 65 +/- 4%, but it had no effect on hypoxic hearts. Paxilline did not affect normoxic or hypoxic hearts. Activation of mitoBKCa protects normoxic infant rabbit hearts; however, cardioprotection by chronic hypoxia in infant rabbits does not appear involve mitoBKCa.     

Syringic acid suppresses ferroptosis of skeletal muscle cells to alleviate lower limb ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice via the HMGB1 pathway

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) of skeletal muscle in the lower limbs is an important factor affecting the outcome of lower limbs ischemia patients, with no effective preventive or therapeutic approaches available. The study was to investigate the effect of syringic acid (SA) on I/R skeletal muscle in the lower limbs injury. Mice femoral artery I/R models and C2C12 cell hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) models was establish, tissue damage, inflammatory status, and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) pathway were evaluated using histological analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and western blotting. Further, the study detected the effect of SA on cell apoptosis, lipid peroxidation, Fe²⁺ level, and ferroptosis-related proteins expression. Finally, the effect of HMGB1 expression on SA in H/R stimulation was studied. SA alleviated pathological damage and reduced levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in muscle tissues from femoral artery I/R mouse models. SA upregulated Bcl-2 and SOD as well as downregulated Bax, MDA, TBARS content, and Fe²⁺ level in H/R-induced cells. SA inhibited HMGB1 expression and promoted Nrf2, HO-1, GPX4, and SLC7A11 expressions in the injured tissues and cells. Such effects of SA on H/R-induced cells were rescued by HMGB1 overexpression. SA suppressed ferroptosis of skeletal muscle cells to alleviate lower limb I/R injury in mice by blocking the HMGB1 pathway, providing new insights for the treatment of lower limb ischemia–reperfusion injury.     

Role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase in ischemic postconditioning-induced attenuation of cerebral ischemia-evoked behavioral deficits in mice

The present study has been designed to pharmacologically investigate the role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase in ischemic postconditioning-induced reversal of global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion-induced behavioral dysfunction in mice. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 10 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h was employed in the present study to produce ischemia and reperfusion-induced cerebral injury in mice. Short-term memory was evaluated using the elevated plus maze test. The inclined beam walking test was employed to assess motor incoordination. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion followed by reperfusion produced impaired short-term memory, motor co-ordination and lateral push response. Three episodes of carotid artery occlusion for a period of 10 s and reperfusion of 10 s (ischemic postconditioning) significantly prevented ischemia-reperfusion-induced behavioral deficit measured in terms of loss of short-term memory, motor coordination and lateral push response. Wortmannin (2 mg/kg, iv), a phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor given 10 min before ischemia attenuated the beneficial effects of ischemic postconditioning. It may be concluded that beneficial effects of ischemic postconditioning on global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion-induced behavioral deficits may involve activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase-linked pathway.     

Chrysanthemum morifolium attenuated the reduction of contraction of isolated rat heart and cardiomyocytes induced by ischemia/reperfusion

The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. (CM) on isolated rat heart and ventricular myocytes during ischemia/anoxia and reperfusion/reoxygenation. The ischemia/reperfusion injury was induced by ligation the left artery descending coronary of isolated rat heart for 30 min followed by 30 min reperfusion with Langendorff equipment. Cell contraction in enzymatically isolated ventricular myocytes was determined by a video tracking system. The results showed CM (0.25 g/L to 1.0 g/L) increased left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), +/- dp/dt(max), LVDP x HR and coronary flow (CF) and decreased heart rate (HR) in dose dependent manner. CM (0.5 g/L) attenuated the reduction of LVDP, +/- dp/dt(max) and CF caused by ischemia/reperfusion. CM (0.25 g/L to 1.0 g/L) increased peak velocity of cell shortening/relengthening (+/- dL/dt(max)) and contraction amplitude (dL) of isolated ventricular myocytes in a dose-dependent way under control condition, but without significant effect on end-diastolic cell length (L0). Under anoxia 5 min followed by 10 min reoxygenation, CM attenuated the reduction in contractile parameters. The results suggest that CM processes cardioprotective effect during ischemia/anoxia and reperfusion/reoxygenation in the isolated rat heart and the ventricular myocytes.     

外源性硫化氢后处理对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤线粒体通透性转换孔的影响

目的探讨硫化氢(hydrogen sulfide,H2S)供体——硫氢化钠(sodium hydrosulfide,NaHS)后处理对大鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注损伤时线粒体通透性转换孔(mitochondrial per-meability transition pore,MPTP)的影响。方法 60只♂SD大鼠,随机分为5组(n=12):空白组(Control)、缺血/再灌注组(I/R)、NaHS后处理组(N)、苍术苷组(A)、NaHS后处理+苍术苷组(N+A)。采用Langendorff离体心脏灌注模型。Con组持续灌注120 min,其余各组均平衡灌注30 min,全心缺血30 min,复灌60 min。其中,N组复灌即刻给予含有NaHS的K-H液后处理,A组复灌初给予含有苍术苷(MPTP特异性开放剂)的K-H液灌注10 min,N+A组在NaHS处理后,给予苍术苷处理10 min。记录各组平衡末、复灌10、30、60 min心功能指标。复灌末各组取心脏,TUNEL法观察心肌细胞凋亡情况,氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)染色法分析心肌梗死面积。结果与I/R组相比,NaHS后处理组可改善缺血/再灌注损伤心功能的各项指标(P<0.05),减少心肌梗死面积(P<0.05),降低凋亡指数(P<0.05)。苍术苷则可以取消NaHS的作用。结论外源性H2S后处理能减轻大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤,该作用与其抑制MPTP开放有关。     

七氟烷后处理联合七氟烷预处理对急性心肌缺血-再灌注大鼠血浆SOD及MDA的影响

目的探讨七氟烷后处理联合预处理是否能减轻再灌注损伤,其作用是否较单一作用更强及其机制,为临床应用提供实验依据。方法健康雄性Wistar大鼠50只,随机分为5组,假手术组（S组）：大鼠冠脉只穿线不结扎;缺血再灌注组（I/R组）：大鼠造模,缺血30 min,再灌注120 min;七氟烷预处理组（sevopre组）：缺血前30 min,吸入2.5%的七氟烷15 min,洗脱15 min,结扎左冠状动脉前降支,再灌注120 min;七氟烷后处理组（sevopo组）：大鼠再灌注前1 min吸入2.5%的七氟烷5 min,再灌注120 min;七氟烷后处理＋七氟烷预处理组（pre＋po组）：缺血前30 min,吸入2.5%的七氟烷15 min,洗脱15 min,结扎左冠状动脉前降支,再灌注前1 min吸入2.5%的七氟烷5 min,再灌注120 min。实验结束时取颈动脉血及心肌组织分别测定丙二醛（MDA）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性及心肌梗死面积。结果再灌注120 min后,pre＋po组与sevopre组、sevopo组比较心肌梗死面积显著减少（P〈0.05）,显著升高了SOD活性,降低了丙二醛含量（P〈0.05）。结论七氟烷后处理联合预处理能减少心肌梗死面积,提高再灌注后SOD活性,降低MDA含量,从而减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤。