2003—2005年新生儿感染常见致病菌及耐药性的变迁

目的了解本地区新生儿2003至2005年感染常见致病菌的种类及耐药的现状,以指导临床合理应用抗生素。方法收集我院新生儿科2003年1月至2005年12月收治的613份体液培养阳性(痰液、血液、分泌物、胃液等标本)的患儿资料,对常见检出菌及其耐药性的变迁情况进行分析。结果共检出40种613株病原菌,以革兰阴性杆菌为主约占57·6%,而肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌分别位于前二位,其产ESBLs菌株检出率分别为78·1%和82·6%。药敏结果显示,常见致病菌对青霉素、第一、二代头胞类抗生素、红霉素类耐药性显著增加,但对第三代头胞类抗生素如头孢曲松、头孢噻肟(凯福隆)、头孢他啶(复达欣)及β内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂、碳青霉烯类、万古霉素等较敏感。产ESBLs菌仅对亚胺培南及β内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂敏感。结论革兰阴性杆菌特别是肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌是新生儿感染主要病原菌,产ESBLs菌比例增加应引起高度重视。碳青霉烯类、哌拉西林/三唑巴坦和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦,可作为新生儿严重医院感染经验用药,应尽量根据药敏试验调整抗生素。     

新生儿社区获得性大肠埃希菌败血症13例

为探讨新生儿社区获得性大肠埃希菌败血症的临床特点与药物选择。研究对象为 13例经 2次血培养证实为大肠埃希菌败血症的新生儿 ,对其临床特点及药敏试验结果进行回顾性分析。结果治愈 2例 ,好转 4例 ,自动出院 3例 ,死亡6例 ,均有严重合并症。社区获得性大肠埃希菌感染对多数头孢菌素、氨基糖甙类、碳青霉烯类 ,β内酰胺类抗生素 / β内酰胺酶抑制剂敏感。故认为治疗新生儿社区获得性大肠埃希菌败血症首选菌必治或头孢噻肟 ,也可选用 β内酰胺类抗生素 / β内酰胺酶抑制剂、碳青霉烯类等。新生儿社区获得性大肠埃希菌败血症13例$福建省泉州市儿童医院!362000@曾建军 $福建省泉州市第一医院产科!362000@李萍     

新生儿社区和院内获得性肺炎的病原学特点及药敏分析

目的探讨新生儿社区获得性肺炎(CAP)和院内获得性肺炎(HAP)的病原分布和药敏情况。方法回顾性分析2010年1月—2014年12月因新生儿肺炎住院且痰培养阳性新生儿的临床资料。结果在3 564例CAP新生儿中共检出病原微生物4 383株,其中细菌3 584株、病毒771、真菌7株及非典型病原体21株。细菌以革兰阴性菌为主,3 045株(85.0%),细菌中排名前三的为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌及金黄色葡萄球菌;病毒以呼吸道合胞病毒为主,693株(89.9%)。在344例HAP新生儿中共检出病原微生物424株,其中细菌402株,真菌17株,呼吸道合胞病毒5株。细菌均为革兰阴性菌,未发现革兰阳性菌,排名前三的为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌及鲍曼不动杆菌。CAP与HAP新生儿中革兰阴性菌产ESBLs菌分别为26.9%、46.8%,差异有统计学意义(P?0.05)。CAP、HAP的肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌均对阿米卡星、碳青霉烯类高度敏感。HAP的肺炎克雷伯菌对常用抗菌药物(除阿米卡星、喹诺酮类外)的敏感性普遍低于CAP,差异有统计学意义(P?0.05);HAP的大肠埃希菌对常用抗菌药物(除阿米卡星、喹诺酮类及碳青霉烯类外)的敏感性普遍低于CAP,差异有统计学意义(P?0.05)。此外,还发现耐碳青霉烯类的肠杆菌。结论新生儿肺炎病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,其中CAP以肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌及金黄色葡萄球菌为主,HAP以肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌及鲍曼不动杆菌为主。HAP致病菌的产酶率和耐药性均普遍高于CAP,且有多重耐药趋势。     

181例患儿深部痰培养细菌分布与耐药性分析

目的 了解我院儿童肺部感染病原菌分布及耐药性,指导早期经验性抗生素应用.方法 统计分析了2005年1月至2007年12月我院儿科181例住院患儿深部痰细菌培养结果.结果 符合条件的痰标本共分离细菌269株,其中革兰阴性菌占69.14%(186株),主要是大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷白杆菌,其对β内酰胺类抗生素有较高的耐药性,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的大肠埃希杆菌和肺炎克雷白杆菌的耐药性尤为突出,但对含β内酰胺酶抑制剂的头孢菌素和亚胺培南仍较敏感.革兰阳性菌占30.86%(83株),粪肠球菌、表皮葡萄球菌与金黄色葡萄球菌占革兰阳性球菌的前三位,除对万古霉素仍敏感外,金黄色葡萄球菌对头孢菌素以及氨基苷类抗生素的耐药率很高.结论 儿童深部痰培养分离菌株以革兰阴性菌为主,其耐药性较强,特别是产ESBLs的菌株对β内酰胺类抗生素的耐药性尤为突出.革兰阳性菌以葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌为主,其耐药率均较高.     

NICU内早产儿院内感染病原菌监测及耐药性分析

目的 分析新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)早产儿院内感染病原菌及其耐药性变化,为防控早产儿院内感染提供依据.方法 按照统一标准采集2005年9月-2009年3月间103例早产儿院内感染者的痰、尿液、皮肤分泌物和(或)血标本,进行细菌培养、鉴定;分析致病菌及其对抗生素的耐药性.结果 检出病原菌165株,革兰阳性菌23株(13.9%),革兰阴性菌142株(86.1%).革兰阴性菌是早产儿肺部、泌尿系、血液院内感染的主要致病菌,革兰阳性菌是早产儿皮肤感染的主要致病菌.革兰阴性菌以肺炎克雷伯杆菌常见,其次为大肠杆菌.革兰阴性杆菌对青霉素类、头孢菌素类和氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药率较高,显著高于添加β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的抗生素、碳青霉烯类和喹诺酮类(P＜0.05).肺炎克雷伯杆菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL+)菌株占65.6%(42/64);大肠杆菌产EBSL+菌株占47.1%(8/17).产EBSL菌株对青霉素类、头孢菌素类和氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药性显著高于碳青霉烯类和喹诺酮类(P＜0.05).结论 革兰阴性杆菌是NICU早产儿院内感染主要病原菌;产EBSL肺炎克雷伯杆菌和大肠杆菌比例较高,且对大多数抗生素耐药率高,值得重视;早产儿应尽量根据药敏试验合理使用抗生素.     

儿童下呼吸道感染产超广谱β-内酰胺酶病原菌检测分析

目的了解儿童下呼吸道感染病原菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)病原菌感染情况及耐药特征,指导临床合理治疗。方法采集2006年1月-2007年12月本院呼吸科下呼吸道感染住院患儿鼻咽分泌物2696份,培养分离大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯杆菌,对2种细菌采用双纸片法及纸片扩散法(K-B法)检测ESBLs;采用K-B法行药敏试验,检测2种细菌对18种抗菌药物的耐药性,结果采用耐药、中介、敏感表示,并对药敏试验结果进行χ2检验。结果共检测135株菌株,其中大肠埃希菌73株,产ESBLs54株(74.0%);肺炎克雷伯杆菌62株,产ESBLs33株(53.2%)。1～6个月婴儿2种细菌的检出率较其他年龄组高,分别为50株和41株(Pa<0.05)。大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯杆菌产ESBLs株检出率在2a间及各年龄组间均无统计学差异(Pa>0.05)。2种细菌产ESBLs株对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类及磺胺类抗生素的不敏感率均高于非产ESBLs株,且对大多数β-内酰胺酶类抗生素普遍耐药。无论产酶与否,2种细菌对阿米卡星、头孢西丁、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南仍有较高的敏感性。结论产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌检出率极高,且对多种抗生素耐药。应严格控制抗生素用药指征,重视产ESBLs菌的监测和药敏试验结果,合理选用抗生素。     

昆明地区116例小儿尿路感染病原菌分布及耐药分析

目的 了解昆明地区近5年小儿尿路感染常见病原菌分布及其耐药情况.方法 对2003年1月 - 2007年12月收治的116例尿培养阳性患儿病原菌构成比及耐药性进行分析总结.结果 116株细菌中,革兰阴性杆菌占81.89%(95株),革兰阳性球菌占18.11%(21株).前三位致病菌分别为大肠埃希菌67.24%、屎肠球菌12.93%、肺炎克雷伯菌8.62%.产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)情况:大肠埃希菌产酶49株,产酶率62.82%,肺炎克雷伯氏菌产酶4株,产酶率40%.大肠埃希菌对抗生素的敏感性依次为头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢吡肟、头孢他啶;对头孢唑啉、头孢噻肟、头孢哌酮、头孢曲松耐药性均在90%以上;对氨苄西林、哌拉西林100%耐药.屎肠球菌对青霉素、红霉素100%耐药,对万古霉素100%敏感.大肠埃希菌产ESBLs株较非产ESBLs株对大部分抗菌药的耐药性明显增高.亚胺培南对革兰阴性杆菌100%敏感,呋喃妥因敏感性在90%以上.结论 昆明地区小儿尿路感染病原菌以大肠杆菌为主,大肠杆菌耐药性明显.治疗前的尿培养值得临床重视.     

新生儿大肠埃希菌化脓性脑膜炎临床特点及耐药性分析

目的了解新生儿大肠埃希菌化脓性脑膜炎的临床特点及耐药性情况。方法回顾性分析2004年6月—2014年6月收治的46例新生儿大肠埃希菌化脓性脑膜炎的临床资料,46例新生儿分为社区感染组和院内感染组,以及2004年6月—2009年5月的早期组和2009年6月—2014年6月的晚期组,分别比较临床表现及产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)检出率和药敏试验结果。结果患儿均以发热或体温不升,反应差,少吃或拒乳,呼吸、心率增快为临床表现。院内感染组ESBLs检出率明显高于社区感染组,晚期组ESBLs检出率明显高于早期组,差异均有统计学意义(P??0.05)。院内感染组对常用的头孢菌素类抗生素耐药性明显高于社区感染组,晚期组对常用的青霉素类、头孢菌素类抗生素耐药性明显高于早期组,差异均有统计学意义(P??0.05)。结论新生儿大肠埃希菌化脓性脑膜炎临床表现不典型,近年来大肠埃希菌对青霉素类及头孢菌素类抗生药物的耐药性显著上升,院内感染是获得ESBLs的高危因素。     

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目的了解小儿复杂上尿路感染的因素及致病菌的耐药现状。方法1999年1月至2004年3月在复旦大学附属儿科医院住院治疗的复杂上尿路感染患儿178例,分析其尿培养阳性的因素、致病菌分布及其对抗生素的耐药性。结果复杂上尿路感染患儿的年龄以≤1岁为主,占46.6%。致病因素中以膀胱输尿管反流为主,占61.8%,40例肾瘢痕患儿中有92.5%存在反流。复杂上尿路感染致病菌中以大肠埃希菌为主,占33%,但与单纯上尿路感染相比所占比例明显下降(P<0.001);克雷白杆菌与绿脓假单孢菌感染所占比例明显高于单纯上尿路感染所占比例(分别P<0.01,P<0.05)。产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌株占革兰阴性杆菌的28%,以大肠埃希菌易产生ESBLs。革兰阴性杆菌对未加β内酰胺酶抑制剂的青霉素类及第1、2、3代头孢菌素类抗生素耐药率均高,而ESBLs菌株交叉耐药情况更为严重。结论复杂上尿路感染以婴儿期多见,膀胱输尿管反流是复杂上尿路感染及肾瘢痕的主要因素,大肠埃希菌仍是其主要致病菌,但克雷白杆菌、绿脓假单胞菌比例明显上升,致病菌耐药性高,产ESBLs菌株多重耐药严重。     

下呼吸道感染患儿超产β-内酰胺酶细菌耐药及临床特征

目的探讨下呼吸道感染患儿超产β-内酰胺酶（EsBb）细菌耐药情况以及临床特征。方法对下呼吸道感染患儿痰标本中分离的34株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌进行耐药及临床分析。结果药敏试验显示产FNBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南无耐药性，而对哌拉西林、头孢唑啉、头孢曲松、头孢噻肟耐药率达100％。结论产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌存在较严重的多重耐药及交叉耐药，临床应加强监测，依据药敏情况合理用药。     

生物标记物粪便胆汁酸的测定在过敏性紫癜患儿诊治中的意义

目的 探讨生物标记物粪便胆汁酸浓度在过敏性紫癜(HSP)患者中的变化及其在诊治中的临床意义。方法 选取2014~2016年确诊为HSP的19例患儿为HSP组,另选取27例健康儿童为健康对照组。采集HSP组患儿急性期、恢复期及健康对照组儿童粪便标本,应用液相质谱技术检测各组儿童粪便胆汁酸水平。结果 HSP组患儿恢复期胆酸水平均高于健康对照组和HSP组急性期 (P < 0.016)。HSP组患儿恢复期鹅脱氧胆酸水平高于健康对照组 (P < 0.016)。HSP组患儿急性期和恢复期脱氧胆酸、石胆酸水平均低于健康对照组 (分别P < 0.05、P < 0.016)。各组间熊去氧胆酸水平比较差异均无统计学意义 (P > 0.05)。结论 HSP患儿急性期粪便次级胆汁酸脱氧胆酸和石胆酸低于健康对照组,这可能与HSP的发病或转归有关。     

霉酚酸酯和环磷酰胺治疗儿童大量蛋白尿型过敏性紫癜性肾炎的前瞻性随机对照研究

目的 探讨霉酚酸酯（MMF）和环磷酰胺（CTX）分别治疗具有大量蛋白尿[24 h尿蛋白定量≥50 mg/kg或晨尿蛋白/肌酐（mg/mg）≥2.0]的过敏性紫癜性肾炎（HSPN）患儿的疗效和安全性。方法 前瞻性纳入2016年8月至2019年11月在首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院肾脏内科住院并诊断为有大量蛋白尿的HSPN患儿68例,随机分为MMF组（n=33）、CTX组（n=35）,比较两组患儿完全缓解率、有效（完全缓解+部分缓解）率、尿蛋白转阴时间及不良反应等指标。结果 治疗3个月、6个月、12个月,MMF组与CTX组完全缓解率、有效率差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。两组尿蛋白转阴时间差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。两组患儿治疗期间不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。结论 MMF和CTX治疗具有大量蛋白尿的HSPN患儿的疗效和安全性相当。     

EFFECT OF CYPROTERONE ACETATE (CA) ON GROWTH AND ENDOCRINE FUNCTION IN PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY

Abstract. Stahnke, N., Ilicki, A. and Willig, R. P. (Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital, Hamburg, West Germany). Effect of cyproterone acetate (CA) on growth and endocrine function in precocious puberty. Acta Paediatr Scand, Suppl. 277: 32, 1979.–16 girls with precocious puberty have been studied. Following low dosage cyproterone acetate (CA) therapy (mean daily dosage 65 mg/m² BSA) a beneficial effect on growth and skeletal maturation was observed. During high dosage therapy (150 mg/m² per day) endocrinological studies were performed in 10 of these patients. There was no significant difference in HGH levels (insulin-and arginine-test), T₃ and TSH values (TRH-test) between patients and controls, T₄ concentration was significantly increased. Basal prolactin levels and prolactin response to TRH was definitely elevated. Oral glucose load and arginine infusion resulted in a significantly enhanced insulin release. There was a significant reduction in basal LH levels and an increase in FSH response to LH-RH. Basal and diurnal plasma cortisol values were markedly reduced and the cortisol release due to corticotrophin injection, (lsinevasopressin (LVP) injection and insulin-hypoglycemia as well. A definite increase in basal ACTH levels was observed, during LVP-and insulin-hypoglycemia test ACTH concentrations were within or significantly above normal range. In our patients a primary adrenocortical insufficiency due to CA treatment was evident.     

Obesogenic home food availability,diet, and BMI in Pakistani and White toddlers

Individuals of South Asian ethnicity have an increased risk for obesity and related diseases. Foods available in the home during the first 1000 days (conception to 24 months old) are an important determinant of diet, yet no study has examined the association of early‐life home food availability (HFA) with later diet and obesity risk in South Asian households. We examined whether obesogenic HFA at 18 months of age is associated with dietary intake and body mass index (BMI) at 36 months of age in low‐income Pakistani and White households in the United Kingdom. In this prospective birth cohort study (Born in Bradford 1000), follow‐up assessments occurred at 18 (n = 1032) and 36 (n = 986) months of age. Variety and quantity of snack foods and sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs) in the home and consumed were measured using the HFA Inventory Checklist and food frequency questionnaires, respectively. BMI was calculated using measured length/height and weight. Multinomial logistic regression models examined associations between HFA and tertiles of dietary intake, and multivariable linear regression models assessed associations between HFA and BMI. Pakistani households had a greater variety and quantity of snack foods and SSBs available compared with White households. Variety and quantity of snack foods and SSBs in the home at 18 months were positively associated with children''s intake of these items at 36 months, but associations between HFA and BMI were null. Reducing obesogenic HFA during the first 1000 days may promote the development of more healthful diets, though this may not be associated with lower obesity risk during toddlerhood.     

Prenatal dietary diversity may influence underweight in infants in a Ugandan birth‐cohort

Growth faltering in early childhood is prevalent in many low resource countries. Poor maternal dietary diversity during pregnancy has been linked with increased risk of fetal growth failure and adverse birth outcomes but may also influence subsequent infant growth. Our aim is to assess the role of prenatal maternal dietary diversity in infant growth in rural Uganda. Data from 3291 women and infant pairs enrolled in a birth cohort from 2014 to 2016 were analysed ({"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT04233944","term_id":"NCT04233944"}}NCT04233944). Maternal diets were assessed using dietary recall in the second or third trimesters of pregnancy. Maternal dietary diversity scores (DDS) were calculated using the FAO Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD‐W). Cox regression models were used to evaluate associations of the DDS with the incidence of underweight, stunting and wasting in infants from 3 to 12 months, adjusting for confounding factors. The median DDS for women was low, at 3.0 (interquartile range 3.0–4.0), relative to the threshold of consuming five or more food groups daily. Infants of women in highest quartile of DDS (diverse diets) were less likely to be underweight (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.70, 95% confidence interval: 0.61, 0.80) compared with infants of women in Quartile 1 (p for trend <0.001) in models controlling for maternal factors. There was no significant association between DDS and stunting or wasting. Our findings suggest a relationship between higher maternal dietary diversity and lower risk of underweight in infancy. These findings suggest that programmes to improve infant growth could additionally consider strengthening prenatal dietary diversity to improve child outcomes globally.     

Factors associated with adverse nutritional status of children in sub‐Saharan Africa: Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys from 31 countries

Undernutrition is linked to almost half of all deaths in under‐five children. In 2019, 144 million under‐five children suffered from stunting and 47 million suffered from wasting. This study examined the factors that influence adverse nutritional status of children in sub‐Saharan Africa. The study used data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) of 31 countries, which involved 189,195 children under age 5. Binary logistic regression was used to examine the relationships between the independent variables and adverse nutritional status of children. About 26% of the children in the 31 countries in sub‐Saharan Africa considered in this study are stunted, 6% are wasted and 21% are underweight. Close to 31% of children whose mothers have no education are stunted, 9% are wasted and 28% are underweight. Adverse nutritional status of children is significantly associated with maternal age, education, household wealth, residence, antenatal care attendance, mass media exposure, child''s sex and size of child at birth. This study has shown that adverse nutritional status of children is a major challenge in sub‐Saharan Africa. Efforts at improving nutritional status of children should include poverty alleviation initiatives at individual and household levels, increase in women''s educational level and improvement in living conditions in rural areas.