1358例甲状腺结节的临床与病理特征分析

目的分析甲状腺结节的临床与病理特征,寻找甲状腺癌诊断及其发生淋巴结转移的可能因素。方法行手术治疗的甲状腺结节患者1358例,对其年龄、性别、高血压和甲亢病史、癌灶大小、双侧癌、多灶癌、浸润包膜及合并桥本甲状腺炎等特征进行统计学分析。结果 1358例患者中,女性患者占大多数(约80.3%),45岁以上患者占70.0%。其中,264例为甲状腺癌。对良恶性结节患者进行临床特征分析后发现,年龄及高血压病史与恶性结节的发生相关(P0.05),年龄45岁为甲状腺癌的独立危险因素。所有甲状腺癌患者中,37.5%的患者有颈部淋巴结转移,其发生与年龄、高血压、癌灶大小和浸润包膜相关(P0.05),而年龄45岁和癌灶浸润包膜为甲状腺癌发生颈部淋巴结转移的独立危险因素,在甲状腺乳头状癌患者中也同样如此。结论对于年龄45岁的甲状腺结节患者怀疑甲状腺癌者应密切观察或早期干预,对其中癌灶浸润包膜者给予颈部淋巴结清扫,可能让患者获得更好的预后。     

Routine level VI lymph node dissection for papillary thyroid cancer: surgical technique

Total thyroidectomy is the treatment of choice for clinically significant papillary thyroid cancer (PTC); however, 10-15% develop palpable local recurrence in the cervical lymph nodes. Metastases in the cervical lymph nodes account for 75% of loco-regional recurrence and up to 50% of these patients eventually die of their disease. It is generally accepted that surgical excision of grossly involved lymph node disease should be carried out. The role of routine lymph node dissection, however, is greeted with far more controversy. Regional lymph node metastases have been shown to be associated with more frequent tumour recurrence. Not only is recurrence associated with increased disease-related mortality, but recent data have shown that the presence of involved lymph nodes is associated with adverse survival. Additionally, there have been significant changes to the way patients are managed after treatment for PTC in recent years. Surveillance previously relied on clinical assessment and radioiodine scans whereas now the use of serum thyroglobulin and high-resolution ultrasound are the standard as evidenced by recommendations by the American Thyroid Association. These techniques have greater sensitivity and subsequently lymph node metastases are being detected earlier and more frequently. This has led to a paradigm shift in the aims of treatment of PTC, from a focus on survival data to a focus on disease-free status. Routine central neck lymph node dissection can be carried out with no increased morbidity and can achieve lower 6-month stimulated thyroglobulin levels when compared with total thyroidectomy alone. Routine ipsilateral level VI lymph node dissection in addition to total thyroidectomy should be carried out for the management of clinically significant PTC.     

中央区淋巴结清扫术用于分化型甲状腺癌治疗

<正>中央区淋巴结指喉前,气管前及两侧气管旁淋巴结,是甲状腺癌最常见转移的一组淋巴结。中央区淋巴结清扫术即是清扫该区域的淋巴脂肪组织。中央区淋巴结清扫     

Minimal thyroid carcinoma: A report of nine cases discovered by cervical lymph node metastases

From 1962 to 1983, nine patients with minimal carcinoma of the thyroid were referred to Aichi Cancer Center Hospital and to Aichi Medical University Hospital for evaluation of enlarged lymph nodes in the neck. The radiographic study and scintigraphy of the thyroid were useful in detection of small thyroid lesions. In two cases, a lymph node biopsy was required for confirmation of the diagnosis. The thyroid lesions were histologically papillary carcinoma, in all the cases. A modified neck dissection with total thyroidectomy was carried out in five patients and modified neck dissection with thyroid lobectomy was done in four cases. Nine patients were followed for 6 months to 20 years and all the patients except one are alive.     

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目的探讨甲状腺微小癌(TMC)颈淋巴结转移规律,指导TMC颈淋巴结的恰当处理。方法回顾性分析济南军区总医院1999年1月至2010年5月行颈淋巴结清扫的117例TMC病人颈淋巴结转移情况,分析TMC局部淋巴结转移的特点、影响因素、诊断方法及处理意见。结果淋巴结转移发生率53.8%(63/117)。常见颈部淋巴结转移部位依次为Ⅵ区(47.9%)、Ⅲ区(20.9%)、Ⅳ区(16.5%)、Ⅱ区(6.1%)。随Ⅵ区淋巴结转移个数增多,侧方淋巴结转移递增。肿瘤数目、大小不同淋巴结转移发生率差异有统计学意义(P=0.000,P=0.014)。超声检查判断淋巴结有无转移的敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为19.0%、98.1%和55.5%。术中淋巴结快速病理检查有13.8%假阴性。全组无复发、转移和死亡。结论 TMC区域淋巴结转移发生率较高,应重视术前评估和术中快速活检,掌握TMC淋巴结转移特点,有助采取恰当手术方式,有选择的预防性区域性颈淋巴清扫可为可使病人获益。     

Retropharyngeal node metastasis from papillary thyroid carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Papillary thyroid carcinomas commonly metastasize to paratracheal and jugular lymph nodes. Metastasis to the retropharyngeal node is rare for this tumor. METHODS: Five patients underwent surgical treatment for metastasis of thyroid papillary carcinoma to the retropharyngeal lymph nodes that presented as a parapharyngeal or retropharyngeal mass. All patients had a history of total or subtotal thyroidectomy as their initial treatment. Among them, 3 patients had undergone ipsilateral modified radical neck dissection at their initial treatment. The other 2 patients had a history of bilateral or ipsilateral modified neck dissection for their subsequent cervical lymph node metastases. RESULTS: Metastatic retropharyngeal nodes were successfully resected via transcervical approach in all patients. Although aspiration and difficulty in swallowing were observed in 2 patients after surgical treatment for metastatic retropharyngeal nodes, these complications spontaneously resolved within a few months. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that neck dissection and/or metastatic cervical lymph nodes might alter the direction of lymphatic drainage to the retrograde fashion, resulting in the unusual metastasis to the retropharyngeal lymph nodes. Although the cases described here are rare, metastasis to the retropharyngeal node should be considered at the follow-up for thyroid papillary carcinoma. Because these metastases will be missed by routine ultrasonography of the neck, periodic CT scan or MRI is recommended for follow-up, especially for patients with a history of neck dissection.     

甲状腺髓样癌清扫纵隔淋巴结价值

甲状腺髓样癌（MTC）是一种少见的神经内分泌肿瘤，约占全部甲状腺癌的1%～2%，其预后较差，早期即易发生颈淋巴结转移，少数（7.2%～26.6%）病人合并纵隔淋巴结转移（MLNM）。基础降钙素水平和颈胸CT、18F-DOPA PET-CT对MLNM的诊断具有参考价值。根据手术范围可选择颈部入路、胸骨劈开入路，甚至腔镜辅助手术，遵循整块切除的原则。MLNM根治性切除的病人可达生化缓解、有较好的预后，尤其对于无远处转移的病人。     

预防性保功能中央区淋巴结清扫治疗影像检查所见分化型甲状腺癌临床进展

<正>近年来,随着公民体检意识增强以及B超等辅助检查技术的提高和普及,甲状腺结节的发现率普遍上升。其中,5%~15%的甲状腺结节为恶性[1]。手术治疗是甲状腺癌主要的治疗方法,切除术式主要包括全/近全甲状腺切除术和甲状腺腺叶+峡部切除术。颈部淋巴结转移是甲状腺癌病人(尤其年龄≥45岁)复发率增高和存活率下降的危险因素[2-3]。甲状腺癌的颈部淋巴结转移,多首先发生于中央区[4-5]。28%~33%的颈部淋巴结转移在术前影像学和术     

Locoregional control in patients with palpable medullary thyroid cancer: results of standardized compartment-oriented surgery

BACKGROUND: Extent of neck dissection is controversial in patients with palpable medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). METHODS: We evaluated 64 MTC patients (19 hereditary, 45 sporadic) with palpable thyroid nodules (group 1, n = 35) or palpable lymph node metastases (group 2, n = 29). Standard surgery included total thyroidectomy, central compartment dissection, and additional neck dissection on indication. RESULTS: In group 1, 40% of the patients were cured. Thirty-one percent of all patients had central, 23% ipsilateral, 14% contralateral, and 14% mediastinal, metastases. Fifty-one percent developed locoregional recurrence. Locoregional recurrence (p = .043) and reoperations (p = .020) were noted more often after a less than standard initial procedure. In group 2, no patients were cured. All had central, 93% ipsilateral, 45% contralateral, and 52% mediastinal metastases. Thirty-eight percent developed locoregional recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Locoregional recurrence frequently occurs in palpable MTC, and tumor control may be improved by standard central, bilateral, and upper mediastinal neck dissection.     

Mediastinal lymph node involvement as the initial manifestation of occult thyroid cancer in the surgical treatment of lung cancer: Report of a case

A 63-year-old man was referred to our institute for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the upper lobe of his right lung. A right upper lobectomy of the lung was performed with a mediastinal lymph node dissection. The postoperative pathological examination of the dissected specimens revealed one of the superior mediastinal lymph nodes to be morbid with micrometastasis of occult thyroid cancer, while no node involvement was seen due to lung cancer. A right lobectomy of the thyroid gland with a modified radical neck dissection was done 4 years later after the confirmation of the absence of any recurrent sign of lung cancer. In the resected specimen, papillary thyroid microcarcinoma was observed with several intraglandular metastases and right regional lymph node involvement. Eight months later, a new primary lung cancer developed in the left lung, and a left upper lobectomy of the lung with a mediastinal lymph node dissection was performed. At that time, the absence of mediastinal lymph node metastasis from lung cancer or thyroid cancer was confirmed. Mediastinal lymph node involvement as the initial manifestation of occult thyroid cancer in surgical treatment for lung cancer is rare, but it is important to be aware of the possibility of incidentally detecting occult thyroid cancer in surgical dissections in this area for lung cancer. The appropriate surgical treatment should be determined while carefully considering the prognosis of the lung cancer as well as that of any coexisting malignancy.     

甲状腺癌颈部淋巴结清扫术后肺部改变及发热的诊治经验

目的分析甲状腺癌颈部淋巴结清扫术后肺部改变及发热的相关因素。方法甲状腺癌颈部淋巴结清扫手术病人46例,分析性别、年龄、抽烟史、体质量指数(BMI)、手术方式等因素对术后肺部改变及发热的影响。结果左侧颈部清扫10例,右侧颈部清扫24例,双侧颈部清扫12例,不同清扫方式术后的病人肺部改变发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后肺部改变阳性8例,其中4例术后发热(50%),肺部改变阴性38例,其中1例出现术后发热(2.6%)。是否肺部改变术后发热发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);偏廋4例,体重正常25例,超重13例,肥胖4例;不同身体质量指数病人的肺部改变发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但术后发热发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论甲状腺癌双侧颈部淋巴结清扫术后比单侧颈部淋巴结清扫术后更容易出现肺部改变,而发生肺部改变的病人更容易术后发热。偏廋或者肥胖的病人更容易出现肺部改变及术后发热。     

甲状腺微小癌淋巴结转移规律研究

目的 探讨甲状腺微小癌（TMC）颈淋巴结转移规律,指导TMC颈淋巴结的恰当处理。方法 回顾性分析济南军区总医院1999年1月至2010年5月行颈淋巴结清扫的117例TMC病人颈淋巴结转移情况,分析TMC局部淋巴结转移的特点、影响因素、诊断方法及处理意见。结果 淋巴结转移发生率53.8%（63/117）。常见颈部淋巴结转移部位依次为Ⅵ区（47.9%）、Ⅲ区（20.9%）、Ⅳ区（16.5%）、Ⅱ区（6.1%）。随Ⅵ区淋巴结转移个数增多,侧方淋巴结转移递增。肿瘤数目、大小不同淋巴结转移发生率差异有统计学意义（P=0.000,P=0.014）。超声检查判断淋巴结有无转移的敏感度、特异度和准确率分别为19.0%、98.1%和55.5%。术中淋巴结快速病理检查有13.8%假阴性。全组无复发、转移和死亡。结论 TMC区域淋巴结转移发生率较高,应重视术前评估和术中快速活检,掌握TMC淋巴结转移特点,有助采取恰当手术方式,有选择的预防性区域性颈淋巴清扫可使病人获益。     

甲状腺乳头状癌颈侧区淋巴结清扫术后再手术分析

目的 探讨甲状腺乳头状癌颈侧区淋巴结清扫术后再手术的原因及预防措施。方法 回顾性分析2013年1月至2017年12月中国医科大学附属第一医院收治的颈侧区再手术的31例甲状腺乳头状癌病人的临床资料，分析淋巴结清扫情况。结果 31例既往接受手术1～3次不等，其中17例颈侧区淋巴结清扫范围记述不明。术后12个月以内发现淋巴结异常有24例（77.4%），12个月后发现为7例。再手术前颈侧区淋巴结CT影像学诊断中，Ⅳ区的阳性率为58.1%，Ⅱ区（颈内静脉外缘以外）为41.9%，颈动脉三角区域、Ⅲ区（颈内静脉外缘以外）均为22.6%，胸锁乳突肌、胸骨舌骨肌肌间为12.9%。术后病理学诊断各分区的淋巴结转移发生率分别为：Ⅱ区64.0%，Ⅲ区81.8%，Ⅳ区68.4%，Ⅴb区8.3%，胸锁乳突肌、胸骨舌骨肌肌间13.6%。结论 颈侧区淋巴结清扫术前重视易复发淋巴结区域的影像学评估，术中进行规范的操作，可减少再手术的发生。     

甲状腺癌中央区淋巴结清扫术后并发乳糜漏14例临床分析

目的 探讨甲状腺癌中央区淋巴结清扫术后并发乳糜漏的原因、临床特点和诊治方法。方法 回顾性分析2011年12月至2017年2月在中国医科大学附属第一医院甲状腺外科行甲状腺癌中央区淋巴结清扫术病人中14例术后发生乳糜漏病例的临床资料。结果 乳糜漏发生率为0.5%,出现在术后的第1～2 天,中位时间1.5 d;发生乳糜漏之前的引流量峰值为30～76 mL,中位数为49 mL;乳糜漏发生后,引流量进一步增多,最大值为30～135 mL,中位数为57.5 mL。乳糜漏病人淋巴结清扫区域：左侧中央区清扫3例（21.4%）;右侧中央区清扫8例（57.2%）,其中4例包含右侧喉返神经（rRLN）深面(rⅥb区)淋巴结清扫;双侧中央区清扫3例（21.4%,均不包含rⅥb区清扫）。淋巴结清扫数目0～14枚。发生乳糜漏后,2例经低脂饮食痊愈,7例经禁食水痊愈,剩余5例调整饮食效果不佳,辅以持续低负压吸引后痊愈。乳糜漏基本治愈时间为1～8 d, 中位时间3 d。结论 甲状腺癌中央区淋巴结清扫术后乳糜漏发生率较低,引流量一般较少,术后1～2天引流量异常增多及性质改变时应警惕乳糜漏的发生,及时采取调整饮食或辅以持续负压吸引可在短期内治愈。     

分化型甲状腺癌淋巴结转移特点及颈侧方淋巴结清扫术局部应用解剖

分化型甲状腺癌是最常见的甲状腺癌,包括乳头状癌和滤泡状癌,多为低度恶性的甲状腺肿瘤,经过手术及术后辅助治疗后预后较好,可获得长期生存。有淋巴结转移者需要行颈淋巴结清扫是基本的外科治疗原则,但由于分化型甲状腺癌生物学行为的特殊性以及颈部解剖复杂,手术危险性相对较大,易发生意外损伤和并发症,目前国内外对分化型甲状腺癌颈部淋巴结清扫原则的认识仍未完全达成一致。