Decreased stroma adhesion capacity of CD34+ progenitor cells from mobilized peripheral blood is not lineage- or stage-specific and is associated with low beta 1 and beta 2 integrin expression

Molecular mechanisms leading to mobilization of hematopoietic cells from bone marrow (BM) to peripheral blood (PB) involve modulation of adhesion molecule expression on these cells that probably result in changes in adhesion capacity to the microenvironment. However, it is not clear whether these changes involve different stages or lineages of progenitor cells. In this study, we compared the capacity of mature and immature clonogenic progenitor cells from granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-mobilized PB and normal BM CD34+ cells to adhere to complete marrow stroma. This functional capacity was assessed concurrently with molecular expression on CD34+ cells of integrins VLA-4 (alpha 4/beta 1), VLA-5 (alpha 5/beta 1), and LFA-1 (alpha L/beta 2) by interindividual (between mobilized PB and normal BM) and intraindividual (between mobilized PB and steady-state BM and PB in the same patient) analysis. The proportion of adherent clonogenic progenitor cells was significantly lower in PB than in BM, not only for total progenitor cells but also for mature and immature progenitor cells, and the difference was found for granulocytic and particularly for erythroid lineages. The lower adhesion capacity of PB CD34+ cells to stroma was associated with decreased expression (signal/noise MFI ratio) of integrin alpha 4, beta 1, alpha L, and beta 2 chains whereas that of alpha 5 chain did not differ from BM cells with the lowest expression level. Similar differences in integrin expression levels were also found between mobilized PB and steady-state BM CD34+ cells in the same patient except for the alpha L chain. Moreover, we demonstrated for the first time a strong positive correlation between mobilizing capacity and expression levels on mobilized CD34+ cells for the LFA-1 alpha L chain but not for VLA-4 or VLA-5. In conclusion, the decreased adhesion capacity of mobilized PB progenitor cells to stroma involves different maturation stages and different lineages. This is associated with down-regulation of integrins VLA-4 and LFA-1, but mobilizing capacity appears positively correlated with LFA-1 levels.     

Platelet Precursor Cells Can Be Generated from Cultured Human CD34+ Progenitor Cells But Display Recirculation into Hematopoietic Tissue upon Transfusion in Mice

BACKGROUND: Whereas ex vivo expanded megakaryocytic progenitor cells have been investigated for their ability to support platelet regeneration, the question whether more mature platelet-like particles expanded from hematopoietic progenitor cells may be useful for transfusion purposes remains largely elusive. METHODS: Human peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPCs) were enriched using surface expression of CD34 by immunoselection. CD34+ enriched PBPCs were expanded ex vivo in serum-free medium supplemented with cytokines. As a proof-of-principle, distribution of expanded CD61+ particles was analyzed after transfusion into Non-Obese Diabetic/ Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice. RESULTS: Highest ex vivo expansion for CD41+/CD61 + cells was achieved when medium was supplemented with SCF, TPO and IL-3. During expansion culture, CD34 marker expression decreased from 85 to 2-8%, while megakaryocytic cells appeared and CD41 and CD61 expression increased from 3 to about 30%. After transfusion of the expanded cells in NOD/SCID mice, CD61 + cells located mainly to bone marrow and to a lesser degree to spleen, but also circulated in blood. CONCLUSIONS: Platelet-like particles using cytokine-substituted serumfree medium can be generated efficiently from CD34+ expansion cultures, but mainly home to hematopoietic tissue.     

Mobilization and homing of peripheral blood progenitors is related to reversible downregulation of alpha4 beta1 integrin expression and function.

Despite the wide use of mobilized peripheral blood (PB) progenitor cells (PBPC) for clinical transplantation the mechanism(s) underlying their mobilization and subsequent engraftment are still unknown. We compared the adhesive phenotype of CD34(+) colony-forming cells (CFC) in bone marrow (BM) and PB of normal donors before and after administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) for 5 d. G-CSF-mobilized PB CFC cells adhered significantly less to BM stroma, fibronectin, and to the alpha4 beta1 binding fibronectin peptide, CS1, because of decreased expression of the alpha4 integrin. Since incubation of BM CD34(+) cells for 4 d with G-CSF at concentrations found in serum of G-CSF- treated individuals did not affect alpha4-dependent adhesion, G-CSF may not be directly responsible for the decreased alpha4-mediated adhesion of PB CFC. Culture of G-CSF-mobilized PB CD34(+) cells with cytokines at concentrations found in BM stromal cultures upregulated alpha4 expression and restored adhesion of mobilized PB CFC to stroma, fibronectin, and CS1. Adhesion of cultured, mobilized PB CFC to stroma and CS1 could not be further upregulated by the beta1 activating antibody, 8A2. This indicates acquisition of a maximally activated alpha4 beta1 integrin once PB CFC have been removed from the in vivo mobilizing milieu. Thus, decreased alpha4 expression on CD34(+) CFC in PB may be responsible for the aberrant circulation of mobilized PB CD34(+) cells. Reexpression of a maximally activated alpha4 beta1 integrin on mobilized PB CFC removed from the mobilizing in vivo milieu may contribute to the early engraftment of mobilized PBPC.     

Role of beta 1 and beta 2 integrins in the adhesion of human CD34hi stem cells to bone marrow stroma.

Hematopoietic stem cell interaction with elements of the underlying stroma is essential for sustained normal hematopoiesis. Here we have determined that adhesion receptors in the integrin family play a role in promoting adhesion of human hematopoietic stem cells to cultured human marrow stromal cells. Enriched CD34hi progenitor cells expressed VLA-4, VLA-5, and at least one or more beta 2 integrins. Homogeneous marrow stromal cell monolayers capable of supporting proliferation of cocultivated CD34hi cells expressed VCAM-1 and fibronectin (ligands for VLA-4 and VLA-5) as well as ICAM-1 (ligand for LFA-1 and Mac-1). Adhesion-blocking experiments indicated that VLA-4/VCAM-1, VLA-5/fibronectin, and beta 2-integrin/ICAM-1 pathways all are important for CD34hi cell attachment to stromal cells. Consistent with this suggestion, IL-1 stimulation of stromal cells caused both increased VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression and increased attachment by CD34hi bone marrow cells. In addition, CD34hi cells utilized VLA-4 to adhere to purified VCAM-1 and employed VLA-5 (and to a lesser extent VLA-4) to adhere to purified fibronectin. Together these results suggest that CD34hi stem cells may utilize multiple integrin-mediated adhesion pathways to localize within specialized microenvironmental niches created by marrow stromal cells.     

A homing mechanism for bone marrow-derived progenitor cell recruitment to the neovasculature

CD34+ bone marrow-derived progenitor cells contribute to tissue repair by differentiating into endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, hematopoietic cells, and possibly other cell types. However, the mechanisms by which circulating progenitor cells home to remodeling tissues remain unclear. Here we show that integrin alpha4beta1 (VLA-4) promotes the homing of circulating progenitor cells to the alpha4beta1 ligands VCAM and cellular fibronectin, which are expressed on actively remodeling neovasculature. Progenitor cells, which express integrin alpha4beta1, homed to sites of active tumor neovascularization but not to normal nonimmune tissues. Antagonists of integrin alpha4beta1, but not other integrins, blocked the adhesion of these cells to endothelia in vitro and in vivo as well as their homing to neovasculature and outgrowth into differentiated cell types. These studies describe an adhesion event that facilitates the homing of progenitor cells to the neovasculature.     

人胎儿血造血干/祖细胞的生物学特性及其移植实验

背景:造血干细胞来源目前包括骨髓干细胞、外周血干细胞和脐带血干细胞,寻找新的干细胞来源以满足临床移植需要一直是人们的希望。从妊娠第5周起,肝脏中发育成完善的血窦系统,此后造血干细胞就可以随血液流动迁移。目的:观察人胎儿血造血干/祖细胞的生物学特性并对其进行非肥胖糖尿病/重症联合免疫缺陷小鼠移植。设计:对照实验。单位:广西医科大学第一附属医院血液科。对象:①细胞来源:21例胎儿血标本取自胎龄为18～29周[(24.2±3.2)周]死亡胎儿及21例足月脐带血标本取自广西医科大学第一附属医院产科2002-10/2003-02。所取的血标本均取得其家属的知情同意。②实验动物:非肥胖糖尿病/重症联合免疫缺陷小鼠12只,6～7周龄,雌性,无菌饲养于超净工作台中。方法:采用流式细胞术,检测胎儿血的造血干/祖细胞表面标志,包括CD34,CD38,HLA-DR及CD90,同时与21例足月儿脐血作比较。并将人胎血单个核细胞移植给6只经亚致死量照射的非肥胖糖尿病/重症联合免疫缺陷小鼠,5周后观察其植入情况,采用流式细胞术检测小鼠骨髓中人白细胞的含量,以及采用聚合酶链反应检测小鼠骨髓中的人Cart-1基因。主要观察指标:①胎血和脐血造血干/祖细胞表面标志的表达情况。②将胎血细胞移植给非肥胖糖尿病/重症联合免疫缺陷小鼠的植入情况。结果:①人胎血中CD34 细胞的百分率显著高于足月脐血[(2.2588±0.7209)%,(1.5729±0.4783)%,P=0.0004],CD34 CD38-细胞和CD34 CD90 细胞的百分率也均显著高于足月脐血[(1.2986±0.4706)%,(0.8710±0.4095)%,P=0.0016;(0.9300±0.4692)%,(0.5600±0.3658)%,P=0.0324]。②6例胎血中的4例可顺利重建经亚致死量照射的非肥胖糖尿病/重症联合免疫缺陷小鼠的造血,移植后5周在小鼠骨髓中仍可检测到人的白细胞和人Cart-1基因。结论:人胎儿血中有比足月脐血更高含量的造血干/祖细胞,其单个核细胞能植入非肥胖糖尿病/重症联合免疫缺陷小鼠骨髓,并重建髓、淋巴系全面造血。胎儿血有望成为多能造血干细胞来源。     

The alpha 4 integrin chain is a ligand for alpha 4 beta 7 and alpha 4 beta 1

The heterodimeric alpha 4 integrins alpha 4 beta 7 lymphocyte Peyer's patch adhesion molecule ([LPAM]-1) and alpha 4 beta 1 (very late antigen-4) are cell surface adhesion molecules involved in lymphocyte trafficking and lymphocyte-cell and matrix interactions. Known cellular ligands include vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, which binds to alpha 4 beta 1 and alpha 4 beta 7, and the mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule (MAdCAM)-1, which binds to alpha 4 beta 7. Here we show that the alpha 4 chain of these integrins can itself serve as a ligand. The alpha 4 chain, immunoaffinity purified and immobilized on glass slides, binds thymocytes and T lymphocytes. Binding exhibits divalent cation requirements and temperature sensitivity which are characteristic of integrin-mediated interactions, and is specifically inhibited by anti-alpha 4 integrin antibodies, which exert their effect at the cell surface. Cells expressing exclusively alpha 4 beta 7 (TK-1) or alpha 4 beta 1 (L1-2) both bound avidly, whereas alpha 4-negative cells did not. A soluble 34-kD alpha 4 chain fragment retained binding activity, and it inhibited lymphocyte adhesion to alpha 4 ligands. It has been shown that alpha 4 integrin binding to fibronectin involves an leucine-aspartic acid-valine (LDV) motif in the HepII/IIICS region of fibronectin (CS-1 peptide), and homologous sequences are important in binding to VCAM-1 and MAdCAM-1. Three conserved LDV motifs occur in the extracellular sequence of alpha 4. A synthetic LDV-containing alpha 4- derived oligopeptide supports alpha 4-integrin-dependent lymphocyte adhesion and blocks binding to the 34-kD alpha 4 chain fragment. Our results suggest that alpha 4 beta 7 and alpha 4 beta 1 integrins may be able to bind to the alpha 4 subunit on adjacent cells, providing a novel mechanism for alpha 4 integrin-mediated and activation-regulated lymphocyte interactions during immune responses.     

抗小鼠CD122抗体促进脐血CD34^＋细胞在NOD/SCID小鼠体内的重建

本研究旨在探讨抗小鼠CD122抗体促进人脐血CD34^＋造血干细胞在非肥胖糖尿病/重症联合免疫缺陷（NOD/SCID）小鼠体内的重建能力。对NOD/SCID小鼠进行半致死剂量γ射线照射,照射后腹腔注射200μg同型对照抗体或者抗小鼠CD122抗体,6-8 h后经尾静脉注射人脐血CD34^＋细胞或者注入PBS作为对照。处理后第2、3、4周取仅注射抗小鼠CD122抗体或同型对照抗体的小鼠外周血,动态监测小鼠NK细胞比例变化。在经过脐血CD34^＋细胞移植的小鼠中,利用流式细胞术对移植后小鼠骨髓中人CD45^＋比例以及CD45^＋细胞亚群中人CD34,CD19和CD33比例进行分析,观察抗小鼠CD122抗体对人造血干细胞在小鼠体内重建能力的影响。结果表明,用抗CD122抗体处理后2周和3周时,小鼠外周血中NK细胞比例分别为（4.6±0.6）%和（5.7±1.7）%,与注射同型对照抗体的NOD/SCID小鼠（12.2±1.4）%和（13.3±1.2）%相比下降约60%。在移植了人脐血CD34^＋细胞的小鼠中,同时用CD122抗体处理组在移植后6周和8周时小鼠骨髓中h CD45^＋比例分别为（63.0±12.2）%和（53.2±16.3）%,明显高于同型对照抗体组中h CD45^＋比例（7.7±3.6）%和（6.1±2.4）%。此外,经过抗CD122抗体处理组的小鼠移植8周后骨髓中仍能够明显的检测到人CD34^＋细胞的存在。结论：抗小鼠CD122抗体通过降低NOD/SCID小鼠的NK细胞的比例,大大促进了人脐血CD34^＋造血干细胞在免疫缺陷小鼠体内的重建能力。     

Constitutive activation of integrin alpha 4 beta 1 defines a unique stage of human thymocyte development

Our understanding of thymocyte development and of the positive and negative selection events involved in shaping the repertoire of mature T lymphocytes has been greatly facilitated by the use of transgenic and gene knockout animals. Much less is known about the factors that control the homing and population of the thymus by T cell precursors and the subsequent migration of developing thymocytes through the thymic architecture. As the integrins represent a candidate group of cell surface receptors that may regulate thymocyte development, we have analyzed the expression and function of alpha 4 beta 1 and alpha 5 beta 1 on human thymocytes. A major portion of double positive (CD4+ CD8+) human thymocytes express alpha 4 beta 1 in a constitutively active form and adhere to fibronectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1. alpha 4 beta 1 expression is similar on adherent and nonadherent populations, thus, activity reflects the receptor state and not simple expression. The adherent cells are immature, expressing high levels of CD4/CD8 and low levels of CD3 and CD69. In contrast, nonadherent cells possess the phenotype of thymocytes after positive selection, expressing intermediate levels of CD4 and/or CD8 and high levels of CD3 and CD69. The adherent population fails to respond to activation with anti-CD3 and fibronectin, whereas nonadherents exhibit an alpha 5 beta 1- dependent proliferation. Differential regulation of alpha 4 beta 1 and alpha 5 beta 1 receptors may provide a mechanism controlling cellular traffic, differentiation, and positive selection of thymocytes.     

干细胞因子促进造血细胞与纤连蛋白的粘附

造血细胞粘附与细胞外基质在造血细胞的存活、增殖、分化及归巢中起重要作用。本研究以细胞因子依赖细胞系Mo7e细胞为靶细胞，观察了干细胞因子（SCF）对造血细胞粘附于纤连蛋白的促进作用。结果表明，Mo7e细胞表达β1，α4和α5整合素及SCF受体c-kit,SCF可明显刺激Mo7e细胞粘附于纤连蛋白并具有量效关系，PI－3激酶通路抑制剂，抗β1，α4和α5整合素抗体可阻断该作用。结论提示，SCF对造血细胞粘附于纤连蛋白的促进作用是通过整合素介导的，并与PI－3激酶通路有关。     

Negative influence of IL3 on the expansion of human cord blood in vivo long-term repopulating stem cells

Identification of culture conditions that support expansion or even long-term maintenance of in vivo repopulating human hematopoietic stem cells is still a major challenge. Using a combination of FLT3 ligand (FL), Stem Cell Factor (SCF), Thrombopoietin (TPO) and Interleukin 6 (IL6), we cultured cord blood (CB) CD34+ cells for up to 12 weeks and transplanted their progeny into sublethally irradiated NOD/SCID mice. Bone marrow engraftment was considered successful when recipients contained measurable numbers of human CD45+, CD71+ and Glycophorin A+(GpA) cells 8 weeks after transplantation. Twelve-week expanded cells with FL+SCF+TPO+IL6 successfully engrafted all of the recipients and human CD45(+)+CD71(+)+GpA(+) cells represented 4.3 to 22.4% of bone marrow. Substitution of IL6 with IL3 led to an even better expansion of cells and a similar clonogenic progenitor output in the first 8 weeks of culture; however, LTC-IC output increased up to week 6 and then decreased and disappeared. By contrast, with FL+SCF+TPO+IL6, LTC-IC kept increasing up to week 12. Four-week cultured cells with FL+SCF+TPO+IL3 less efficiently engrafted NOD/SCID mice, both as measured by frequency of positive recipients (4 out of 10) and percentage of engrafted human cells (< or =2%). Six-week expanded cells failed to engraft. This study provides evidence that many, but not all, of the so-called "early acting" cytokines, can sustain long-term maintenance and even expansion of human primitive in vivo repopulating stem cells. In particular, in the culture conditions used in this study, the presence of IL3 greatly reduces the repopulating potential of expanded CD34+ CB cells.     

NOD/SCID repopulating cells contribute only to short-term repopulation in the baboon

We have previously compared the repopulation ability of gene-modified baboon CD34+ cells in an autologous transplantation versus a xenotransplant model in irradiated nonobese diabetic/severe combined immune deficiency (NOD/SCID) mice. Baboon CD34-selected marrow cells were transduced with a gammaretrovirus vector and infused into irradiated baboons and NOD/SCID mice. A limited integration-site analysis could only detect two common retrovirus integration sites in the NOD/SCID and monkey. Here, we performed locus-specific PCR on 30 clones recovered from NOD/SCID beta2-microglobulin mice reconstituted with transduced baboon CD34+ cells. We identified five common integrants in the baboon early after transplant (2-6 weeks) but none during the long-term follow-up (6 and 12 months). These results confirm that repopulating cells in the NOD/SCID mouse contribute only to short-term repopulation in a clinically relevant large animal model.     

Gene transfer to repopulating human CD34+ cells using amphotropic-, GALV-, or RD114-pseudotyped HIV-1-based vectors from stable producer cells.

A novel, stable human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vector packaging system, STAR, was tested for its ability to transduce human cord blood CD34+ progenitor cells assayed both in vitro and after transplantation into NOD/SCID mice. Vectors pseudotyped with three different gammaretrovirus envelopes were used: the amphotropic MLV envelope (MLV-A), a modified gibbon ape leukemia virus envelope (GALV+), and a modified feline endogenous virus RD114 envelope (RDpro). Gene transfer to freshly thawed CD34+ cells in the absence of cytokines was very low. Addition of cytokines increased gene transfer efficiency significantly and this was further augmented if the cells were prestimulated for 24 h. Concentration of the vectors (15-fold) by low-speed centrifugation increased gene transfer to CD34+ cells in vitro even further. More than 90% of cells were transduced with a single exposure to the RDpro vector as determined by GFP expression using flow cytometry. The two other pseudotypes transduced approximately 65-70% of the cells under the same conditions. Transplantation of CD34+ cells prestimulated for 24 h and then transduced with a single exposure to concentrated vector revealed that the RDpro vector transduced 55.1% of NOD/SCID repopulating human cells, which was significantly higher than the MLV-A (12.6%)- or GALV+ (25.1%)-pseudotyped vectors.     

Cytokines increase human hemopoietic cell adhesiveness by activation of very late antigen (VLA)-4 and VLA-5 integrins

Cytokines are known to be important regulators of normal hemopoiesis, acting in concert with components of the bone marrow microenvironment. Interactions with this microenvironment are known to regulate the proliferation, differentiation, and homing of hemopoietic progenitor (CD34+) cells. Adhesive interactions with the extracellular matrix retain CD34+ cells in close proximity to cytokines, but may also provide important costimulatory signals. Thus, the functional states of adhesion receptors are critical properties of CD34+ cells, but the physiological mechanisms responsible for regulating functional properties of cell adhesion receptors on primitive hemopoietic cells are still unknown. We confirm that the integrins very late antigen (VLA)-4 and VLA-5 are expressed on the CD34+ cell lines MO7e, TF1, and on normal bone marrow CD34+ progenitor cells, but in a low affinity state, conferring on them a weak adhesive phenotype on fibronectin (Fn). Herein, we show that the cytokines interleukin (IL)-3, granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF), and KIT ligand (KL) are physiological activators of VLA-4 and VLA-5 expressed by MO7e, TF1, and normal bone marrow CD34+ progenitor cells. Cytokine-stimulated adhesion on Fn is dose dependent and transient, reaching a maximum between 15 and 30 min and returning to basal levels after 2 h. This cytokine- dependent activation is specific for VLA-4 and VLA-5, since activation of other beta 1 integrins was not observed. The addition of second messenger antagonists staurosporine and W7 abolished all cytokine- stimulated adhesion to Fn. In contrast, genistein inhibited KL- stimulated adhesion, but failed to inhibit GM-CSF- and IL-3-stimulated adhesion. Our data suggest that cytokines GM-CSF and IL-3 specifically stimulate beta 1 integrin function via an "inside-out" mechanism involving protein kinase activity, while KL stimulates integrin activity through a similar, but initially distinct, pathway via the KIT tyrosine-kinase. Thus, in addition to promoting the survival, proliferation, and development of hemopoietic progenitors, cytokines also regulate adhesive interactions between progenitor cells and the bone marrow microenvironment by modifying the functional states of specific integrins. These data are of importance in understanding the fundamental processes of beta 1 integrin activation and cellular response to mitogenic cytokines as well as on the clinical setting where cytokines induce therapeutic mobilization of hematopoietic progenitors.     

小鼠骨髓腔内输注人脐血造血干/祖细胞植活水平的观察

目的 探讨小鼠骨髓腔内输注能否增强人脐血造血干/祖细胞(HS/PC)异种移植的植活能力.方法 将不同数量(1×103、1×104、0.5×105、1×105、5×105)的人脐血CD34+细胞经尾静脉和骨髓腔途径移植入经亚致死剂量照射的NOD/SCID小鼠.于指定时间点处死小鼠,用PCR法检测人17号染色体α-微卫星特异性片段及用流式细胞术检测人源CD45+细胞,观察脐血CD34+细胞在移植小鼠左、右两侧胫骨和股骨及脾脏等部位的归巢及其长期植活能力.结果 异种移植后24h,经骨髓腔移植5×105 CD34+细胞的小鼠肝、脾、肺组织,外周血,左右两侧胫骨和股骨、骨髓细胞均表达人17号染色体α-卫星特异性片段.不同数量的人脐血CD34+细胞经骨髓腔途径移植入NOD/SCID小鼠后,8周时其植活良好(检测部位包括输注部位右侧胫骨,以及非输注部位右侧股骨、左侧胫骨、左侧股骨、脾脏及外周血).分别经尾静脉和骨髓腔两种途径输注同一来源的人脐血CD34+细胞1.0×105,8周时两组间人造血细胞植活水平分别为(44.063±20.095)%和(45.881±22.316)%,差异无统计学意义(P＜0.05);而将移植CD34+细胞数降至1.0×104时,则经骨髓腔途径输注的人脐血CD34+细胞小鼠植活水平(54.019±31.338)%显著优于尾静脉输注途径[(12.197±10.350)%,P＜0.01)];当CD34+细胞输注量降至1.0×103时,仅有骨髓腔内输注组小鼠能见到人脐血CD34+细胞植活,且植活部位通常为非输注部位骨骼.结论 小鼠骨髓腔内移植能够增强人脐血造血干/祖细胞的植活水平.     

巨核系祖细胞的体外扩增及应用研究

如何缩短造血干细胞(hematopoieticstemcells,HSC)移植术后血小板减少的时间,促进血小板恢复,减少出血,是目前造血干细胞移植面临的难题。在巨核细胞系的发育过程中,有多种细胞因子,如血小板生成素(TPO)、巨核细胞生长发育因子(megokaryocytegrowthanddevelopmentfactor,MGDF)、白介素(interleukin,IL)-1、IL-3、IL-6、IL-11、血小板源性生长因子(PDGF)、5-羟色胺(serotonin,5-HT)等发挥了重要作用。近年来巨核祖细胞(MKPC)的体外培养、扩增等研究取得了较大进展,发现通过体外有效扩增巨核祖细胞并移植给患者,可以加快血小板恢复,因此其在HSC移植中有十分重要的意义及良好的应用前景。本文将重点就各种细胞因子对巨核系造血作用和MKPC体外扩增及临床应用进行综述。单独以TPO培养扩增,结果产生的CD41+CD61+细胞比例增高,但细胞总数较低。当加入IL-1β,IL-3,IL-6,Flt-3L时,结果显示CFU-MK扩增400倍,CD34+细胞扩增5-22倍。在包括TPO、IL-1β、IL-3、IL-6和Flt-3L的各种细胞因子组合条件下,加入PDGF的扩增效果最好,且PDGF促进各种细胞包括CD34+、CD41+CD61+、CFU-MK的扩增。PDGF对脐血巨核祖细胞数量的扩增起一定作用,且对脐血MK的成熟没有影响。反映PDGF作用于MKPC的增殖。PDGF可能是促进MKPC体外扩增的合适细胞因子。动物实验显示体外扩增产物在NOD/SCID小鼠中植活并分化。在临床可行性研究中,进行自体PBPC移植的10名癌症患者(8名乳癌和2名非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤患者),接受未处理过的PBPC的同时输注了体外扩增的MK-PC(1-21×105/kgCD61+细胞)。8名患者接受同一供者的异基因血小板输注,4名输注最高数量培养后MKPC的患者中有2名不需要输注血小板,而回顾性对照组14名患者均需输注血小板。总之,巨核祖细胞能在体外扩增并安全输注予自体移植受者。     

Expansion of human NOD/SCID-repopulating cells by stem cell factor, Flk2/Flt3 ligand, thrombopoietin, IL-6, and soluble IL-6 receptor

Here, we demonstrate a significant ex vivo expansion of human hematopoietic stem cells capable of repopulating in NOD/SCID mice. Using a combination of stem cell factor (SCF), Flk2/Flt3 ligand (FL), thrombopoietin (TPO), and a complex of IL-6 and soluble IL-6 receptor (IL-6/sIL-6R), we cultured cord blood CD34(+) cells for 7 days and transplanted these cells into NOD/SCID mice. Bone marrow engraftment was judged successful when recipient animals contained measurable numbers of human CD45(+) cells 10-12 weeks after transplantation. When cells were cultured with SCF+FL+TPO+IL-6/sIL-6R, 13 of 16 recipients were successfully engrafted, and CD45(+) cells represented 11.5% of bone marrow cells in engrafted recipients. Cells cultured with a subset of these factors were less efficiently engrafted, both as measured by frequency of successful transplantations and prevalence of CD45(+) cells. In animals receiving cells cultured with all 4 factors, human CD45(+) cells represented various lineages, including a large number of CD34(+) cells. The proportion of CD45(+) cells in recipient marrow was 10 times higher in animals receiving these cultured cells than in those receiving comparable numbers of fresh CD34(+) cells, and the expansion rate was estimated at 4.2-fold by a limiting dilution method. Addition of IL-3 to the cytokine combination abrogated the repopulating ability of the expanded cells. The present study may provide a novel culture method for the expansion of human transplantable hematopoietic stem cells suitable for clinical applications.     

Facilitation of retrovirus-mediated gene transfer into hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and peripheral blood T-lymphocytes utilizing recombinant fibronectin fragments

A transduction strategy has been developed, using fibronectin (FN)-assisted retroviral-mediated gene transfer, based on the observation that hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells bind to specific adhesion domains of fibronectin, via the integrins, very late antigen-4 (VLA-4)alpha 4 beta 1 and very late antigen-5 (VLA-5)alpha 5 beta 1. Retrovirus-mediated transduction on a recombinant FN fragment, FN CH-296, containing binding sites for VLA-4 and VLA-5, separated by type III repeats 12 to 14, makes it possible to efficiently target hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and T-lymphocytes due to colocalization of target cells and retrovirus particles. These gene therapy strategies are applicable to the potential treatment of a variety of acquired and inherited immune disorders.     

Repopulating activities of human cord blood cells separated by a stem cell collection filter in NOD/SCID mice: a comparative study of filter method and HES method

BACKGROUND: Volume reduction and removal of RBCs are essential for cost-efficient cord blood (CB) banking. It has previously been shown that a newly developed device, a stem cell-collection filter (SCCF), can reduce the CB volume and remove RBCs efficiently, giving high recovery rates for CD34+ cells, colony-forming cells, and long-term culture-initiating cells with short operation time. The aim of this study was to compare the quality of CB cells separated by SCCF and HES by analyzing repopulation in NOD/SCID mice. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 1 x 10(6) or 5 x 10(6) nucleated cells derived from SCCF- or HES-separated, cryopreserved, thawed, and washed CB were transplanted into NOD/SCID mice. Eight weeks after transplantation, bone marrow cells of the recipient mice were examined by flow cytometry and hematopoietic progenitor assay for the engraftment of human cells. RESULTS: Mice given human CB cells, separated by SCCF, showed degrees of engraftment similar to those in mice given HES-separated CB cells. There was no significant difference in the lymphohematopoietic reconstitution pattern in the two groups of mice. CONCLUSION: SCCF processing does not appear to reduce the number of repopulating cells in NOD/SCID mice or alter the number of HPCs. It is now shown that these cells can be captured by SCCF and removed, and that they will engraft.     

Mobilization kinetics of CD34+/Thy-1dim progenitor cells during recombinant human granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor administration in normal donors

BACKGROUND: Allogeneic transplantation of granulocyte-colony- stimulating factor (G-CSF)-mobilized peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPCs) from normal related donors is effective in achieving engraftment with a relatively short period of posttransplantation aplasia. The optimal dose and composition of PBPC transplants are unknown. The CD34+/Thy-1dim progenitor cell subset is enriched for putative stem cells. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The kinetics of the primitive subpopulation were prospectively studied in nine normal donors receiving recombinant human G-CSF (6 microg/kg) subcutaneously twice daily for 6 days for collection of PBPCs for allogeneic transplantation. RESULTS: The concentration (mean +/− SD) of the circulating CD34+/Thy-1dim subset increased from a baseline of 0.9 +/− 0.9 × 10(3) to 29.2 +/− 22.1 × 10(3) per mL on Day 4 and 38.0 +/− 29.8 × 10(3) per mL on Day 6. The level of CD34+/Thy-1dim cells was closely correlated with the overall level of CD34+ cells. At baseline, CD34+/Thy-1dim cells composed 21.1 percent of the total CD34+ cells, increasing to 36.3 percent at the peak of mobilization. CONCLUSION: CD34+/Thy-1dim cells are optimally mobilized on Days 4 to 6 of recombinant human G-CSF treatment.