改良哈氏棒椎弓根螺钉治疗儿童重度先天性脊柱侧凸

目的：总结２３例儿童（平均年龄１１．１岁）重度先天性脊柱侧凸采用改良哈氏棒椎弓根螺钉的治疗结果。方法：用改良哈氏棒椎弓根螺钉配合脊柱松解或／和头盆环牵引后器械固定。结果：平均随访２５．８个月。术前侧凸平均Ｃｏｂｂ角１０２．３°，悬吊位９５．１°；术后侧凸平均Ｃｏｂｂ角５７．６°，平均矫正率４１．９％，无不可逆性脊髓损伤。结论：改良哈氏棒固定减少了哈氏器械所致的脱钩、断棒等并发症，配合脊柱松解或／和头盆环牵引，减少了脊髓牵拉损伤，提高了矫正率     

胸腰椎骨折椎弓根钉系统内固定治疗体会

目的 探讨椎弓根内固定系统在胸腰椎骨折内固定中的治疗效果。方法 1998年以来，我院采用椎弓根钉系统内固定，后路减压后外侧植骨治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折57例，其中45例获随访，平均随访16个月（6～22个月）。结果 本孕除4例单侧螺钉松动外，无严重并发症，X线片随访，脊柱成角及压缩畸形均获较好矫正。结论笔者认为对于腰椎譬脊柱骨折的手术治疗，椎弓根钉系统内固定较传统哈氏棒，具有三维矫形、固定牢固、固定节段少、损伤小、易于取出等优     

胸腰椎骨折椎弓根钉系统内固定治疗体会

目的探讨椎弓根内固定系统在胸腰椎骨折内固定中的治疗效果。方法1998年以来,我院采用椎弓根钉系统内固定,后路减压后外侧植骨治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折57例,其中45例获随访,平均16个月(6～22个月)。结果本组除4例单侧螺钉松动外,无严重并发症,X线片随访,脊柱成角及压缩畸形均获较好矫正。结论作者认为对于腰椎段脊柱骨折的手术治疗,椎弓根钉系统内固定较传统哈氏棒具有三维矫形,固定牢固,固定节段少,损伤小,易于取出等优点。     

骨水泥强化椎体技术在骨质疏松性脊柱后凸畸形手术治疗中的应用(16例报告)

[目的]探讨骨水泥强化椎体椎弓根钉棒系统治疗骨质疏松性脊柱后凸畸形的手术效果.[方法]应用骨水泥强化椎后椎弓根钉棒系统后路矫形内固定治疗骨质疏松性脊柱后凸畸形病人16例,观察后凸Cobb角矫正角度、内固定稳定情况及临床症状改善程度.[结果]椎弓根钉内固定系统无松动、脱落、断裂.后凸畸形Cobb角平均矫正22.1°,疼痛VAS评分由术前平均7.8分降至术后平均2.1分,ODI评分由术前平均86.5％改善至术后平均31.2％.[结论]应用骨水泥强化椎体椎弓根钉棒系统治疗骨质疏松性脊柱后凸畸形可获得满意的临床疗效.     

经椎弓根内固定椎体内植骨治疗胸腰椎骨折的临床研究

目的观察经椎弓根内固定椎体内植骨治疗胸腰椎骨折的临床疗效。方法骨折部位经椎弓根后路环状或侧方减压,经椎弓根椎体前部用漏斗植骨,并用短节段螺钉内固定系统固定治疗45例,术后观察脊髓功能改善、椎体高度丢失及椎管内变化。结果平均随访19.5个月,脊髓功能恢复按Frankel分级提高0～3级,椎体前缘高度增加47%,术后后凸Cobb角由术前平均22.6°恢复到3.1°。本组无断钉断棒、失稳,以及神经症状。结论经椎弓根内固定椎体内植骨治疗胸腰椎骨折,可以促进骨折愈合及增强节段稳定性,降低高度丢失、后凸畸形及断钉断棒并发症的发生率。     

AF系统椎弓根内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折

目的：综合评价ＡＦ椎弓根螺钉内固定系统治疗胸腰椎骨折的效果。方法：回顾分析３２例应用ＡＦ经椎弓根内固定系统治疗的胸腰椎骨折患者手术前后的临床体征、Ｘ线片和ＣＴ。结果：３２例患者椎体前缘高度由术前５８％恢复至９７％，椎体后缘（中柱）高度由术前７６％恢复至９８．７％，Ｃｏｂｂｓ角由术前平均１９．１°恢复至术后１．８°。椎管内移位骨块复位率达９０％。平均随诊２０．５个月，瘫痪恢复按ＡＳＩＡ分级：Ａ级中３例无变化，余２９例均提高１～２级。结论：ＡＦ椎弓根内固定系统能达到精确复位固定及椎管有效减压，是一种治疗胸腰椎骨折的有效方法     

全椎弓根螺钉系统矫正特发性脊柱侧凸

[目的]探讨胸椎椎弓根螺钉的植入方法,总结钉棒系统矫正脊柱侧凸的效果.[方法]咬除进钉点骨皮质,以据术前测量的深度和旋转的程度,分别先后用1.5 mm、2.5 mm克氏针沿椎弓根方向钻孔,如阻力加大、克氏针弯曲,说明遇到骨皮质,调整进针方向.达到测定的深度停止进针,球形探子探查无误后改用锤子将导锥顺着制造的钉道小心缓慢击入,深度一致后,再次用球形探子探查,植入螺钉.[结果]胸椎椎弓根螺钉一次性植入成功率胸段97%(600/619),腰段99%(733/740).术后未出现脊髓损伤和神经功能障碍,无切口感染.术后冠状面平均矫正率73%.矢状面后凸Cobb's角(T1～T12)6°～30°,平均23°.旋转畸形矫正Ⅰ～Ⅱ度.103例平均随访4.9年,躯干平衡良好,无平背畸形,植骨融合良好,末次随访冠状面角度丢失率平均为3.7%,迟发性感染1例,螺钉断裂2例,均行内固定取出.[结论]克氏针制备螺钉钉道,是胸椎椎弓根螺钉植入的较好方法.钉棒结构具有良好的三维矫正控制力.全椎弓根螺钉系统矫正特发性脊柱侧凸效果良好.     

椎弓根螺钉-棒系统矫治麻痹性脊柱侧凸

目的探讨应用椎弓根螺钉-棒系统矫治麻痹性脊柱侧凸（paralytic scoliosis，PS）的一些手术问题。方法2000年5月～2005年5月，应用钛质椎弓根螺钉-棒系统治疗18例Ps患者，男i0例，女8例；年龄11～26岁。其中脊髓灰质炎后遗症13例；先天性脊髓发育不良（myelodysplasia，MS）5例，2例为2次手术。术前脊柱侧凸Cobb角55～125°，牵引下侧凸Cobb角30～105°。合并骨盆倾斜3～55°。3例术前先施行头-盆环牵伸；2例实施一期后路弧顶椎楔形截骨矫形内固定术；余仅行后路椎弓根螺钉-棒系统矫形内固定。固定节段为6～15个，所用螺钉数6～16枚。结果术后患者均无感染及神经症状加重，伤口均Ⅰ期愈合。16例获随访6个月～3年，平均1年9个月。无断钉、断棒现象。术后Cobb角40．29±15．45°，矫正率44％～81％，平均52．95％，与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）。随访时1例MS患者Cobb角丢失较明显，余患者与术后比较无明显改变（P〉0.05）。骨盆倾斜术后测量为14．77±10．56°，与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；其中1例随访1年时较术后有加重，余患者均无明显变化（P〉0．05）。结论应用椎弓根螺钉-棒系统，多椎体的固定，短节段的融合，方法可靠，疗效满意。矫治麻痹性脊柱侧凸时，应将骨盆及下肢的功能和畸形程度统筹考虑。     

后路多节段固定结合经椎弓根椎间融合治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折

[目的]用多节段椎弓根螺钉或椎弓根螺钉加钩棒系统后路固定,结合经椎弓根椎间融合治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的临床疗效.[方法]对25例Denis分类Type B型胸腰椎爆裂性骨折实施了后路椎弓根钉系统固定术.受伤至手术间隔时间平均7 d,平均年龄38.6岁.平均随访时间28个月.采用多节段椎弓根螺钉或椎弓根螺钉加钩棒系统的后路固定法.植骨采用经椎弓根切除椎间盘椎体间植骨的方法.[结果]局部后弯从术前的Cobb角平均15.5°改善到4.7°.术后平均28个月随访时为9.4°,平均损失4.7°.[结论]多节段椎弓根螺钉或椎弓根螺钉加钩棒系统,经椎弓根椎体间植骨,加强前柱的支持性是治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的有效方法.     

经皮穿刺后路脊柱内固定术治疗胸腰椎骨折

目的 探讨经皮穿刺胸腰椎椎弓根螺钉系统内固定的可行性及临床意义。方法 2002年9月至2003年12月采用经皮穿刺胸腰椎椎弓根螺钉系统内固定，椎管减压，经椎弓根椎体内植骨，治疗胸腰椎骨折16例。结果 手术时间：130—210min，平均162min。术中出血量：20—320ml，平均160ml。手术后节段后凸Cobb角纠正率平均达85．2％。椎体塌陷纠正事平均为80．2％。均在术后3周佩戴腰围支具下床。术后3周复查ASIA分级，C缓恢复至D级3例，D级恢复至E级9例，保持D级2例，保持E级2例。结论 经皮穿刺胸腰椎椎弓根螺钉系统内固定创伤小，可以完成开放手术的所有步骤．但技术难度高、X线暴露时间长。     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.

     

Instrumented ligamentotaxis and stabilization of compression and burst fractures of dorsolumbar and mid-lumbar spines

Background:

Controversy continues regarding the best treatment for compression and burst fractures. The axial distraction reduction utilizing the technique employing the long straight rod or curved short rod without derotation to reduce fracture are practised together with short segment posterolateral fusion (PLF). Effects of the early postoperative mobilization without posterolateral fusion on reduction maintenance and fracture consolidation were not evaluated so far. The present prospective study is designed to assess the effectiveness of i) reduction and restoration of sagittal alignment, ii) no posterolateral fusion on the reduced, fractured vertebral body and injured disc, iii) fracture consolidation and iv) the fate of the unfused cephalad and caudal injured motion segments of the fractured vertebra.

Materials and Methods:

The study includes 15 Denis burst and two Denis type D compression fractures between T₁₂ and L₃. The lordotic distraction technique was used for ligamentotaxis utilizing the contoured short rods and pedicle screw fixator. Three vertebrae including the fractured one were fixed. The patients after surgery were braced for ten weeks with activity restriction for 2-4 weeks. The patients were evaluated for change in vertebral body height, sagittal curve, reduction of retropulsion, improvement in neural deficit. The unfused motion segments, residual postoperative pain and bone and metal failure were also evaluated.

Results:

The preoperative and postreduction percentile vertebral heights at, zero (immediate postoperative), at three, six and 12 months followup were 62.4, 94.8, 94.6, 94.5 and 94.5%, respectively. The percentages of the intracanal fragment retropulsion at preoperative, and postoperative at zero, 3, 6 and 12 months followup were 59.0, 36.2,, 36.0, 32.3, and 13.6% respectively.The preoperative and postreduction percentile loss of the canal dimension and at zero, three, six and 12 months were 52.1, 45.0, 44.0, 41.0 and 29% respectively suggesting that the under-reduced fragment was being resorbed gradually by a remodeling process. The mean initial kyphosis of 33° became mean 2° immediately after reduction and mean 3° at the final followup. The fractured vertebral bodies consolidated in an average period of ten weeks (range 8-14 weeks). The restored disc heights were relatively well maintained throughout the observation period. All paraparetic patients recovered neurologically. There were no postoperative complications.

Conclusion:

Instrument-aided ligamentotaxis for compression and burst fractures utilizing the short contoured rod derotation technique and the instrumented stabilization of the fractured spine are found to be effective procedures which contribute to the fractured vertebral body consolidation without recollapse and maintain the motion segment function.     

Principles and Practice of Hemofiltration and Hemodiafiltration

There is growing interest in the convective dialysis therapies, hemofiltration (HF) and hemodiafiltration (HDF). Both require dialysis membranes which are highly permeable to solutes as well as fluid, and in both cases large volumes of ultrafiltration are the condition for convective transport. In HDF the convection is combined with diffusion, and as a consequence, maximum clearance over the entire molecular weight spectrum is achieved. Optimal forms of HDF provide urea clearance 10–15% higher than the corresponding diffusive mode. The larger the solute, the greater is the impact of convection, and β₂-microglobulin (β₂m) levels may be up to 70% reduced. Traditional postdilution HF provides high clearance of medium sized and large molecules. Satisfactory clearance of small solutes requires blood flows in excess of 500 ml/min. With access to practically unlimited volumes of substitution solution through on-line ultrafiltration, predilution HF can now be used. This increases the clearance of small solutes to an acceptable range. For HDF as well as HF, large patient populations consistently treated for longer periods of time are needed to make valid outcome comparisons with other therapies.     

Recognition and management of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) are catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumours arising from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. These tumours may be identified incidentally, as part of a work-up for multiple endocrine neoplasia or following haemodynamic surges during unrelated procedures. Advances in perioperative management and improved management of intraoperative haemodynamic instability have significantly reduced surgical mortality from around 40% to less than 3%. Surgery is the definitive treatment in most cases and laparoscopic resection where possible is associated with improved outcomes. Anaesthetic management of PPGL cases represents a unique haemodynamic challenge both before and after tumour resection. In this article we describe the physiology of these tumours, their diagnosis, preoperative optimization methods, intraoperative anaesthetic management and management of postoperative complications.     

骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因与治疗

目的探讨骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因、报肯治疗的方法与设果。方法对1990年7月～2004年12月间收治的107例骨折不愈台、54例骨折延迟愈合2例先天性胫骨骨不连进行回顾性研究，分析原因，随访治疗结果。18例延迟愈合行保守治疗，本组其他145例行手术治疗，结果除2例先天性胫骨骨不连外，其余161例的成因中均有医源性因素。10例失去随访，153例平均随访17（6-28）个月，骨折均获骨性连接，愈合时间平均10（6-14）个月，肢体功能恢复良好，结论医源性技术缺陷是骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的主要原因，针对各种不同因素进行合理治疗可获得满意效果。     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist, and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.