Minimally Invasive Direct Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery with Right Gastroepiploic Artery for Redo Patients

Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) has been widely performed for coronary artery disease. Therefore, cases requiring reoperative CABG are increasing. We performed a minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB) procedure on four patients, as reoperative CABG surgery for the right coronary artery (RCA), employing the right gastroepiploic artery (RGEA). The target sites were the distal RCA in two patients and the posterior descending (PD) branch in the other two. Complete revascularization was accomplished in all patients without sternotomy, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), or blood transfusion. The mean operative time was 3.0 h (range: 2.4–3.7 h). Postoperative coronary angiography showed all grafts to be patent. All patients were discharged without postoperative complications and remained free from cardiac events during a mean follow-up period of 1.5 years (range: 0.5–3.0 years). MIDCAB for the RCA, employing the RGEA via a subxiphoid incision showed, excellent revascularization in redo CABG cases. This technique is a safe and effective method for redo cases.     

桡动脉桥血管应用于冠状动脉旁路移植术的围术期疗效分析

摘要：目的探讨桡动脉作为第二动脉桥血管对冠状动脉旁路移植术围术期手术疗效的影响。方法回顾性分析2011年8月至2012年4月沈阳军区总医院连续接受非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术175例患者的临床资料,175例患者随机分为两组,组1：75例,男49例,女26例;年龄（56．8±8．2）岁;应用桡动脉作为桥血管材料;组2：100例,男66例,女34例;年龄（57．7±8．1）岁;使用大隐静脉作为桥血管材料,不用桡动脉作为桥血管材料;两组患者左乳内动脉使用率均为100％。比较两组患者围术期心血管事件发生率及其它临床参数。结果所有患者术后30d内均存活。两组患者手术时间、术后24h胸腔引流量、术后住院时间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。术后重症监护时间、机械辅助通气时间虽然两组间差异无统计学意义,但组1较组2有减少趋势。术后因心功能不佳需较长时间心血管活性药物支持方面,两组间差异虽无统计学意义,但组2患者的比率高于组1[16％（16／100）VS．12％（9／75）]。组1患者术后无新发心肌缺血和因血流动力学不稳定而行主动脉内球囊反搏（IABP）辅助;组2有3例患者出现新发心肌缺血,新增2例IABP辅助。结论桡动脉作为桥血管取代部分大隐静脉,不仅并未增加围术期心血管事件的风险,反而在一定程度上有利于患者的恢复。桡动脉可更加广泛地应用于冠状动脉旁路移植术。     

Coronary Artery Bypass Risk Prediction Using Neural Networks

Background. Neural networks are nonparametric, robust, pattern recognition techniques that can be used to model complex relationships.

Methods. The applicability of multilayer perceptron neural networks (MLP) to coronary artery bypass grafting risk prediction was assessed using The Society of Thoracic Surgeons database of 80,606 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting in 1993. The results of traditional logistic regression and Bayesian analysis were compared with single-layer (no hidden layer), two-layer (one hidden layer), and three-layer (two hidden layer) MLP neural networks. These networks were trained using stochastic gradient descent with early stopping. All prediction models used the same variables and were evaluated by training on 40,480 patients and cross-validation testing on a separate group of 40,126 patients. Techniques were also developed to calculate effective odds ratios for MLP networks and to generate confidence intervals for MLP risk predictions using an auxiliary “confidence MLP.”

Results. Receiver operating characteristic curve areas for predicting mortality were approximately 76% for all classifiers, including neural networks. Calibration (accuracy of posterior probability prediction) was slightly better with a two-member committee classifier that averaged the outputs of a MLP network and a logistic regression model. Unlike the individual methods, the committee classifier did not overestimate or underestimate risk for high-risk patients.

Conclusions. A committee classifier combining the best neural network and logistic regression provided the best model calibration, but the receiver operating characteristic curve area was only 76% irrespective of which predictive model was used.     

Minimally Invasive Multiple Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting with Composite Graft Using in situ Right Gastroepiploic and Radial Arteries

Minimally invasive surgery/coronary artery bypass grafting (MICS CABG) via left thoracotomy and multiple CABG is a reported alternative to the standard sternotomy approach. However, harvesting the right internal thoracic artery (RITA) under direct vision requires high surgical skill. We describe MICS CABG with the left internal thoracic artery (LITA) and a composite graft using the in situ right gastroepiploic artery (GEA) and radial artery (RA) to achieve complete coronary revascularization. No complications occurred, and postoperative computed tomography showed patency of all grafts. Our experience suggests that this composite graft can be used safely and effectively in MICS CABG for complete arterial revascularization without difficulty.     

胸骨下段正中小切口直视冠状动脉旁路移植术

目的总结72例胸骨正中下段小切口直视冠状动脉旁路移植术(MIDCAB)的经验,探讨其手术方法和适应证。方法经胸骨下段正中小切口游离左乳内动脉用于左前降支旁路移植,并切取大隐静脉,在非体外循环下完成单支或多支病变血管的冠状动脉旁路移植手术。结果手术死亡1例(1.4%),术后发生并发症3例(4.2%)。手术时间195.6±50.6min,吻合口数2.3±0.8个(1~4个);术后气管内插管时间0~364h,中位数11h;住ICU时间1~23d,中位数3d;术后住院时间10.9±5.4d(6~36d,中位数9d);胸腔引流量8.5±5.9ml/kg;47例患者需输血,输血量为1091.3±636.2ml;所有患者胸部切口长9~11cm。术后随访时间36.2±17.6个月,随访率92.9%(66/71),无远期死亡,心绞痛完全免除率65.2%(43/66);明显改善占27.3%(18/66)。结论胸骨正中下段小切口直视下冠状动脉旁路移植术创伤小,无须特殊器械;皮肤切口小,美观;操作简单,安全可靠,可获得冠状动脉多支病变充分再血管化的效果。     

Importance of Preoperative Marking for Minithoracotomy and for Internal Thoracic Artery Harvesting in Minimally Invasive Direct Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

(Received for publication on Apr. 21, 1999; accepted on Nov. 11, 1999)     

Less Invasive Coronary Artery Bypass Without Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) aims to avoid cardiopulmonary bypass and take maximum advantage of a smaller incision. Minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB) surgery is performed on selected arteries of the beating heart under direct vision through a choice of small incisions. Short-term results show good patency rates and a dramatic impact in terms of shorter hospital stays and cost effectiveness. The procedure is also being used increasingly in Japan. However, valid concerns have been raised about the quality of the anastomosis fashioned on a beating heart with pharmacologic bradycardia, and the long-term result of this technique is still questionable. The combined use of circulatory assist devices and mechanical stabilizing devices will be expected to expand access to coronary arteries by allowing for decompression of the left ventricle, permitting retraction and rotation of the heart, and hopefully further improvement of the results. Less invasive coronary surgery should be proven to be as effective and safe as conventional CABG before widespread adoption.     

冠状动脉旁路移植术中内镜获取大隐静脉疗效的meta分析

目的系统评价冠状动脉旁路移植术（coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG）中应用内镜获取大隐静脉的安全性。方法计算机检索CochraneLibrary（2012年第2期）、Pubmed、Medline、EMbase、中国生物医学文献数据库（CBM）、中国期刊全文数据库（CNKI）、数字化期刊数据库（万方）、中文科技期刊全文数据库（维普）等数据库,查找自建库至2013年9月,检索语种不受限制,收集有关GABG术中内镜获取大隐静脉疗效和安全性的随机对照试验,由2位评价者根据纳入、排除标准独立选择文献,评价纳入研究的方法学质量,然后采用RevMan5．2软件进行meta分析。结果共纳入12篇RCT文献,共1510例,其中内镜组857例,切开组653例。meta分析显示：与切开组比较,内镜组术后切口感染率低（OR=0．24,95％CI：0．16—0．36,P〈0．0001）,术后疼痛发生率低（OR=-1．06,95％CI：-1．26--0．86,P〈0．0001）,术后并发症发生率低（OR=0．28,95％C1：0．19—0．42,P〈0．0001）;2组住院时间（WMD=0．17,95％CI：-0．22～0．56,P=0．40）、死亡率无统计学差异（OR=0．88,95％CI：0．30～2．64,P=0．82）。结论CABG中应用内镜采集大隐静脉能够减少创伤,明显降低术后下肢感染,术后疼痛、术后并发症及住院时间下降,尤其适用于存在高危因素的患者。     

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting After a Bilateral Lung Volume Reduction Operation

A 67-year-old man underwent coronary artery bypass grafting 3 months after a bilateral lung volume reduction operation for end-stage pulmonary emphysema. The principles of anesthetic management we have developed for use during volume reduction operations were applied with success in this individual and are described in detail. With the increasing application of this intervention as an alternative to lung transplantation, we anticipate further experience in the operative management of associated conditions after lung volume reduction operations.     

自体桡动脉在不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术中的应用

目的探讨自体桡动脉（radial artery,RA）在不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术（off-pump coronary artery bypass graft,OPCABG）中应用的效果及安全性。方法回顾性分析我院2009年10月～2012年10月375例应用自体桡动脉（radialartery,RA）进行OPCABG的临床资料,对老年组（年龄≥60岁,n=184）及非老年组（年龄〈60岁,n=191）临床结果进行比较。结果 375例平均搭桥（3.0±0.7）支,共使用392支RA,其中右冠状动脉系统307支,前降支系统37支,回旋支系统48支。术后RA移植物相关心电图改变发生15例,无围手术期心肌梗死发生,无RA取材并发症。住院死亡率老年组为1.1%（2/184）,非老年组为1.0%（2/191）,2组比较无统计学差异（χ2=0.000,P=1.000）;主动脉球囊反搏（intra-aorticballoon pump,IABP）使用率老年组为7.6%（14/184）,非老年组为6.3%（12/191）,2组比较无统计学差异（χ2=0.255,P=0.613）;老年组住院时间（21.8±9.3）d,与非老年组（21.8±8.6）d无统计学差异（t=0.000,P=1.000）;老年组移植血管数（3.1±0.7）支,与非老年组（3.1±0.7）支无统计学差异（t=0.000,P=1.000）。273例随访3～36个月,（16.8±10.0）月,死亡5例,均为非心脏源性;23例术后残留心绞痛症状,均无心电图及影像学证据显示与RA移植物有关。结论自体RA在OPCABG中使用安全有效,有很好的近期临床效果,老年患者和非老年患者临床效果并无显著性差异。     

非体外循环和体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术在二次冠状动脉旁路移植术中的应用

目的研究对比在二次冠状动脉旁路移植术(re-CABG)患者中分别采用非体外循环和体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术(off-pump CABG和on-pump CABG)的临床早期结果,探讨通过合理手术方式的选择,提高re-CABG的手术疗效。方法自2000年4月到2006年6月,21例首次CABG后因心绞痛复发患者在阜外心血管病医院接受了re-CABG手术,其中10例行off-pump CABG(off-pump组),11例行on-pump CABG(on-pump组)。两组患者术前性别、年龄、体重、心肺功能、心绞痛程度、左心室舒张期末内径、射血分数、合并高血压、糖尿病等方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结果 On-pump组中患者术后死亡1例,冠状动脉远端吻合口数多于off-pump组(P<0.05);off-pump组无手术死亡,在手术时间、术后呼吸机辅助时间、胸腔引流液量、输血量和手术后住院时间等方面,均明显少于on-pump组(P<0.05)。结论 Off-pump CABG和on-pump CABG技术在re-CABG中都可以取得满意疗效,off-pump CABG下施行re-CABG安全可靠。     

非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术中血流动力学的变化

目的分析非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(off-pum p coronary artery bypass grafting,OPCAB)中血流动力学的变化特点。方法连续100例冠心病患者接受OPCAB,术中对各病变血管进行旁路移植血管吻合时的血流动力学指标进行监测。全组完成左乳内动脉(L IM A)与左前降支(LAD)吻合97例,大隐静脉或桡动脉与右冠状动脉(RCA)主干、后降支(PDA)、左心室后支(PLB)吻合84例,左回旋支(LCX)吻合50例,钝缘支(OM)吻合27例,对角支(DG)吻合25例。每例患者移植血管支数为3.1±0.7支。结果吻合LAD、DG时除心率(HR)较基础值增快,平均动脉压(M AP)和左心室每搏做功指数(LV SW I)较基础值降低外(P<0.05),其它指标无明显变化。吻合LCX、PDA、PLB和OM时血流动力学指标有明显的变化,HR、中心静脉压(CVP)较基础值明显升高(P<0.05),M AP、心脏指数(C I)、每搏指数(S I)、右心室射血分数(RVEF)、右心室舒张期末容积(RVEDV)、LV SW I、右心室每搏做功指数(RV SW I)较基础值明显降低或减少(P<0.05)。术毕各指标均趋于正常,C I有明显的改善。结论OPCAB中吻合LAD和DG时对血流动力学影响较小,而吻合LCX、PDA、PLB和OM时对血流动力学有明显的影响,术毕各血流动力学指标趋于正常,心脏功能有明显的改善。     

Risk Factors for Graft Occlusion after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

A cohort of 610 well-characterized patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting were followed through the first postoperative year. Graft patency was angiographically assessed in 578 (94.8%) of the patients on average 12.1 (SD 1.5) months postoperatively and was related to characteristics of grafts and patients. For internal mammary artery grafts the incidence of graft occlusion was higher in women than in men and was inversely related to body surface area. In multivariate analysis the influence of gender was no longer significant when adjusted for body surface area. With vein grafts the incidence of occlusion was inversely related to body surface area and was positively associated with ejection fraction. Occlusion of vein grafts was less common in patients treated with beta-blockers pre-and peroperatively.     

The Clinical Significance of Performing Preoperative Angiography of the Internal Thoracic Artery in Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery

(Received for publication on Nov. 25, 1996; accepted on July 8, 1997)     

桡动脉在冠状动脉旁路移植术中的应用

桡动脉（RA）作为冠状动脉旁路移植术（cABG）的移植血管已广泛应用，但在其获取、手部侧枝循环的评估、抗痉挛措施、靶血管选择、以及近端吻合口等方面尚未统一的认识。一般认为RA应当连同周围的伴行静脉血管一起获取并且优先用于严重狭窄（〉70％）的冠状动脉。RA近端可以吻合于升主动脉，或者与左侧或右侧乳内动脉一起构成复合移植血管。RA作为移植血管的通畅率主要取决于靶血管狭窄的严重程度和靶血管的位置，而不是取决于近端吻合于主动脉或是乳内动脉。尽管缺乏实验证据，许多研究者提倡预防性抗痉挛治疗。在全动脉化冠状动脉旁路移植的患者中应用RA取代右侧乳内动脉作为第二选动脉移植血管具有优势。     

内窥镜血管采集系统和间断小切口获取大隐静脉在冠状动脉旁路移植术的应用研究

目的比较内窥镜和间断小切口获取大隐静脉在冠状动脉旁路移植术（coronary artery bypass graft,CABG）中应用的临床效果。方法 2009年8月～2012年8月,连续651例CABG术中,479例（A组）采用内窥镜血管采集系统,172例（B组）采用间断小切口获取大隐静脉,方法由患者决定。比较两组大隐静脉获取时间、切口长度和术后腿部并发症情况。结果 2组获取大隐静脉均获成功,静脉长度差异无显著性。与B组相比,A组获取静脉时间短[（18.01±3.49）min vs.（27.06±4.26）min,t=-27.417,P=0.000],皮肤切口长度短[（3.49±0.87）cm vs.（12.53±1.41）cm,t=-97.587,P=0.000],术后需要止痛剂、切口愈合延迟、下肢水肿的比例低[2.9%（14/479）vs.37.8%（65/172）,χ2=144.303,P=0.000;0（0/479）vs.5.8%（10/172）,P=0.000;1.0%（5/479）vs.18.0%（31/172）,χ2=69.526,P=0.000],但总住院费用高[（8.54±1.43）万元vs.（6.45±0.91）万元,t=17.893,P=0.000]。结论内窥镜血管采集系统获取大隐静脉安全可行,并发症少,美容效果显著,值得推广。