自体脂肪颗粒注射移植治疗半面萎缩及面部凹陷

目的：使用人工材料及皮瓣、肌瓣移植方法治疗半面萎缩和面部凹陷，存在人工材料引起的排异、异物感和不适、供区畸形等问题，自体脂肪颗粒移植能较好的克服上述治疗所存在的问题。本丈拟探讨自体脂肪颗粒注射移植治疗面部凹陷特别是半面萎缩病例的临床效果。方法：选择11例半面萎缩患者，l9例外伤性凹陷或面部消瘦患者。于腹部或大腿部抽取脂肪，并通过修剪、洗涤、静置等步骤筛选出中层纯脂肪颗粒，在凹陷区分皮下浅层、皮下深层或肌肉层等进行多层次、多隧道注射移植。移植受区轻度加压包扎两天，制动一周。术后一个月、三个月、六个月来院随访，拍照片与术前照片对比。三个月后对移植量不足的病例进行再次移植。结果：有5例半面萎缩患者经过3次注射充填：6例半面萎缩患者及7例面部凹陷患者经过2次注射充填；12例面部凹陷患者经过1次注射充填。30例患者基本达到形态对称。最长随访期3年，未发现并发症。结论：对半面萎缩及其他面部凹陷采用自体脂肪颗粒注射移植治疗，创伤小、并发症低、手术效果明显，相对现有其他治疗方法，是一种较为理想的治疗方法。此外，受区组织“生理同源性环境”十分有利于提高脂肪移植的成功率。     

自体颗粒脂肪移植矫治颜面部凹陷

目的:探讨自体颗粒脂肪移植治疗颜面部凹陷的疗效。方法:肿胀麻醉下,利用注射器抽吸脂肪颗粒。过滤纯化后用脂肪抽吸针将脂肪颗粒注射在面部凹陷部位。结果:采用自体脂肪颗粒移植治疗颜面部凹陷20例,17例手术一次成功,另3例补充注射1次,效果均满意。结论:利用自体颗粒脂肪移植治疗颜面部凹陷,手术易行,创伤小,效果较好,值得推广。     

自体脂肪颗粒移植治疗面部凹陷的临床应用

目的：观察总结自体脂肪颗粒移植填充治疗各种面部凹陷的临床效果。方法：用注射器抽取自体脂肪颗粒,清洗纯化后分层注射到面部凹陷部位。结果：本组43例患者,注射治疗1～3次,随访3～36个月,效果基本满意。结论：采用自体脂肪颗粒移植治疗面部凹陷是一种较为理想的方法。     

自体脂肪颗粒注射移植治疗面部软组织凹陷

目的 评价自体脂肪颗粒注射移植治疗面部软组织凹陷的效果。方法 利用吸脂术从身体其它部位皮下吸取脂肪颗粒，注射植入面部软组织凹陷部位。结果 1996年～2002年，共治疗36例(56个部位)面部软组织凹陷，其中45个部位接受1次脂肪颗粒注射，11个部位接受2次注射，每次注射量为1．5m1～24m1，平均8．9m1。在随访超过6个月的28例(43个部位)中，8个部位(18．6％)注射2次，术后6个月38个部位外形得到明显隆起的改善效果，优良率88．4％(38／43)。未见严重并发症。结论 对于较为单纯的面部软组织凹陷的患，自体脂肪颗粒注射移植是一种微创、简便、安全、有效的治疗方法，必要时需重复注射。     

自体脂肪颗粒注射移植修复面部凹陷

目的：探讨自体脂肪颗粒注射移植修复面部凹陷的疗效。方法：从患者自体取得脂肪颗粒，用脂肪抽吸针注射移植修复面部凹陷。结果：本组21例，19例一次手术成功，另2例补充填充一次，外形明显改善。结论：自体脂肪颗粒注射移植修复面部凹陷，手术易行，创伤小，效果较好，值得推广。     

自体脂肪颗粒移植矫治颜面部吸脂术后凹陷畸形

目的：探讨应用自体脂肪颗粒移植矫治面部吸脂不当造成的术后凹陷畸形。方法：采用注射器法抽取大腿内侧部脂肪,清洗、纯化成脂肪颗粒后超量30%注射移植于整形术后的凹陷区。结果：本组共13例,11例一次注射充填后形态满意,2例由于凹陷较深,行二次注射。术后随访3个月～2年,未发现有术后感染、组织坏死、液化等并发症。其中10例就医者有回馈资料,反映治疗效果满意。凹陷部位畸形消失,外观平整、轮廓自然,局部无硬结,未触及移植物界限。结论：自体脂肪颗粒移植矫治颜面部吸脂不当导致的术后凹陷畸形方法可行,并发症少,值得临床推广。     

脂肪颗粒移植修复面部凹陷性组织缺损

探讨面部凹陷性组织缺损的修复方法。方法：用10ml的常用注射器吸取腹部脂肪颗粒移植充填面部凹陷性组织缺损畸形。结果：本组治疗12例，一次性充填组织缺损，全部成功，术后无感染，伤口I期愈合。结论：注射器吸取脂肪颗粒移植修复组织凹陷畸形，方法简便，不需做手术切口，术后不遗留瘢痕，痛苦少，脂肪颗粒吸收少，治疗后外形理想，是一种较简便的治疗方法。     

自体脂肪颗粒注射修复面部凹陷畸形

目的探讨自体脂肪颗粒注射移植修复面部凹陷的疗效。方法从自体抽取脂肪颗粒用脂肪抽吸针注射移植修复面部凹陷。结果本组32例21例手术一次成功,余11例重复注射1次外形明显改善。结论自体脂肪颗粒注射修复面部凹陷手术简单易行,创伤小,效果较好。     

自体颗粒脂肪移植在面部凹陷畸形中的应用

目的:探讨注射器法自体脂肪注射移植在面部凹陷畸形中的效果。方法:2009年5月～2011年11月我院采用注射器法抽吸、注射移植自体颗粒脂肪修复面部凹陷畸形9例,均注射1次。结果:8例效果满意,1例效果欠佳,患者不愿再次手术。结论:自体颗粒脂肪注射移植对治疗面部凹陷畸形效果安全可靠、创伤小、无瘢痕、无排异反应,值得临床推广。     

自体脂肪颗粒移植修复颞部凹陷

目的探讨自体脂肪颗粒移植充填先天性颞部凹陷畸形的临床效果。方法采用注射器法抽取自体脂肪颗粒,经清洗后植入颞部。由于脂肪颗粒移植后有部分被吸收,一般每次超量注射20％。结果共充填修复颞部凹陷152例,1次充填者139例,2次充填者9例,3次充填者4例;每次每侧注射脂肪颗粒6～28ml;疗效满意。结论自体脂肪颗粒移植是治疗先天性颞部凹陷畸形的一种安全有效的方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.