原发性脾脏肿瘤的临床诊治总结

目的 总结原发性脾脏肿瘤的临床诊治的经验，以利提高脾脏肿瘤的疗效。方法 回顾性分析我院收治的31例脾脏原发肿瘤病人的临床资料。结果 31例中有25例术前诊断为脾脏占位病变。良性肿瘤19例中14例行脾切除，5例行肿瘤切除或脾部分切除；恶性肿瘤12例中11例行脾切除（其中2例加胰体尾切除），1例活检。术后病检结果：良性肿瘤中各类囊肿11例，海绵状血管瘤4例，炎性假瘤2例，平滑肌瘤囊性变和海绵状淋巴管瘤各1例；恶性肿瘤中恶性淋巴瘤和淋巴肉瘤6例，血管肉瘤3例，纤维肉瘤、平滑肌肉瘤和恶性纤维组织细胞瘤各1例。恶性肿瘤中术后生存5年以上3例，均为早期且联用放疗或化疗、免疫治疗。结论 脾脏肿瘤的诊断主要靠临床表现及影像学检查，良恶性鉴别可根据CT、血管造影和血清AKP、γ－GT。早期诊断、根治手术和综合治疗是改善脾脏恶性肿瘤预后的重要手段。     

原发性脾肿瘤23例临床诊治分析

目的　探讨原发性脾脏肿瘤的临床表现、诊断及治疗原则。方法　回顾性分析 2 3例原发性脾脏肿瘤的临床资料。结果　本组男 11例 ,女 12例。良性肿瘤 8例 ,恶性肿瘤 15例。术前主要用B型超声和CT诊断。本组 2 3例均采用脾切除术。对脾脏恶性肿瘤则采用根治性脾切除 ,必要时辅以胰体尾切除术。恶性淋巴瘤术后辅以化疗与放疗。良性肿瘤手术后无并发症及死亡。本组 5例血管肉瘤的生存期低于 1年 ,6例中、晚期恶性淋巴瘤生存期 <1.5年 ,2例早期恶性淋巴瘤生存期>5年。结论　早期发现、早期手术 ,术后辅以放疗和化疗才有助于改善脾恶性肿瘤的预后。     

原发性脾肿瘤11例临床治疗分析

目的　探讨原发性脾肿瘤的临床特点及其治疗。方法　回顾性分析 1986年 8月至1997年 10月收治的 11例原发性脾肿瘤的临床资料。结果　 11例中良性肿瘤 4例 ,恶性肿瘤 7例。11例均经手术切除 ,其中脾血管瘤 3例 ,脾肉芽肿 1例 ,脾血管肉瘤 4例 ,脾恶性淋巴瘤 3例。在随诊的 7例恶性肿瘤中 ,有 3例脾血管肉瘤和 1例恶性淋巴瘤分别于术后 7、9、2 8及 14个月死亡 ,1例脾血管肉瘤和 2例恶性淋巴瘤分别随诊 16、5 8及 2 2个月 ,未见肿瘤转移和复发。结论　原发性脾肿瘤应以手术治疗为主 ,良性肿瘤术后无需处理 ,对瘤体较大、分化较差的恶性肿瘤术后应进行辅助治疗。早期发现、早期治疗是提高原发性脾脏恶性肿瘤病人长期生存的唯一希望。     

脾脏肿瘤的诊断和治疗

回顾性分析近10年来收治的脾脏肿瘤14例的临床资料。14例中良性病变6例，包括：单纯性囊肿3例、脾脏多发性海绵状血管瘤2例、脾梗塞后血管瘤样增生1例。恶性病变8例，包括：恶性淋巴瘤3例、结肠脾曲癌脾转移2例（其中1例合并脾脓肿）、脾肉瘤2例，另1例术前临床诊断为脾脏恶性肿瘤，CT检查发现脾脏实质性占位，肝左右叶及后腹膜多发性转移，未手术。手术方式：单纯脾脏切除10例、脾脏切除加胰尾切除1例、脾脏切除加左半结肠切除2例，3例恶性淋巴瘤患者及2例结肠癌脾转移患者术后接受了化疗。对8例恶性肿瘤患者进行了随访，生存5年以上1例、2年以上2例、1年以上1例、不足1年3例、1例失访。提示：凡不能明确脾脏占位性病变性质的，应当尽早手术探查。     

脾肿瘤56例诊治分析

目的探讨脾肿瘤的临床特点、诊断方法和治疗经验。方法回顾性分析34年间56例经手术治疗并病理证实的脾肿瘤患者的临床资料。 结果良性39例，其中确诊为脾囊肿25例，血管瘤9例，错构瘤3例，血管淋巴管瘤1例，炎性假瘤1例，其中4例脾囊肿、1例脾血管瘤和1例脾错构瘤行脾部分切除术，其余均行脾切除术；除5例失访外预后均良好。原发性恶性肿瘤12例，其中淋巴瘤2例，血管肉瘤2例，网织细胞肉瘤2例，恶性纤维组织细胞瘤2例，平滑肌肉瘤1例，恶性神经鞘瘤1例，肌纤维母细胞瘤1例，未分型1例；其中1例行坏死感染引流术，1例行脾胰体尾联合切除，其余均行脾切除或加脾门淋巴结清扫术；获随访者8例中生存5年以上者3例，3年存活1例，4例手术后1年内死亡。脾脏转移癌5例，行脾切除或联合脏器切除术。结论影像学检查是诊断脾肿瘤的主要方法。脾良性肿瘤主张行脾部分切除术。脾恶性肿瘤应采用以手术为主的综合治疗。     

脾脏肿瘤35例的临床诊治体会

目的：探讨原发性脾肿瘤和脾转移癌（metastatic carcinoma of the spleen, MCS）的临床诊断与治疗。方法：对35例经外科治疗并经病理证实的脾肿瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：增强CT检查对术前良恶性肿瘤鉴别准确率为85．7％，B超误诊率达20％。34例行手术探查，33例行脾切除或部分脾切除。术后病理显示，21例属原发性恶性肿瘤，其中以恶性淋巴瘤最常见，占80．9％；恶性淋巴瘤术后化疗，1年存活率为90．5％（19／21），3年存活率52．4％（11／21），1例术后9年仍存活。原发性血管内皮肉瘤和脾纤维肉瘤合并肝转移者各1例，手术介入治疗术后分别存活13个月和18个月。11例原发性良性肿瘤以血管瘤和淋巴管瘤为多见，分别占45．5％和27．3％，本组脾转移癌3例占8．5％（3／35），分别为胃癌脾转移、结肠癌脾转移和卵巢癌脾转移；2例于术后半年内死亡，1例术后14个月死亡。结论：原发性肿瘤以手术治疗为主．恶性淋巴瘤常需辅助性化疗。良性肿瘤术后无须特殊处理，瘤体小者行部分脾切除。早期发现、早期治疗才能提高脾脏原发性恶性淋巴肿瘤的生存率，对于MCS采取加强临床探查、结合影像学和病理检查可望提高检出率。     

原发性脾脏肿瘤52例诊治体会

目的探讨原发性脾脏肿瘤的临床诊治经验。方法回顾性分析本院1977年8月～2010年11月收治的52例原发性脾脏肿瘤患者的临床资料,其中良性肿瘤29例,恶性肿瘤23例。良性肿瘤患者中25例行脾切除术,1例动脉瘤行脾脏栓塞术,3例拒绝手术。恶性肿瘤中8例行单纯脾切除术,8例行脾脏切除加胰腺体尾部切除,3例原发性恶性淋巴瘤,1例平滑肌肉瘤及1例淋巴肉瘤的患者剖腹探查因腹腔广泛转移仅行病理活检,2例拒绝手术。所有病例无手术并发症。结果脾脏良性肿瘤预后良好,随访的18例恶性肿瘤中术后生存2年以上7例,均为早期治疗的患者,存活1～2年的6例,不到1年的4例,1例患者术后第7天死亡。结论脾脏肿瘤的诊断主要依靠临床表现及影像学检查,B超为首选检查。脾脏良性肿瘤行手术切除是有效的治疗方法。早期诊断、根治手术和术后综合治疗是改善脾脏恶性肿瘤预后的重要手段。     

脾脏占位性病变29例的临床分析

目的探讨脾脏占位性病变临床诊断和治疗。方法回顾分析1996年1月至2006年12月浙江金华中心医院肝胆外科手术治疗29例脾脏占位的临床资料。结果29例病人中良性19例,恶性10例。19例良性肿瘤中15例行脾切除术1例行脾部分切除术,3例腹腔镜下脾囊肿开窗术。10例恶性肿瘤中8例行脾切除术,1例累及肝左外叶及胃,同时行胃部分切除和肝左外叶切除术。1例脾血管肉瘤因肿瘤巨大并与周围脏器粘连严重,且肝脏有转移结节,无法切除而取活检。结论脾脏占位术前定位诊断较容易,定性较为困难。脾良性肿瘤可根据情况行脾切除或脾部分切除术,恶性肿瘤应采用以手术为主的综合治疗。     

Experience in diagnosis and treatment of primary splenic neoplasm :a report of 52 cases

目的 探讨原发性脾脏肿瘤的临床诊治经验.方法 回顾性分析本院1977年8月-2010年11月收治的52例原发性脾脏肿瘤患者的临床资料,其中良性肿瘤29例,恶性肿瘤23例.良性肿瘤患者中25例行脾切除术,1例动脉瘤行脾脏栓塞术,3例拒绝手术.恶性肿瘤中8例行单纯脾切除术,8例行脾脏切除加胰腺体尾部切除,3例原发性恶性淋巴瘤,1例平滑肌肉瘤及1例淋巴肉瘤的患者剖腹探查因腹腔广泛转移仅行病理活检,2例拒绝手术.所有病例无手术并发症.结果 脾脏良性肿瘤预后良好,随访的18例恶性肿瘤中术后生存2年以上7例,均为早期治疗的患者,存活1-2年的6例,不到1年的4例,1例患者术后第7天死亡.结论 脾脏肿瘤的诊断主要依靠临床表现及影像学检查,B超为首选检查.脾脏良性肿瘤行手术切除是有效的治疗方法.早期诊断、根治手术和术后综合治疗是改善脾脏恶性肿瘤预后的重要手段.     

脾原发肿瘤的诊断和治疗

目的:总结脾肿瘤诊治的经验。方法:回顾性分析收治的92例脾肿瘤患者的临床病理资料。其中脾良性肿瘤47例(51.09%)，恶性45例(48.91%)。结果:结果92例脾肿瘤术前B超诊断率为85.87%(79/92)，CT鉴别良恶性正确率为91.30%(84/92)。81例行脾切除，7例行肿瘤切除或脾部分切除术，3例行脾囊肿穿刺术，1例活检。恶性肿瘤1,3,5,10年生别率分别为68.29%,31.70%,14.63,0.24%。结论:影像检查是脾肿瘤的主要诊断手段，治疗应以手术为主，良性肿瘤术后无需特殊处理，对瘤体较大、分化较差的恶性肿瘤术后应进行辅助治疗。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.