Gd-EOB-DTPA在肝脏局部结节性病变诊断中的应用

目的 研究肝细胞特异性对比剂Gd-EOB-DTPA在肝脏结节性病变定性诊断中的应用价值.方法 收集经CT或MR(Gd-DTPA)增强检查证实肝内有结节性病变的患者30例,再进行肝细胞特异性对比剂Gd-EOB-DTPA MR增强扫描,采集T1WI、T2WI、DWI、LAVA动态增强扫描,在注射对比剂后15～20 min采集肝胆特异摄取期图像.结果 30例入组患者,共发现36个病灶.其中中低分化肝细胞癌14个,高分化肝细胞癌8个,再生结节或不良性再生结节9个,局灶性再生结节5个.注射肝细胞特异性对比剂Gd-EOB-DTPA后,病灶在动静脉期强化方式与非特异性钆基对比剂Gd-DTPA相同;在对比剂Gd-EOB-DTPA被肝细胞摄取的特异期内观察,不同分化程度的肝细胞癌均表现为境界清晰的低信号,而不同阶段的肝硬化结节信号强度出现分化,肝局灶性结节均表现为等或稍高信号.结论 Gd-EOB-DTPA在肝脏结节性病变的定性诊断中有重要价值.     

CT经动脉门静脉成像与肝动脉成像显示肝癌发生时引流血管多步改变的影像与病理相关性研究

目的利用CT经动脉门静脉成像（CTPA）与CT肝动脉成像（CTHA），以组织学表现为参考标准，明确肝癌生成中发育不良结节与肝细胞癌（HCC）引流血管发生的变化。材料与方法研究由学院伦理委员会批准并获得知情同意书。按CTAP与CTHA的表现，将46个手术切除的肝细胞结节分为3型：A型18个，与肝脏相比。     

肝动脉和经动脉门脉造影螺旋CT联合应用对肝癌的诊断价值

目的　探讨螺旋CT扫描在肝动脉造影CT(CTHA)和经动脉门脉造影CT(CTAP)对肝癌的诊断价值。方法　分析 2 1例肝癌病人CTAP和CTHA图像 ,并与螺旋CT三期增强扫描进行对照。结果　三期增强扫描病灶检出率为 72 .4% (5 5 /76) ;CTAP病灶检出率为 96.1% (73 /76) ;CTHA病灶检出率为 88.2 % (67/76) ;CTAP和CTHA联合应用病灶检出率为 98.7% (75 /76) ,可检出 0 .5cm的微小癌灶。CTAP和CTHA均可出现非病理性表现 ,CTAP灌注异常出现率为 2 2 .3 % ,CTHA非病理性强化灶出现率为 3 0 .2 %。结论　螺旋CT动脉造影能显著减少造影剂用量 ,提高图像质量 ,CTAP和CTHA联合应用肝癌病灶检出率明显高于CT三期增强扫描。CTAP和CTHA结合分析可减少假阳性率。     

肝硬化结节和早期肝癌的病理基础及MRI诊断和鉴别

【摘要】在慢性肝病患者中,肝硬化结节发展为肝细胞癌通常会经历一个多步骤癌变过程：再生结节－异型增生结节－早期肝细胞癌,在此过程中肝结节性病变有其特定的病理特征及影像表现。本文介绍了肝硬化结节及早期肝癌的病理基础及其特征性影像学表现,并对其鉴别要点进行了总结,旨在进一步提高对癌前病变以及早期肝癌的诊断准确性。     

甲状腺结节的CT诊断与分析

目的 :探讨常规CT在甲状腺结节性病变中的诊断价值。方法 :回顾性分析110例经CT及手术病理证实的甲状腺结节患者的临床及影像资料。结果:110例中,CT诊断正确104例,其中良性结节77例(结节性甲状腺肿46例,腺瘤31例),结节较大,伴囊变、钙化及出血;恶性结节27例,相对良性结节偏小,钙化亦较小。3例甲状腺癌CT诊断为结节性甲状腺肿;3例结节性甲状腺肿CT诊断为甲状腺癌。结论:CT通过显示结节的大小、形态、密度、分布、边缘、与周围组织结构关系、淋巴结增大及强化情况,对甲状腺结节病变的诊断及良恶性鉴别有着重要价值。     

CTHA和CTAP在肝癌介入治疗中的应用

目的:研究肝动脉造影CT和经动脉门脉造影CT在肝癌介入治疗中的应用价值和意义。方法:10例原发性肝癌介入治疗前行肝动脉造影CT(CTHA)和经动脉门脉造影CT(CTAP)检查;术中行数字减影肝动脉造影(DSA)。结果:CTHA、CTAP联合检查与常规CT、DSA比较,分别多发现新癌灶11个(26/37)和12个(25/37)。准确判断非复发癌灶2个和1个坏死灶。结论:CTHA、CTAP是肝癌介入治疗前准确判断肿瘤数量和存活度最敏感和准确的方法,对于介入治疗方案的实施、疗效评价有很重要的作用。     

膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的超声表现与病理变化关系

目的:探讨膝关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎(PVNS)的超声表现与病理变化的关系,评价超声诊断PVNS的临床价值。材料和方法:回顾性分析19例膝关节PVNS的超声表现,并与手术病理结果对照。结果:19例PVNS均为弥漫型,病理特征为滑膜增厚呈结节状或绒毛状,有丰富的血管和大量含铁血黄素沉着;超声显示病变关节内有不同程度积液;滑膜增厚并有结节状隆起或互相形成较大肿块,其回声为低、中或高回声;CDFI示滑膜内均可见较丰富血流信号;部分可见骨质及周围组织侵蚀性改变。结论:超声诊断PVNS有一定的应用价值,可作为首选筛检方法。     

原发性输尿管癌的MSCT诊断

目的:探讨原发性输尿管癌的MSCT表现及其诊断价值。方法:回顾分析26例经病理证实的原发性输尿管癌患者的MSCT表现。所有病例进行MPR、CPR、部分病例加用VRT、MIP。结果:26例原发性输尿管癌CT平扫均表现为病变段输尿管壁增厚或结节状软组织密度影,MPR、CPR及VRT、MIP显示更清晰。增强扫描动脉期、静脉期病变持续强化,接近肾实质强化,延迟期强化程度减退,低于肾实质强化。病变以上输尿管不同程度扩张。结论:MSCT可准确显示输尿管癌的发生部位、病变形态、范围、病侧输尿管积水扩张和周围侵犯情况,增强扫描间接评价肾脏功能情况,为外科手术方案选择提供指导依据;MPR、CPR、VRT、MIP图像在显示病变全貌上具有显著优势。     

肝硬化再生结节:CT动、门脉血管成像和CT肝动脉血管成像的表现与组织病理学对照

该研究的目的是在组织病理学对照的基础上介绍肝再生结节在CT动、门脉血管成像(CTAP)和CT肝动脉血管成像(CTHA)中的表现。研究人群由经过肝癌相关手术的28例组成(男25例,女3例,年龄34～69岁,平均51岁)。在行CTAP和CTHA前,超声、MR、动态螺旋CT在28例中发现了29个肿块。实施CTAP和CTHA以帮助确定其它肝叶不存在肿瘤。经双侧股动脉穿刺,分别置入两根导管,一根置于肠系膜上动脉,另一根置于肝总动脉或根     

原发性巨块型肝癌CT表现与肿瘤细胞分化程度对照分析

目的 探讨原发性巨块型肝细胞癌CT表现与肿瘤细胞分化程度相关性.方法 对50例原发性巨块型肝细胞癌螺旋CT表现与病理进行对照分析.膨胀性生长27例中高分化24例,中分化3例;浸润性生长23例均为低分化.结果 膨胀性生长27例,CT平扫显示界限清楚,呈团块状不均均匀的低密度,CT值18～30HU,肿块均见坏死囊变,其中瘤内出血11例,假包膜18例,瘤块破裂2例.肝内结节状转移2例,肝门和腹膜后淋巴结转移2例,静脉瘤栓2例.增强扫描见实质病灶呈均匀性强化2例;斑片状、条索状强化9例;瘤灶边缘环形强化9例;瘤灶边缘线形强化7例.浸润性生长23例,CT平扫显示斑片状低密度,CT值23～31HU,其中界限清楚7例,界限不清楚16例,囊变坏死7例,瘤内出血5例,瘤块破裂1例.肝内结节状转移8例,肝门和腹膜后淋巴结转移7例,静脉瘤栓9例.增强扫描见实质病灶呈不均匀性强化2例;散在斑片状、斑点状强化12例;瘤灶边缘环形强化4例;瘤灶边缘线形强化5例.结论 CT征像能反映出原发性巨块型肝细胞癌恶性程度,膨胀性生长的肿瘤细胞分化较好,恶性度较低,预后良好;浸润性生长的肿瘤细胞分化差,恶性度高,预后差.     

Diagnostic accuracy of helical CT arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography for hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic liver damage. An ROC analysis

PURPOSE: To evaluate the detectability of hypervascular hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) in chronic liver damage with helical CT arterial portography (CTAP) and CT hepatic arteriography (CTHA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-nine HCC patients who underwent CTAP and CTHA were studied. Diagnostic abilities of CTAP alone, CTHA alone, or combined CTAP and CTHA were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Fifty-three images with 53 HCC nodules were evaluated. Tumor size ranged from 5 to 90 mm (mean 22.8 mm). Sensitivities and specificities for all techniques were calculated. RESULTS: ROC analysis showed the diagnostic ability significantly better with combined CTAP and CTHA (mean area under the ROC curve (Az)=0.95), or CTHA alone (Az=0.93) than CTAP alone (Az=0.87) (p<0.01). Combined CTAP and CTHA showed the best sensitivity (95.0%), followed by CTHA alone (88.1%) and CTAP alone (85.5%). The specificities of all three imaging techniques were relatively low (54.1% for combined CTAP and CTHA, 71.1% for CTHA alone, and 54.1% for CTAP alone) because of perfusion abnormalities of the liver parenchyma. CONCLUSION: The combination of CTAP and CTHA is superior to CTAP alone for detection of hypervascular HCCs. However, its specificity was relatively low in chronic liver damage.     

CT during hepatic arteriography and portography: an illustrative review.

The combination of computed tomography (CT) during arterial portography (CTAP) and CT during hepatic arteriography (CTHA) has been used for evaluation of hepatic neoplasms before partial hepatic resection. Focal hepatic lesions that can be demonstrated with CTAP and CTHA include regenerative nodules, dysplastic nodules, dysplastic nodules with malignant foci, hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, hemangioma, and metastases. CTAP is considered the most sensitive modality for detection of small hepatic lesions, particularly small hepatic tumors such as hepatocellular carcinoma and metastatic tumors. CTHA can demonstrate not only hypervascular tumors but also hypovascular tumors and can help differentiate malignant from benign lesions. However, various types of nontumorous hemodynamic changes are frequently encountered at CTAP or CTHA and appear as focal lesions that mimic true hepatic lesions. Such hemodynamic changes include several types of arterioportal shunts, liver cirrhosis, Budd-Chiari syndrome, inflammatory changes, pseudolesions due to an aberrant blood supply, and laminar flow in the portal vein. Familiarity with the CTAP and CTHA appearances of various hepatic lesions and nontumorous hemodynamic changes allows the radiologist to improve the diagnostic accuracy.     

Regenerative nodules in liver cirrhosis: findings at CT during arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography with histopathologic correlation

PURPOSE: To determine the appearance of regenerative nodules in patients with liver cirrhosis at computed tomography (CT) during arterial portography (CTAP) and CT hepatic arteriography (CTHA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: CTAP and CTHA of the liver were performed in 28 consecutive patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who were scheduled to undergo partial resection of the liver. Helical CTAP was performed after contrast material injection into the superior mesenteric artery followed by helical CTHA after contrast material injection into the hepatic artery. CT scans were analyzed for the presence of identifiable nodules and their size; results were correlated with gross and microscopic findings. RESULTS: Resected livers showed cirrhosis in 20 patients, chronic hepatitis in four, and normal liver in four. Among the 20 patients with cirrhosis, regenerative nodules were demonstrated as enhancing 3-10 mm nodules surrounded by lower attenuation fibrous septa 0.8-1.5 mm thick at CTAP in seven patients and nonenhancing nodules of the same size surrounded by enhancing fibrous septa at CTHA in 15 patients. The degree of fibrosis determined the conspicuity of nodules. CONCLUSION: Regenerative nodules in cirrhotic liver are visualized as enhancing nodules surrounded by lower attenuation thin septa at CTAP and nonenhancing nodules surrounded by enhancing fibrous septa at CTHA. CTHA is more sensitive than CTAP in depicting regenerative nodules (P < .005).     

Benign versus malignant hepatic nodules: MR imaging findings with pathologic correlation.

According to the currently used nomenclature, there are only two types of hepatocellular nodular lesions: regenerative lesions and dysplastic or neoplastic lesions. Regenerative nodules include monoacinar regenerative nodules, multiacinar regenerative nodules, cirrhotic nodules, segmental or lobar hyperplasia, and focal nodular hyperplasia. Dysplastic or neoplastic nodules include hepatocellular adenoma, dysplastic foci, dysplastic nodules, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Many of these types of hepatic nodules play a role in the de novo and stepwise carcinogenesis of HCC, which comprises the following steps: regenerative nodule, low-grade dysplastic nodule, high-grade dysplastic nodule, small HCC, and large HCC. State-of-the-art magnetic resonance (MR) imaging facilitates detection and characterization in most cases of hepatic nodules. State-of-the-art MR imaging includes single-shot fast spin-echo imaging, in-phase and opposed-phase T1-weighted gradient-echo imaging, T2-weighted fast spin-echo imaging with fat saturation, and two-dimensional or three-dimensional dynamic multiphase contrast material-enhanced imaging.     

Cirrhotic nodules: association between MR imaging signal intensity and intranodular blood supply

PURPOSE: To retrospectively determine whether there is a relationship between the intranodular blood supply evaluated at computed tomography (CT) during arterial portography (CTAP) and CT during hepatic arteriography (CTHA) and the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging signal intensity of nodules associated with cirrhosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Neither institutional review board approval nor informed consent was required for retrospective reviews of medical records and images. One hundred fourteen hepatocellular nodules 10 mm or greater in largest diameter in 58 patients (39 men, 19 women; mean age, 61 years) with cirrhosis were evaluated at CTAP, CTHA, and MR imaging. The CTAP and CTHA nodule findings were divided into three main types: Type A nodules were isoattenuating at CTAP and hypoattenuating at CTHA; type B nodules, slightly hypoattenuating at CTAP and hypoattenuating at CTHA; and type C nodules, strongly hypoattenuating at CTAP and hyperattenuating at CTHA. The relationships between the CTAP and CTHA findings and the MR imaging signal intensity among these nodules were analyzed by using the chi(2) test. RESULTS: On T1-weighted MR images, 27 (63%) of 43 type A nodules were hyperintense, nine (39%) of 23 type B nodules were isointense, and 19 (48%) of 40 type C nodules were hypointense; differences were not significant. On T2-weighted MR images, 31 (72%) of 43 type A nodules were hypointense (P < .05), 12 (52%) of 23 type B nodules were isointense, and 34 (85%) of 40 type C nodules were hyperintense (P < .05). CONCLUSION: There was a significant association between intranodular blood supply and nodule signal intensity on T2-weighted MR images. However, study findings did not show whether the blood itself (ie, blood volume or blood flow amount) directly influenced the signal intensity.     

Progression to hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma: correlation with intranodular blood supply evaluated with CT during intraarterial injection of contrast material

PURPOSE: To analyze the correlation between intranodular blood supply of borderline lesions (ie, dysplastic nodules or hypovascular well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC] nodules) and their progression to hypervascular classic HCC in cirrhotic livers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred seventy-six borderline lesions seen at computed tomography (CT) during arterial portography (CTAP) and CT during hepatic arteriography (CTHA) were evaluated in 49 patients with cirrhosis who underwent repeated CTAP and/or CTHA but no therapy. On the basis of CTAP findings, nodules were categorized as group A (showing almost the same portal venous supply as the surrounding liver), group B (showing decreased portal venous supply) or group C (showing partially absent portal venous supply); on the basis of CTHA findings, nodules were categorized as group I (showing almost the same arterial supply as the liver), group II (showing decreased arterial supply), or group III (showing partially increased arterial supply). RESULTS: Progression to classic HCC was observed in 29.4% of group A nodules, 53.9% of group B nodules, and 87.9% of group C nodules within 1,000 days; in 58.6% of group I nodules, 12.9% of group II nodules, and 92.2% of group III nodules within 730 days; and in 0% of nodules in group A and I, 28% of nodules in group B and/or II, and 88.7% of nodules in group C and/or III within 730 days. CONCLUSION: Evaluation of intranodular blood supply was valuable in predicting the prognosis in borderline lesions, except when only arterial blood supply was evaluated.     

Diffuse perfusion abnormality of the liver parenchyma on angiography-assisted helical CT in relation to cirrhosis and previous treatments: a potential diagnostic pitfall for detecting hepatocellular carcinoma

We evaluated diffuse perfusion abnormality of the liver parenchyma in relation to cirrhosis and previous treatments and estimated its potential limitation in detecting hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) on CT arterial portography (CTAP) and CT hepatic arteriography (CTHA). Sixty-one patients of liver cirrhosis with or without HCC received both CTAP and CTHA. Irregular defects of enhancement of the liver parenchyma on CTAP were noted in 37 of 61 patients (60.7%) and compensatory arterial perfusion in these defects on CTHA was noted in 30 of 37 patients (81.1%). Most patients had segmental or mixed patterns of enhancement. In patients with severe cirrhosis, irregular enhancement was often noted. The irregularity was also more often in patients who had had previous treatments. Four of 40 HCC nodules in 18 patients with severe irregular perfusion were not detected on CTAP and CTHA. Diffuse perfusion abnormalities of the liver parenchyma on CTAP and CTHA would decrease the accuracy of tumor detection in HCC patients.     

Hepatic arterioportal shunts not directly related to hepatocellular carcinoma: findings on CT during hepatic arteriography, CT arterial portography and dual phase spiral CT

AIM: To evaluate findings of arterioportal shunts not directly related to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) which were seen within third-order portal branches on computed tomography (CT) during hepatic arteriography (CTHA), arterial portography (CTAP), and dual phase spiral CT.MATERIALS AND METHODS: At CTHA in 112 patients, we examined third-order portal vein branches to find arterioportal shunts not directly related to HCC. Six cases were found. We evaluated the findings of these shunts on CTHA and investigated whether CTAP (n = 6) and dual phase spiral CT (n = 5) showed perfusion defects in the corresponding areas on arterioportal shunts. RESULTS: Five of six cases showed abrupt visualization of portal branches without visualization of the proximal portion of CTHA. Five of six cases showed no perfusion defect on CTAP and no hyperattenuating area on CTHA. Four of five cases showed no hyperattenuating area on hepatic arterial phase spiral CT. CONCLUSION: Arterioportal shunts not directly related to HCC and occuring within third-order portal branches mainly showed abrupt visualization of portal branches on CTHA. These occurred frequently without perfusion defects on CTAP and without a hyperattenuating area on CTHA and hepatic arterial phase spiral CT.Park, C. M. (2000). Clinical Radiology55, 465-470.     

Combination of CT during arterial portography and double-phase CT hepatic arteriography with multi-detector row helical CT for evaluation of hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the combination of computed tomography (CT) during arterial portography (CTAP) and double-phase CT hepatic arteriography (CTHA) with multidetector-row CT (MDCT) for the evaluation of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) in patients with cirrhosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The combination of CTAP and double-phase CTHA was performed on 46 patients with 54 nodular HCCs. Three readers reviewed the images obtained with CTAP alone, first-phase CTHA alone, double-phase CTHA, and the combination of CTAP and double-phase CTHA. The review of the images was conducted on a segment-by-segment basis, with 368 hepatic segments, including 50 segments with 54 HCCs, reviewed for detection of HCCs with the aid of a five-point confidence scale. Diagnostic accuracy was evaluated by comparing the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis results. RESULTS: The sensitivity for detecting HCCs was significantly higher with either double-phase CTHA or the combination of CTAP and double-phase CTHA than with first-phase CTHA alone (90 and 93 versus 85%, respectively, p<0.01). The specificity for detecting HCCs was significantly higher with the combination of CTAP and double-phase CTHA than with CTAP alone (97 and 94%, respectively, p<0.01). The positive predictive values for detecting HCCs were significantly higher with double-phase CTHA than with first-phase CTHA alone (86 and 82%, respectively, p<0.05). The area under the ROC curve (Az) values were significantly higher with the combination of CTAP and double-phase CTHA (0.983) than with first-phase CTHA alone (0.959; p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The combination of CTAP and double-phase CTHA with MDCT significantly enhances the detection of HCC.     

Efficacy of dynamic MRI with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SH U 555 A): vascularity evaluation in hepatocellular carcinoma.

PURPOSE: A study was conducted to determine the possibility of evaluating the blood flow in cases of hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by employing dynamic MRI with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SH U 555 A), which can be rapidly injected via an intravenous route. METHODS: Six patients with hypervascular HCC (23 nodules) served as the subjects. Dynamic MRI includes images obtained at precontrast and at 10 (perfusion phase), 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 600 s after the start of injection of SH U 555 A. CT hepatic arteriography (CTHA) and CT during arterial portography (CTAP) were used as the standards of reference, and these were performed in all patients three days after dynamic MRI. The signal changes were evaluated at each phase, especially at the perfusion phase from the viewpoints of a lesion-to-liver contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and visual examination. RESULTS: A total of 23 hypervascular HCC were detected on CTHA and CTAP. Of the 23 lesions, 17 were detected on SH U 555 A enhanced MRI. Incorrect timing during acquisition of the perfusion phase was considered in two cases with three lesions. Of 14 lesions, excluding two cases with incorrect timing, a reduction in the transient signal in the lesions at the perfusion phase was visually recognized in 10 lesions (71%). Significant differences were seen in tumor size between visible and non-visible tumors involving transient signal reduction (p< 0.05). CNR gradually increased after rapidly decreasing in the perfusion phase. CONCLUSION: SH U 555 A enhanced MRI is valuable in limited cases. Evaluation of tumor blood flow employing dynamic MRI with SH U 555 A is affected by tumor size and requires optimal timing of the perfusion phase.