创伤性后颅窝血肿的临床特点及救治体会

目的 探讨创伤性后颅窝血肿的临床特点及救治方法。方法 对我科2000-01～2005-06期间收治的创伤性后颅窝血肿忠者51例的临床资料进行分析，根据后颅窝血肿的病情及出血量的多少而采取保守治疗或手术治疗。结果 51例患者中，保守治疗12例，恢复良好11例，死亡1例；手术治疗39例，恢复良好31例，伤残4例，死亡4例。结论 创伤性后颅窝血肿有着不同于幕上创伤性颅内血肿的临床特点，意识障碍较轻，小脑受顿的特异性症状如眼球水平震颤、共济失调等较少见，而头痛、呕吐、躁动不安等非特异性症状较多见，易直接发生枕骨大孔疝。严密观察及动态CT检查，及时抓住手术时机，可有效降低致残率及死亡率。     

扩大中颅底硬膜外入路经岩骨窗切除哑铃型三叉神经鞘瘤

目的 探讨扩大中颅底硬膜外入路经岩骨窗切除哑铃型三叉神经鞘瘤的治疗效果.方法 我科2007 - 2010年应用扩大中颅底硬膜外入路经岩骨窗切除哑铃型三叉神经鞘瘤21例.术前CT及MRI评估位于中、后颅窝肿瘤大小及岩骨侵蚀程度,分为三种类型:Mp型12例,MP型7例及mP型2例.结果 肿瘤全切19例,次全切2例,无手术死亡,术后出现新的暂时性脑神经麻痹4例,1例脑脊液漏,经腰大池引流脑脊液治愈.随访18例,时间6个月-3年(平均22.4个月),2例次全切除肿瘤复发,均位于后颅窝,经乙状窦后入路再次手术治愈.结论 扩大中颅底硬膜外入路经岩骨窗切除哑铃型三叉神经鞘瘤是一种有效的治疗方法,尤其对于肿瘤明显侵蚀破坏岩骨者.然而,如果后颅窝肿瘤部分过大时,该入路显露不足,难以全切肿瘤.     

外伤性后颅窝血肿117例临床分析

目的 分析总结外伤性后颅窝血肿的诊断和治疗特点。方法 对1990年1月至2002年12月117例外伤性后颅窝血肿的病因学、影像学、诊断和治疗特点进行分析。结果 本组117例外伤性后颅窝血肿中硬膜外血肿76.06％(89例),其中跨幕上下者60.67％(54例),硬膜下血肿4.27％(5例),小脑脑内血肿19.66％(23例)。合并幕上对冲性脑损伤52例,合并原发脑干伤9例。本组95例行血肿清除术及综合治疗,22例采用保守治疗,其中18例小脑脑内血肿,3例后颅窝硬膜外血肿和1例硬膜下血肿(出血量<10 mL)。伤后6个月行GOS评估,死亡12例,重残2例,其余预后良好。结论单纯后颅窝血肿应及时诊断并手术,预后良好,即使合并幕上血肿,只要及时治疗,也能取得满意效果。     

Post-traumatic posterior cranial fossa hematomas from material of the Department of Neurosurgery, Silesian Medical Academy in Katowice

The location of posttraumatic haematomas in the posterior cranial fossa is rare and the correct diagnosis was difficult before the advent of CT. In the years 1976-1989 in the group of 2450 cases of craniocerebellar injuries treated in the Department of Neurosurgery, Silesian Medical Academy 24 patients had posterior fossa haematomas, but only one of them (out of 550 cases of injuries) was diagnosed without CT. In 20 cases surgical treatment was carried out with good and satisfactory results in 16 cases (80%). The authors stress the importance of early CT and surgical intervention.     

Posterior fossa extradural hematomas in children: report of nine cases

Extradural post-traumatic posterior fossa hematoma is a rare condition estimated to complicate about 0.13% of all craniocerebral injureis, and represents 5.8% of the entire group of extradural hematomas in our records. Nine cases of posterior fossa extradural hematomas are presented. The clinical picture was dominated by headache, vomiting, and gait ataxia. An occipital fracture was seen in 77.7% of the patients. In all cases, the diagnosis was made by computed tomography. The postoperative evolution was good.     

Space-occupying, traumatically-induced hemorrhage of the posterior cranial fossa

A total of 4,408 patients were treated for head injuries from 1980 to 1986 at the University Hospital of Innsbruck in Austria. Nine of them (0.2%) showed a traumatic, space-occupying hematoma in the posterior fossa. Clinical signs are often elusive, but tentorial or foraminal herniation with apnea may suddenly arise. Heightened awareness of these lesions and closely monitoring these patients are both necessary, especially when there is a fracture over the transverse sinus or the foramen magnum. Computed tomography helps to establish the diagnosis and leads to appropriate neurosurgical treatment. The overall mortality of patients with these lesions was 22% in our patients.     

后枕部硬脑膜外血肿CT分型与疗效、预后的关系

目的 根据外伤性后枕部硬脑膜外血肿(POEH)的CT表现进行分型,并分析分型与疗效、预后间的关系.方法 对104例POEH患者以横窦为中心进行CT分型,其中Ⅰ型为横窦上型,Ⅱ型为横窦下型,Ⅲ型为骑跨型.上述3型进一步分为单、双侧.单侧血肿采取一侧旁正中入路骨瓣或骨窗开颅血肿清除术,双侧血肿采取枕部中线骨瓣入路开颅术.结果 Ⅰ型患者症状轻,治疗效果好,死亡率低(7%).Ⅱ型与Ⅲ型患者症状重,死亡率高(分别为13.3%,16.6%).结论 本文提出的CT分型法有助于明确手术指征,制定治疗方案及准确判断患者预后.     

The lounging position for posterior fossa surgery: anesthesiological considerations regarding air embolism

The sitting position for operations in the posterior fossa remains controversial in both adults and children, primarily because of the risk of air embolism. The reports on the incidence of this complication are varied. We retrospectively reviewed the data on 704 patients (age range 1–82 years) operated on in a lounging position for varied posterior fossa pathology from January 1984 up to December 1989. As diagnostic monitoring, we uniformly employed a Doppler ultrasound device, an atrial catheter, and capnometry. In 37 adults (5.5%) and 9 children (9/34) air embolism was diagnosed, without either morbidity or mortality. A lounging position, together with adequate infusion therapy and ventilation with PEEP, considerably reduces the risk of air embolism.     

三叉神经鞘瘤的诊断及治疗(附75例报告)

目的：介绍三叉神经鞘瘤患者的诊断和治疗经验。方法：对华山医院（１９７８～１９９５）收治７５例三叉神经鞘瘤病人进行回顾性分析。结果：三叉神经鞘瘤病人临床症状多不典型，诊断主要依靠ＣＴ及ＭＲ，本组病例中３４例（４５％）肿瘤在位于中颅窝，２０例（２７％）位于后颅窝，２１例（２８％）呈哑铃型生长。在１９８４年以前，手术多采用硬膜下入路，１９８５年以后逐渐发展了硬膜外入路和硬膜外－经硬膜经小脑幕入路。早期全切率为５８％（２０／３５），近全切４２％，晚期为８０％（３２／４０）近全切２０％。在早期病例的长期随访中有１例死亡，３例复发，颅神经功能损伤的发生率在两组中分别为６３％和２８％。结论：三叉神经鞘瘤显微手术治疗是最佳方法，中颅窝型和哑铃型肿瘤可采用硬膜外入路，后颅窝型仍需硬膜下入路。     

Traumatic extradural hematoma in childhood and normal early computed tomography: report of 2 cases]

The cases of two children with traumatic extradural hematoma with an early normal CT scan are reported. Consciousness impairment occurred in them respectively 20 and 60 hours after admission, and CT at this occasion evidenced extradural hematoma. Serial neurological examinations are recommended for children with large traumatic cephalohematoma associated or not to skull fracture and in whom an initial early CT was normal, since they can lately develop extradural hematoma.     

Basichondrocranium anomalies in adult Chiari type I malformation: a morphometric study

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of anomalies of the basichondrocranium in a series of 42 patients with Chiari type I malformation compared with a control group of 46 subjects. Sixteen patients also had syringomyelia. Linear, angular and posterior fossa surface area measurements were taken on conventional lateral skull x-rays. Posterior fossa volume was estimated by CT scanning. In patients there was shortening of clivus length, Twining-opisthion distance and Chamberlain's line. Basal and Boogard angles were enlarged. The size of the posterior fossa was smaller in patients than in controls. Only 10 (23.8%) patients had no evidence of occipital dysplasia. When discriminant analysis was applied to the data, the most discriminative variables were posterior fossa area and clivus length which allowed accurate identification of 76% of patients as belonging to the patient group and 79% of controls as belonging to the control group. These findings prove that under-development of the basichondrocranium with a small size of the posterior fossa is an outstanding feature in adult Chiari type I malformation, and support the hypothesis that tonsillar ectopia is secondary to the disproportion between the posterior fossa and the cerebellum, which is forced to grow into the cervical spinal canal.     

Management of medulloblastoma and ependymoma in infants: a single-institution long-term retrospective report

To reduce the sequelae from CNS irradiation (RT), 16 children younger than 3 years with medulloblastoma-PNET (13 cases) and ependymoma (3 cases) were treated between 1987–1993 according to different postsurgical chemotherapy (CT) programs. None of these patients presented with metastases. Eleven patients were rendered disease-free by surgery, while 5 had residual tumor. Adjuvant therapy depended on patients’ age, postsurgical status and parents’ consent to radiotherapy (RT). Nine of the 16 infants remained alive in continuous complete remission from the first neoplasm (median follow-up 7 years). Three of them had been treated with CT alone and 6 with combined CT+RT (posterior fossa 4, whole CNS 2). Seven patients relapsed a median of 13 months after diagnosis, and all 7 of them died of their disease. Despite the omission of RT in 6 of the 16 patients and administration of only focal RT in 8 of the 16, the outcome of this series was satisfactory. Local failure (in 5/7 patients) was the major problem, despite the high dose of RT used in 2 of these 5. In 4 of 6 evaluable children school performance was satisfactory. One child in whom the entire CNS was irradiated developed glioblastoma multiforme 120 months after the first diagnosis of medulloblastoma. Received: 18 January 1999 Revised: 12 April 1999     

后颅窝枕下减压术治疗大面积小脑梗死的预后分析

目的分析后颅窝枕下减压术治疗大面积小脑梗死的手术时机、手术方式及预后。 方法回顾性分析济南军区总医院神经外科自2010年1月至2018年2月符合纳入标准的大面积小脑梗死患者的临床资料。所有患者于CT及MRI检查确诊后24 h内行后颅窝枕下减压术,如有急性脑积水发生,先行脑室外引流术,再进行后颅窝枕下减压术。 结果本组患者12例,术前CT显示出现脑积水者4例,先行脑室穿刺外引流术,后行颅窝减压术。根据GOS评分评价患者外科治疗效果：良好7例,中残2例,重残1例,植物生存1例,死亡1例。 结论后颅窝减压术能避免大面积小脑梗死临床症状恶化进行性发展,改善预后。     

Traumatic posterior fossa hematoma

The traumatic posterior fossa hematoma was regarded as relatively rare thing, but recently, as the result of the prevalence of CT scanners, the number of reported cases is increasing. We report nine cases of traumatic posterior fossa hematoma. We divided into two categories: one was the acute epidural hematoma, the other was the acute subdural hematoma with cerebellar contusion. Five were cases of the acute epidural hematoma, three were cases of the acute subdural hematoma with cerebellar contusion and a case had both an epidural and a subdural hematoma. All the cases had struck the occipital region and had the occipital bone fracture. The prognosis of the five cases of the acute epidural hematoma was excellent, but that of the four cases of the acute subdural hematoma with cerebellar contusion was poor and they all died inspite of the removal of the hematoma executed in three cases. We estimated that the hitting forth was extremely strong in cases of the subdural hematoma with cerebellar contusion, and that the momentary deformity of the occipital bone might injure the cerebellum directly. Once a hematoma was produced in the posterior fossa, it oppresses the brainstem and causes the acute hydrocephalus, so the state of consciousness and respiration deteriorate suddenly. In cases of the acute epidural hematoma, appropriate surgical intervention could save the patients and resulted in good outcome. But in some cases of the fulminant type acute epidural hematoma of the posterior fossa caused by tearing the sinuses, though we have not experienced, patients die before the diagnosis and treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

迟发性外伤性颅内血肿临床分析

目的探讨迟发性外伤性颅内血肿患者的临床特点,以提高疗效.方法回顾分析1998年1月～2000年7月收治的17例迟发性外伤性颅内血肿患者的临床资料,其中脑内血肿9例,硬膜外血肿5例,硬膜下血肿3例.结果在17例迟发性外伤性颅内血肿患者中,经治疗恢复良好者9例,中残4例,重残2例,死亡2例.结论迟发性外伤性颅内血肿的发生同外伤部位、脑挫伤、颅骨骨折等因素有关.降低迟发性外伤性颅内血肿的死亡率和致残率的关键在于及时诊断和及时治疗     

Bilateral traumatic extradural haematomas: report of 12 cases with a review of the literature.

We are reporting 12 cases of traumatic bilateral extradural haematomas. The incidence was 4.8% of all cases of extradural haematomas. The most common site was the frontal region. CT scan examination was necessary for early diagnosis. Ten patients were operated upon while one patient was treated conservatively. Two patients died. The relevant literature is reviewed.     

经额颞硬膜外入路显微手术切除海绵窦区肿瘤

目的 报告经额颞硬膜外入路显微手术切除海绵窦区肿瘤的经验。方法 回顾性分析8例海绵窦区肿瘤的临床及影像学特征、手术方式、疗效和术后并发症。结果 肿瘤全切5例，次全切3例；术后原有颅神经症状的63．6％获得改善，27．3％同术前，9．1％较术前加重，无新的神经症状出现，无疾病及死亡病例，随访7例，时间20－23个月，无肿瘤复发。结论 采用经额颞硬膜外手术入路可较好地暴露和切除海绵窦区肿瘤，明显降低术后并发症和死亡率。     

Clinical experience of 153 patients with posterior circulation aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE: To study the morbidity and mortality of patients with aneurysms of the posterior circulation (basilar-vertebral system) and investigate the natural history of these aneurysms without surgical intervention. METHODS: Of 1232 patients with intracranial aneurysms admitted to Tiantan Hospital from January 1990 to October 2001, 153 (12.4%) had aneurysms of the posterior circulation. Their clinical and angiographic data were reviewed retrospectively. Additionally, to June 2002, 38 of the cases managed without surgery have been followed by telephone and correspondence. For these patients, the annual aneurysm rupture rate was estimated in "person-years". RESULTS: Patients were aged 4-69 years (mean 40.8). The peak incidence was in the 5th decade. There were 88 males and 65 females. One hundred and two patients (66.7%) were treated surgically, and of these, 60 (58.8%) had an excellent outcome, 10 (9.8%) a good outcome, 29 (28.4%) a fair outcome and 3 (2.9%) died. The other 51 (33.3%) patients were treated conservatively for various reasons. Of these, 13 died of ruptured aneurysm in hospital. Ten of these patients had had a previous subarachnoid haemorrhage and 3 had not. The other 38 surviving, conservatively managed patients were followed for 5-95 months (mean 23). Of them, 3 (17.6%) died of aneurysmal rupture, giving an annual rupture rate of 9.2%, or 3/32.47 patient years. CONCLUSIONS: To prevent death and disability due to aneurysmal rupture, posterior circulation aneurysms should be treated aggressively.     

Posterior Fossa Teratomas in Adults : A Systematic Review

ObjectiveThe occurrence of posterior fossa teratomas in adulthood is extremely rare. In this study, we aimed to report our experience with two cases of posterior fossa mature teratoma in adults who underwent surgical resection. We also performed a systematic review of published papers available to date. MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records of patients who had onset of posterior fossa teratomas in adulthood at our institute between 1995 and 2020. We evaluated the clinical, radiographic, and pathological features of mature teratomas at the posterior fossa in adulthood. Furthermore, we searched the PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science database and reviewed published articles. ResultsWe found 507 articles on database review; of them, 102 were duplicates and 389 were excluded based on the inclusion criteria. Finally, 16 cases of posterior fossa from the web search and related articles. Subsequently, we added two cases that underwent surgery at our institute. We analyzed a total of 18 cases of mature teratomas. Headache was the most common (55.6%) symptom. The teratomas showed heterogeneous signals on magnetic resonance imaging. Thirteen patients (72.2%) had lesion at midline, five patients (27.8%) had calcification. Surgical resection was performed in all patients. No studies reported recurrence after resection. ConclusionThe occurrence of posterior fossa teratomas in adulthood is difficult to diagnose at the initial stage. Radiographic diagnosis alone can lead to misdiagnosis. Pathological confirmation is essential. Surgical resection is a curative option for posterior fossa teratomas in adulthood.     

Management of cervicomedullary compression in patients with congenital and acquired osseous-ligamentous pathologies.

We present our experience in the diagnosis, surgical management and long-term follow-up of congenital and acquired osseous-ligamentous abnormalities or pathologies of the craniovertebral junction. The purpose of this study was: (i) to determine the incidence and degree of cervicomedullary compression in pediatric and young adult patients with congenital and acquired abnormalities, and (ii) to correlate cervicomedullary compression with other imaging and clinical factors to determine to what extend cervicomedullary compression is successfully treated with a posterior decompressive procedure, transoral decompression, and medical management. Between January 1995 and December 2004, 26 cases were managed in our department. These patients had: rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (3); traumatic injury (2); congenital basilar impression (5, in 2 cases a posteriorly oriented or retroflexed odontoid); infection (10); craniovertebral junction Pott's disease (9); os odonteideum (3); condylus tertius (1); and tumor (2). Six of the patients (23.1%) had syringomyelia. Only three (11.3%) were in the pediatric age group. Symptoms and signs included headache (72%), ataxia (38%), lower cranial nerve dysfunction (54%), quadriparesis (44%), hyperreflexia (76%), Hoffman positivity (72%), achilles clonus (72%) nystagmus (33%) and dysphagia (22%). The mean follow-up time was 44 months (range 3-85). Twelve (46.2%) had undergone posterior fossa decompression; seven (26.6%) had ventral decompression. Seven of the patients (26.6%) had medical management. The major morbidity included pharyngeal wound sepsis leading to dehiscence (3.8%), valopharyngeal insufficiency (3.8%), cerebrospinal fluid leakage (3.8%), postoperative macroglossia (3.8%) and inadequate anterior decompression (3.8%). Transient neurological deterioration occurred in two patients (7.6%). Our management paradigm will result in some neurologic improvements and limit the progression of symptoms. Patients with these pathologies are likely to show a good neurologic outcome when treatment, whether with or without surgery, is administered early in the course of the disease.