ICU 重危病人肠外营养时加用微量泵持续泵入普通胰岛素控制血糖效果研究

目的：探索 ICU 重危病人进行肠外营养时加用微量泵持续泵入普通胰岛素控制血糖水平的方法。方法：将我院收治的48例重危患者随机分为对照组（n ＝24）和治疗组（n ＝24）,对两组患者进行肠外营养治疗。对照组肠外营养液采用营养袋配制,按6－8g 葡萄糖：1U 胰岛素的比例加入普通胰岛素。治疗组患者在对照组治疗的基础上,根据监测血糖情况加用微量泵持续泵入普通胰岛素,根据血糖调整泵入速度,观察两组患者血糖控制情况及不良反应发生情况。结果：两组病人输注营养液后6h,12h 对照组血糖值明显高于治疗组（P ＜0．05）。两组均无不良反应发生。结论：ICU 重危病人肠外营养时在营养袋基础上,加用微量泵持续泵入普通胰岛素能满意控制血糖,同时不增加低血糖风险。     

胰岛素联合达格列净对T2DM合并HFpEF患者血糖和心功能的影响

目的 探讨胰岛素联合达格列净对2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并射血分数保留型心力衰竭(HFpEF)患者血糖和心功能的影响。方法 选取我院2019年3月至2021年3月收治的88例T2DM合并HFpEF患者作为本次研究对象，随机分为观察组与对照组，其中44例对照组患者实施胰岛素治疗，44例观察组患者实施胰岛素加达格列净联合治疗。比较治疗后两组血糖情况与心功能改善情况。结果 治疗3个月后，观察组空腹血糖值(6.34±0.29)mmol/L、餐后2h血糖值(8.87±0.55)mmol/L均低于对照组空腹血糖值(6.98±0.33)mmol/L、餐后2h血糖值(9.42±0.53)mmol/L(P<0.05);治疗3个月后，观察组EV(67.14±5.49)cm/s高于对照组LVEF(62.75±5.31)cm/s(P<0.05),LVEDV(54.24±3.32)mm低于对照组LVEDV(57.66±3.52)mm(P<0.05)。结论 胰岛素联合达格列净能够有效稳定T2DM合并HFpEF患者血糖变化，改善心功能，为临床治疗提供了一定依据，值得推广应用。     

非诺贝特对胰岛素抵抗大鼠肌肉过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ协同刺激因子1α基因表达的影响

目的 观察非诺贝特干预对高游离脂肪酸(FFA)所致胰岛素抵抗大鼠肌肉组织过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ协同刺激因子1α(PGC-1α)基因表达的影响.方法 将8周龄体重300 g左右雄性SD大鼠分为3组,即正常对照组(10只)、脂肪乳输注组(FFA,10只)及非诺贝特+脂肪乳输注组(F-FFA,10只).3组大鼠在空腹8～10 h后给予颈静脉插管,其中对照组以1 ml/h的速度输注生理盐水6 h,FFA组以1 ml/h的速度输注20%脂肪乳(加入40 U/ml肝素)6 h,F-FFA组为正常大鼠以非诺贝特(100 mg·kg-1·d-1)管喂14 d后继以1 ml/h的速度输注20%脂肪乳(加入40U/ml肝素)6 h,在输注4 h后开始做正常血糖高胰岛素钳夹试验,以葡萄糖输注率(GIR)评价胰岛素敏感性.试验结束后,取骨骼肌肌肉组织,待提取总RNA,行实时定量PCR检测PGC-1α基因的表达.结果 (1)输注脂肪乳6 h后,FFA组血FFA、胰岛素水平较对照组明显增高,F-FFA组血FFA、胰岛素水平较FFA组明显下降[FFA:对照组0.46(0.08～0.72)mmol/L,FFA组1.45(0.87～1.70)mmol/L,F-FFA组0.54(0.06～0.84)mmol/L,均P＜0.01;胰岛素:对照组(6.56±0.78)μIU/ml,FFA组(10.54±0.86)μIU/ml,F-FFA组(6.69±0.84)μIU/ml,均P＜0.01].(2)FFA组GIR较对照组下降约55.6%,存在明显的胰岛素抵抗,非诺贝特干预逆转了约110%[对照组(25.13±2.10)mg·kg-1·min-1,FFA组(10.16±0.75)mg·kg-1·min-1,F-FFA组(21.72±2.89)mg·kg-1·min-1,均P＜0.01].(3)FFA组肌肉组织PGC-1α基因表达较对照组减少约71%,非诺贝特干预后肌肉PGC-1αmRNA表达较FFA组增加约1.50倍(P＜0.01).结论 (1)升高循环中的游离脂肪酸水平可以导致胰岛素抵抗并影响肌肉组织PGC-1α基因的表达.(2)非诺贝特可以改善胰岛素抵抗及PGC-1α基因表达.     

甘精胰岛素与阿卡波糖片联合治疗糖尿病的临床效果分析

目的探讨甘精胰岛素联合阿卡波糖在老年糖尿病临床治疗中的应用价值。方法选取自2016年1月至2018年10月我医院所收治的老年糖尿病患者170例,将所选取的170例患者以随机抽样的方式,划分为观察组与对照组。观察组与对照组两组患者均采取并执行严格的饮食方案,其间辅助以适当的运动锻炼。其中,对照组选用甘精胰岛素进行单药品治疗,1次/d,以5.6 mmol/L为药物临界线,根据患者的空腹血糖值确定初始用药剂量,患者血糖值每升高1 mmol/L增加2 U,每3 d调整1次药品使用剂量,在对照组患者的空腹血糖值测量达标后,维持达标时的胰岛素使用剂量。在对照组的基础上,对观察组患者采取增加阿卡波糖的使用,此外胰岛素用药剂量和方法同参照组,初始剂量为50 mg/次,3次/d,以后每3 d调整使用剂量一次,若患者无腹部不适感的,逐步增加药物使用剂量,但最大药物使用剂量严格控制少于300 mg/d,直至餐后2 h血糖值达到7-8 mmol/L。结果通过对比治疗前后观察组与对照组的空腹血糖等数值我们可以得知:在治疗前后,观察组的患者空腹血糖值为(9.28±1.32)mmol/L和(6.21±0.48)mmol/L,患者的餐后2 h血糖值为(11.82±1.26)mmol/L和(7.36±1.15)mmol/L,糖化血红蛋白为(8.95±2.15)%和(5.26±1.38)%。而对照组的患者在治疗前后,其空腹血糖数值为(9.26±1.25)mmol/L和(7.36±1.05)mmol/L,餐后2h的血糖检测值为(11.65±1.18)mmol/L和(9.85±1.16)mmol/L,糖化血红蛋白为(8.69±2.14)%和(7.15±1.56)%。不难看出,在治疗前后,观察组患者无论是在空腹血糖还是餐后2 h的血糖检测值上,以及患者的糖化血红蛋白改善情况都明显要优于对照组患者(P0.05)。结论在临床治疗老年糖尿病患者的过程中,采取甘精胰岛素与阿卡波糖的联合应用,有助于患者的病情控制,疗效与安全性均有显著增强,值得推广。     

混合糖电解质在肠外营养应用中的稳定性评价

目的 探索混合糖电解质作为能量补充剂配制肠外全营养混合液的稳定性及合理性.方法 模拟临床应用处方并按照"全合一"混合原则,实验组营养液采用混合糖电解质为能量补充剂配制全营养混合液,对照组营养液使用10%葡萄糖注射液为能量补充剂配制全营养混合液,两组分别采用酸度计、微粒分析仪、渗透压仪、高倍显微镜等在室温下测定及观察配制营养液的0～72h的pH值、不溶性微粒数、微量元素、渗透压、脂肪乳滴的变化,比较两者之间的差异并进行稳定性分析评价.结果 实验组pH值波动于6.07～6.33.渗透压波动于2050～2 100 kPa,pH值明显低于对照组(相差约0.4).实验组营养液渗透压明显高于对照组营养液(相差约250 kPa).两者pH、渗透压经时变化曲线相似,72h内基本稳定;实验组营养液中Na+、K+、P、Mg2+、Ca2+、Cl-的含量明显高于对照组,特别是二价离子Mg2+、Ca2+的含量相差近3倍;对照组营养液脂肪乳颗粒稳定性较好.12h内脂肪乳颗粒未发生明显聚集.实验组营养液脂肪乳颗粒稳定性较差.不溶性微粒数4h后超出药典规定,脂肪乳颗粒发生聚集且随时间延长颗粒明显增多增大.结论 混合糖电解质注射液过高的离子浓度特别是二价离子易导致脂肪乳颗粒聚集,影响营养液的稳定性;不建议选用混合糖电解质作为全营养混合液唯一糖类补充剂使用,如需使用应和脂肪乳分别输注或在4h内输注完毕.     

胰岛素强化治疗对初发2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能的影响

目的 探讨胰岛素强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能的影响.方法 选择41例初诊2型糖尿病且空腹血糖(FPG)＞11.1 mmol/L患者,均使用短效胰岛素分别在三餐前30 min皮下注射和中效胰岛素睡前皮下注射治疗.起始胰岛素剂量为0.5 U·kg-1·d-1,起始中效胰岛素占胰岛素起始总量的20%.设定靶血糖值为:FPG 4.4～6.1 mmol/L,餐后2 h血糖(PPG)4.4～8.0 mmol/L.根据血糖值调整胰岛素用量,使血糖达到靶血糖值后维持治疗3周,停用胰岛素24 h后测定FPG、PPG、HbA1c、空腹胰岛素(FINS)水平,按稳态模型计算β细胞胰岛素分泌指数(HOMA-β)和胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR),并将观察指标与治疗前比较.结果 治疗前患者FPG、PPG、HbA1c、FINS水平及HOMA-β、HOMA-IR分别为(12.36±0.75)mmol/L、(20.1±2.3)mmol/L、(10.7±0.5)%、(5.7±0.7)μU/ml、(52±11)、(3.2±0.5),治疗后分别为(5.67±0.25)mmol/L、(7.8±1.4)mmol/L、(7.1±0.4)、(10.4±1.2)μU/ml、(103±33)、(2.6±0.3),治疗前后上述指标比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 胰岛素强化治疗能改善初发2型糖尿病FPG较高者的胰岛β细胞分泌功能,减轻胰岛素抵抗.     

胰岛素持续皮下输注对妊娠糖尿病患者的影响

目的 探讨胰岛素持续皮下输注对妊娠糖尿病患者血糖控制及妊娠结局的影响.方法 选择2018年2月—2019年12月期间在医院收治的90例妊娠糖尿病患者,根据治疗方式分为持续组(46例)和常规组(44例).对照组行胰岛素皮下注射治疗,持续组采用胰岛素持续皮下输注治疗,对比分析两组血糖控制效果和妊娠结局.结果 持续组治疗8周空腹血糖(4.23±0.78)mmol/L和餐后2 h血糖(7.33±1.45)mmol/L指标显著低于对照组[(5.78±0.98)mmol/L、(8.26±1.32)mmol/L],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).持续组不良妊娠结局发生率(4.35％,2/46)显著低于对照组(20.45％,9/44),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 胰岛素持续皮下输注可有效控制妊娠糖尿病患者血糖水平,有助于降低不良妊娠结局风险,改善母婴预后,临床疗效安全可靠.     

妊娠期糖尿病胰岛素抵抗与同型半胱氨酸水平的相关性

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)胰岛素抵抗与血清同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)水平的相关性。方法以2015年4月—2016年10月期间至南京中医药大学附属张家港医院妇产科定期产检并住院分娩的53例GDM患者(GDM组)和52例同期正常妊娠孕妇(对照组)作为研究对象,在两组孕妇妊娠24~28周时行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT)。收集孕妇空腹静脉血,检测并比较GDM组和对照组孕妇空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FBG)、空腹胰岛素(fasting insulin,FINS)、糖化血红蛋白(glycosylatedhemoglobin,HbA1c)以及三酰甘油(triglyceride,TG)、低密度脂蛋白(low density lipoproteins,LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(highdensity lipoproteins,HDL)等脂质代谢指标;收集孕妇外周血浆和新生儿脐带血,检测外周血浆和脐带血中Hcy含量。分析FBG、FINS含量和胰岛素抵抗指数(homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index,HOMA-IR)与Hcy水平的相关性。结果 GDM组孕妇TG、HbA1c、FBG水平和HOMA-IR值分别为(4.02±0.22)mmol/L、(7.94±0.33)%、(5.01±0.12)mmol/L和2.45±0.23,均高于对照组的(3.43±0.15)mmol/L、(5.35±0.25)%、(4.16±0.08)mmol/L和1.86±0.16(P0.05)。GDM组孕妇OGTT试验中0、1、2 h血糖值分别为(5.02±0.14)mmol/L、(9.32±0.48)mmol/L和(8.01±0.36)mmol/L,均高于对照组的(4.13±0.11)mmol/L、(7.56±0.33)mmol/L和(6.58±0.42)mmol/L(P0.05)。GDM组孕妇外周血浆和新生儿脐带血Hcy水平分别为(12.75±5.73)μmol/L和(11.83±3.57)μmol/L,高于对照组的(6.20±4.25)μmol/L和(6.31±2.41)μmol/L(P0.05)。多元逐步回归分析显示,GDM孕妇血浆Hcy水平与血清HbA1c(r=0.176,P=0.026)、FBG水平(r=0.428,P=0.004)及HOMA-IR(r=0.361,P=0.006)呈正相关。结论 GDM孕妇血浆Hcy水平较正常孕妇升高,其水平与胰岛素抵抗程度呈正相关。     

餐后有氧运动对初治肥胖2型糖尿病患者糖脂代谢、胰岛素抵抗及瘦素水平的影响

目的观察餐后有氧运动对初治肥胖2型糖尿病患者糖脂代谢、胰岛素抵抗及瘦素的影响。方法2014年10月—2015年10月湖北省十堰市太和医院内分泌风湿科收治2型糖尿病患者96例,采用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组48例。对照组患者仅采用常规降糖药治疗,观察组患者在使用降糖药的同时进行餐后有氧运动。治疗3个月后对比2组患者糖脂代谢、胰岛素抵抗及瘦素相关指标的变化。结果治疗后观察组的空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA_(1c))均明显低于对照组[分别为(6.11±1.20)mmol/L vs.(7.31±1.46)mmol/L、(8.09±1.36)mmol/L vs.(9.42±1.34)mmol/L、(6.23±1.13)%vs.(7.13±1.35)%],差异均有统计学意义(t=4.40、4.83、3.54,P<0.05);TG、TC、LDL-C均低于对照组[分别为(2.69±0.68)mmol/L vs.(3.02±0.58)mmol/L,(4.98±0.81)mmol/L vs.(6.01±0.72)mmol/L,(3.32±1.02)mmol/L vs.(3.87±0.98)mmol/L],差异均有统计学意义(t=2.56、6.58、2.69,P<0.05);HDL-C水平高于对照组[(1.09±0.21)mmol/L vs.(0.96±0.23)mmol/L,t=2.69,P<0.05];胰岛素抵抗指数与瘦素均低于对照组[(3.01±1.19)vs.(4.03±1.32),(5.43±2.64)μg/L vs.(7.09±2.21)μg/L],差异均有统计学意义(t=3.98、3.34,P<0.05)。结论初治肥胖2型糖尿病患者同时联合餐后有氧运动效果更佳,能明显提高糖脂代谢的能力,降低胰岛素抵抗和瘦素水平,安全可靠。     

术后应用10％果糖注射液缓解57例高血糖反应的临床分析

目的:研究10%果糖注射液在手术创伤状况下对缓解高血糖反应的影响,并对其提供热量的有效性及安全性进行评价。方法:57例外科手术后应激患者随机分为两组,试验组(28例)每日给予10%果糖注射液750ml静脉滴注,连续3日;对照组(29例)每日予以等量10%葡萄糖注射液3日,比较两输注液对机体代谢的影响。结果:对照组输注后血糖水平增高明显[输液后(13.98±7.72)mmol/L、输液前(7.96±5.30)mmol/L];试验组血糖水平较前无明显升高[输液后(6.83±1.17)mmol/L、输液前(6.33±1.40)mmol/L]。与对照组相比果糖注射液在输注过程中,血糖水平变化值明显低于葡萄糖注射液[第1天(0.50±1.25)mmol/L∶(6.02±8.09)mmol/L,P<0.01]。血胰岛素水平在输注葡萄糖注射液后有近10倍的升高[输液后(75.41±63.13)mU/L、输液前(8.92±6.76)mU/L],输注10%果糖注射液后血胰岛素无明显增加[输液后(17.69±11.64)mU/L、输液前(14.26±19.64)mU/L,P<0.05],组间差别显著(P<0.05)。结论:外科手术后输注10%果糖可以避免手术后应激高血糖反应,缓解高胰岛素血症。10%果糖注射液是一安全、有效的药物。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.