Cyr61上调人角质形成细胞系表达趋化因子与银屑病发生机制初探

银屑病是一种常见的慢性炎症性皮肤疾病,多种炎症细胞与炎症因子参与其发病。我们已有研究发现促炎因子Cyr61/CCN1通过活化角质细胞而加剧皮损,但是否还有其他促炎机制尚不清楚。本研究通过Cyr61介导角质细胞产生趋化因子的体外实验,探讨Cyr61参与银屑病发生新途径。采用Real-time PCR方法检测人角质形成细胞系(HaCat细胞)在外源性Cyr61作用下趋化因子的表达格局。实验结果显示Cyr61能够在体外促进人角质形成细胞系表达多种趋化因子(如CCL2,CCL17,CCL22,CXCL1,CXCL10,CXCL11(P0.05)),提示Cyr61可能通过促进角质形成细胞系表达多种趋化因子从而参与DC,Th17,Th1等细胞的趋化。提示Cyr61可能通过促进角质形成细胞系表达趋化因子介导炎性细胞局部浸润增多,加剧银屑病发病。     

白细胞介素22与肝脏疾病关系的研究进展

白细胞介素22(IL-22)是IL-10细胞因子家族成员之一,在多种感染性和炎症性疾病中发挥重要作用。而IL-22是兼具保护性作用和促进炎症应答的双重功能细胞因子,其功能与细胞因子特异性表达的环境、IL-22的浓度以及发挥作用的时间密切相关。病毒性肝炎患者外周血及肝脏组织IL-22表达水平升高,且与肝脏炎症应答、肝纤维化、肝细胞癌等疾病的发病密切相关。本文主要综述了IL-22的生物学功能及其在病毒性肝炎、肝硬化、肝癌及急性肝损伤等肝脏疾病中的作用。     

趋化因子受体CXCR3与其配体在小鼠暴发性肝炎发病中免疫学机制研究

目的 探讨趋化因子受体CXCR3与其配体(CXCL9/Mig,CXCL10/IP-10)在小鼠暴发性肝炎淋巴细胞迁移和急性肝衰竭中的作用.方法 6～8周龄雌性BALB/cJ小鼠腹腔注射100 PFU 3型鼠肝炎病毒(MHV-3),采用流式细胞术检测感染MHV-3后的BALB/cJ小鼠肝脏、脾脏和外周血T细胞和NK细胞的比例、数量以及其表面趋化因子受体CXCR3的表达频率.实时定量PCR技术检测感染MHV-3后的BALB/cJ小鼠肝内趋化因子CXCL9和CXCL10 mRNA的表达水平.Transwell细胞迁移试验评估病毒感染的肝细胞及CXCL10对脾脏淋巴细胞的趋化作用.结果 BALB/cJ小鼠感染MHV-3后,肝脏T细胞和NK细胞的数量及CXCR3的表达频率均显著增加,然而在脾脏和外周血均显著减少.实时定量PCR检测证实,感染MHV-3 48 h后,肝内趋化因子CXCL9和CXCL10 mRNA的表达比感染前分别上升了15.6和98.8倍.体外Transwell试验表明,病毒感染的肝细胞及重组CXCL10/IP-10蛋白对脾脏T细胞和NK细胞具有明显的趋化作用,并且这种趋化作用能被抗-CXCL10抗体显著阻断.结论 趋化因子受体CXCR3与其配体(CXCL9和CXCL10),尤其是CXCL10的相互作用在小鼠暴发性肝炎肝内淋巴细胞的募集及随后的坏死性炎症和急性肝衰竭中可能发挥着重要作用.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the role of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligands in the migration of lymphocytes and acute hepatic failure. Methods BALB/cJ mice (6-8 weeks, female) were intraperitoneally injected with 100 PFU mouse hepatitis virus-3(MHV-3). The proportions and numbers of T cells and NK cells in liver, spleen, and blood as well as the expression of CXCR3 in T cells, and NK cells post MHV-3 infection was analyzed by flow cytometry. The hepatic mRNA level of the CXCR3-associated chemokines(CXCL9 and CXCL10) was detected by real-time PCR. A transwell migration assay was used to assess the chemotactic effect of MHV-3-infected hepatocytes and CXCL10 on the splenic lymphocytes. Results Following MHV-3 infection, the number of hepatic NK cells and T cells and the frequencies of hepatic NK cells and T cells expressing CXCR3 increased markedly; however, in the spleen and peripheral blood, they both decreased significantly. Moreover, the hepatic mRNAs levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10 were significantly elevated post infection. The transwell migration assay demonstrated that MHV-3-infected hepatocytes have the capacity to attract and recruit the splenic NK cells and T cells, and CXCL10 plays a key role in lymphocyte mobilization from the spleen. Conclusion Interactions between CXCR3 and its ligands (CXCL9 and CXCL10),especially CXCL10 may play a key role in the recruitment of intrahepatic lymphocytes and subsequent necroinflammation and acute hepatic failure in MHV-3 infection.     

肝脏靶向表达趋化因子CXCL10 抑制ConA 诱导的肝脏损伤

目的:本研究探索趋化因子CXCL10 在免疫介导的肝脏损伤方面的作用及其作用机制。方法:尾静脉高压注 射CXCL10 表达载体72 h 后检测肝脏中CXCL10 的表达水平;再尾静脉注射刀豆蛋白(Concanavalin A,ConA)诱导免疫介导的 肝脏损伤;检测并比较CXCL10 表达组和对照组的谷丙转氨酶(Alanine aminotransferase,ALT)水平、组织损伤水平、,IFN-γ水 平、TNF-α水平及调节性T 细胞比例和数量的差异。结果:CXCL10 表达载体注射72 h 后,肝脏中CXCL10 的表达水平显著升 高;CXCL10 表达质粒预处理可以有效减轻ConA 诱导的肝脏损伤,CXCL10 表达组小鼠血清中的ALT 水平显著低于对照组, CXCL10 表达组小鼠血清中,IFN-γ和TNF-α的水平明显低于对照组,CXCL10 表达组小鼠肝脏中调节性T 细胞比例和数量高 于对照组。结论:趋化因子CXCL10 表达载体预处理可减少炎性细胞因子并减轻ConA 诱导的肝脏损伤,对治疗免疫介导的肝 炎具有重要意义。     

内质网应激在肝脏相关疾病中的研究进展

内质网应激(ERS)是一种重要的细胞自我保护机制,能够激活未折叠蛋白反应(UPR),促进细胞的生存,但持续的ERS将导致细胞的凋亡。肝细胞内存在大量的内质网,许多肝脏相关疾病均与内质网应激有关,如酒精性肝病,非酒精性肝病,中毒性肝损伤,病毒性肝炎,肝恶性肿瘤及肝脏缺血再灌注损伤等。本文将从ERS在肝脏相关疾病发病机制中的作用以及在肝病干预治疗上的意义等方面进行综述。     

肝硬化患者血清HA、LN、PC Ⅲ、Ⅳ-C水平的研究及临床意义的探讨

肝硬化是临床常见的慢性进行性肝病,是由一种或多种病因长期或反复作用形成的弥漫性肝损害。其病因较多,如酒精性肝硬化、血吸虫性肝硬化和肝炎后肝硬化,在我国以病毒性肝炎后肝硬化多见,如乙肝病毒及丙肝病毒,或两者同时感染。肝硬化的发病基础是由于胶原和其他细胞外基质的合成与降解失衡,导致在肝内过量沉积,从而使肝纤维结节形成并破坏正常的肝脏结构,导致肝小叶结构破坏和假小叶形成,最终发展成为肝硬化而出现肝脏功能的衰退,甚至有演变为肝细胞癌的可能性。     

小鼠NKT细胞在5型腺病毒感染所致肝损伤早期的免疫调节作用

目的 使用5型腺病毒(AdS)感染小鼠模型来研究肝脏NKT细胞(natural killer Tcell)在肝损伤早期的免疫调节机制.方法 C57BL/6小鼠尾静脉注射1.5×109PFU和3×109PFUAdS病毒以构建两个剂量组病毒感染的小鼠肝损伤模型,通过观察病毒感染后5 d内小鼠肝组织病理学及小鼠血清丙氨酸转氨酶/天门冬氨酸转氨酶(ALT/AST)水平改变来判断肝损伤程度,使用流式细胞术(FACS)分析感染5 d内肝单个核细胞亚群比例、NKT细胞表面FasL表达水平以及NKT细胞合成IL-4和IFN-γ水平的变化,应用RT-PCR检测小鼠肝内趋化因子及趋化因子受体表达水平.结果 高滴度(3×109 PFU)的AdS病毒感染小鼠1 d后,小鼠肝脏内NKT细胞明显增加,其表面FasL表达上调,肝脏NKT细胞合成IL-4和IFN-γ的水平明显增加,肝组织内淋巴细胞浸润明显;低滴度AdS病毒(1.5×109PFU)感染小鼠后,肝脏NKT细胞比例变化不明显,CD8+T细胞在肝脏的浸润明显弱于高滴度AdS病毒感染;RT-PCR检测结果 显示:3×109PFU AdS病毒感染2 d后,小鼠肝内活化后可调节的及正常的T细胞分泌的趋化因子(RANTES)、人干扰素诱导蛋白10(IP-10)以及巨噬细胞炎症蛋白(MIP)-1β表达增加,3d后相关趋化因子受体CCR5、CCR1、CXCR3表达上调.结论 NKT细胞在淋巴细胞向肝脏趋化的过程中起重要的作用,这种作用与病毒感染诱导NKT细胞合成IL-4和IFN-γ及上调其表面的FasL,从而促进肝细胞内IP-10、Mig等趋化因子的产生有关.     

一氧化氮与肝脏

自１９８９年Ｂｉｌｌａｒ等报道肝细胞可利用Ｌ－精氨酸生成一氧化氮以来，人们对肝脏一氧化氮的生成及作用进行了广泛深入的研究。发现所有的肝脏细胞一包括肝细胞、枯否氏细胞、肝窦内皮细胞、贮脂细胞均可生成一氧化氮。肝脏生成的一氧化氮可通过调节肝脏的微循环以及ｃＧＭＰ的浓度来调节肝脏血流；通过抑制细胞线粒体功能和某些核酸酶的活性、抑制蛋白质的合成以及参与肝脏的氧化损害过程等来发挥损伤和保护双重效应；在肝脏疾病的发生、发展中具有极其重要的作用。     

肝脏炎症反应与肝再生关系的研究进展

<正>肝脏作为最大的消化腺,一方面容易受到各种各样由代谢物、毒性物质、微生物等引起的损伤,导致肝细胞死亡并诱导炎性细胞的募集,诱发炎症反应。另一方面,肝脏具有强大的再生能力。肝切除手术或毒物造成肝损伤后,残肝细胞能迅速由静止状态进入细胞周期,通过DNA合成和有丝分裂补偿丢失的肝组织,恢复肝脏功能[1]。在多种肝脏炎性疾病,如暴发性肝炎和肝硬化中,肝再生是肝组织的急、慢性炎症反应引起细胞损伤后的结果。因此肝     

病毒性肝炎和肝细胞癌的病理诊断——进展与问题

病毒性肝炎及肝癌一直是危害人类健康的最主要肝脏疾病 ,多年来人们应用各种研究技术对这二类疾病进行了大量的研究 ,已取得了可喜的成果。尤其是近 10年来 ,由于其病因学 ,发病学等方面令人嘱目的进展 ,更进一步使得病理学家对这二类疾病的形态学表现及病理诊断有了许多新的认识。一、病理性肝炎的病理诊断虽然很多病毒都可引起肝脏的炎性病变 (如Ｅｐｓｔｅｉｎ Ｂａｒｒ病毒 ,巨细胞病毒等 ) ,但病毒性肝炎是指由所谓的嗜肝病毒引起的肝炎。目前已证实与肝脏疾病有关的嗜肝病毒包括甲型、乙型、丙型、丁型和戊型肝炎。在我国前 3种病毒性…     

Clinical implications of chemokines in acute and chronic hepatitis C virus infection

Hepatitis C virus (HCV), a non-cytopathic positive-stranded RNA virus, is one of the most common causes of chronic liver diseases such as chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Upon HCV infection, the majority of patients fail to clear the virus and progress to chronic hepatitis C. Chemokines are small chemotactic cytokines that direct the recruitment of immune cells and coordinate immune responses upon viral infection. Chemokine production during acute HCV infection contributes to the recruitment of immune cells with antiviral effector functions and subsequent viral clearance. In chronic HCV infection, however, continuous production of chemokines due to persistent viral replication might result in incessant recruitment of inflammatory cells to the liver, giving rise to persistence of chronic inflammation and liver injury. In this review, we will summarize the roles of chemokines in acute and chronic settings of HCV infection and the clinical relevance of chemokines in the treatment of hepatitis C.     

CXCR1、CXCR2 及CXCL8 在乙肝相关肝癌中的表达及临床意义

目的:探讨乙肝相关肝癌患者外周血单个核细胞及肝活检组织CXCR1、CXCR2 及CXCL8 表达及其临床意义。方法:用实时荧光定量PCR 法检测36 例乙肝相关肝癌患者外周血PBMCs 中CXCR1、CXCR2 及CXCL8 mRNA 水平;SP 法检测肝活检组织CXCR1、CXCR2 及CXCL8 蛋白表达水平;化学发光免疫分析法检测血清CRP 水平,并对各指标进行相关性分析。结果:乙肝相关肝癌患者PBMCs 中CXCR1、CXCR2 及CXCL8 mRNA 水平分别为(0.952 7±0.197 2)、(0.896 9±0.173 0)、(1.771 9±0.248 9),较正常对照组明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。SP 结果提示,CXCR1、CXCR2 及CXCL8 的蛋白水平较对照组明显升高(P<0.05)。乙肝相关肝癌患者血清CRP 水平与PBMC 内CXCR1(r =0.54,P<0.01)、CXCR2(r =0.49,P<0.01)及CXCL8(r = 0.63,P<0.01)呈正相关。结论:乙肝相关肝癌患者外周血PBMCs 及肝活检组织CXCR1、CXCR2 及CXCL8 表达明显升高,且与血清CRP 呈正相关,推测CXCR1、CXCR2 及CXCL8 介导的信号转导过程可能在乙肝相关肝癌发病过程中发挥重要作用,为肝癌免疫干扰治疗提供新的靶点。     

Th17 cells and their associated cytokines in liver diseases

T helper 17 (Th17) cells are a newly identified subset of T helper cells that play important roles in host defense against extracellular bacteria as well as in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. The functions of Th17 cells are mediated via the production of several cytokines including interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22. Recent studies show that the frequency of IL-17⁺ cells is significantly elevated in a variety of chronic liver diseases including alcoholic liver disease, viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. IL-17 receptor is expressed virtually on all types of liver cells, while IL-22 receptor expression is restricted to epithelial cells including hepatocytes in the liver. IL-17 seems to play an important role in inducing liver inflammation via stimulating multiple types of liver nonparenchymal cells to produce proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, while IL-22 appears to be an important factor in promoting hepatocyte survival and proliferation.     

Oval cell numbers in human chronic liver diseases are directly related to disease severity

The risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma is significantly increased in patients with genetic hemochromatosis, alcoholic liver disease, or chronic hepatitis C infection. The precise mechanisms underlying the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in these conditions are not well understood. Stem cells within the liver, termed oval cells, are involved in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma in animal models and may be important in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in human chronic liver diseases. The aims of this study were to determine whether oval cells could be detected in the liver of patients with genetic hemochromatosis, alcoholic liver disease, or chronic hepatitis C, and whether there is a relationship between the severity of the liver disease and the number of oval cells. Oval cells were detected using histology and immunohistochemistry in liver biopsies from patients with genetic hemochromatosis, alcoholic liver disease, or chronic hepatitis C. Oval cells were not observed in normal liver controls. Oval cell numbers increased significantly with the progression of disease severity from mild to severe in each of the diseases studied. We conclude that oval cells are frequently found in subjects with genetic hemochromatosis, alcoholic liver disease, or chronic hepatitis C. There is an association between severity of liver disease and increase in the number of oval cells consistent with the hypothesis that oval cell proliferation is associated with increased risk for development of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic liver disease.     

Chemokines and chemokine receptors in rheumatoid arthritis

Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines involved in a number of pathological processes, including inflammatory conditions. Chemokines play a role in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases. Based on a burgeoning body of literature, RA was chosen as a prototype to discuss this issue. In this review, the authors give a detailed introduction to the classification and function of chemokines and their receptors. This is followed by a discussion of the role of chemokines and chemokine receptors in RA. Chemokines interact with other inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines. Thus, the regulation of chemokine production and the place of chemokines in the network of inflammatory mediators present in the rheumatoid synovium are also reviewed. Finally, potential strategies using anti-chemokine or anti-chemokine receptor biologicals in anti-rheumatic therapy are discussed.     

T cell immunity in hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infection: implications for autoimmunity

T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of important liver diseases including both autoimmune liver diseases and viral hepatitis. In addition to playing a crucial role in the control of hepatitis viruses, T cell responses are also responsible for the liver injury during acute and chronic phases of viral hepatitis. In this article, we reviewed current literature on T cell immunity to hepatitis B and C viruses. In addition, antigen presenting cells that are critical for T cell immunity against these viruses are also discussed. This will provide insights to the understanding of T cell immunity in autoimmune liver diseases due to the similar role of T cells in autoimmune liver diseases and viral hepatitis.     

Cloning, expression and characterization of ferret CXCL10

Chemokines and their receptors function in the recruitment and activation of cells of the immune system to sites of inflammation. As such, chemokines play an important role in mediating pathophysiological events during microbial infection. In particular, CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 and their cognate receptor CXCR3 have been associated with the clinical course of several infectious diseases, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and influenza. While CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 share the same receptor and have overlapping functions, each can also have unique activity in host defense. The lack of a preferred characterized animal model for SARS has brought our attention to ferrets, which have been used for years in influenza studies. The lack of immunological reagents for ferrets prompted us to clone CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11 and CXCR3 and, in the case of CXCL10, to express the gene as a recombinant protein. In this study we demonstrate that endogenous ferret CXCL10 exhibits similar mRNA expression patterns in the lungs of deceased SARS patients and ferrets experimentally infected with SARS coronavirus. This study therefore represents an important step towards development of the ferret as a model for the role of CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11:CXCR3 axis in severe viral infections.     

Chronic hepatitis B: role of anti-platelet therapy in inflammation control

Platelets play a known role in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis, but these cells are emerging as important cellular mediators of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Platelets are key elements in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic liver disease associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection by promoting the accumulation of virus-specific CD8⁺ T cells and nonspecific inflammatory cells into the liver parenchyma. This review discusses major platelet functions in immune and inflammatory responses, with an emphasis on recent pre-clinical studies that suggest that the inhibition of platelet activation pathways represent an alternative therapeutic strategy with potential use in the reduction of virus-specific T cell-mediated chronic inflammation, liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in patients who are chronically infected with HBV.     

Targeting the chemokine network in renal inflammation

Chemokines and their receptors are involved in the pathogenesis of renal diseases. They mediate leukocyte recruitment and activation during initiation as well as progression of renal inflammation. Infiltrating leukocyte subpopulations contribute to renal damage by releasing inflammatory and profibrotic cytokines. All intrinsic renal cells are capable of chemokine secretion on stimulation in vitro. Expression of inflammatory chemokines correlates with renal damage and local accumulation of chemokine receptor-bearing leukocytes in a variety of animal models of renal diseases as well as in human biopsy studies. Chemokines and their respective receptors could represent new targets for therapeutic intervention in renal inflammatory disease states that often tend to progress to end-stage renal disease. This article summarizes the present data on the role of chemokines and their receptors in renal inflammation with special emphasis on our efforts to identify the chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR2 as promising targets for therapeutic intervention.     

A C-terminal CXCL8 peptide based on chemokine–glycosaminoglycan interactions reduces neutrophil adhesion and migration during inflammation

Leucocyte recruitment is critical during many acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Chemokines are key mediators of leucocyte recruitment during the inflammatory response, by signalling through specific chemokine G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). In addition, chemokines interact with cell-surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) to generate a chemotactic gradient. The chemokine interleukin-8/CXCL8, a prototypical neutrophil chemoattractant, is characterized by a long, highly positively charged GAG-binding C-terminal region, absent in most other chemokines. To examine whether the CXCL8 C-terminal peptide has a modulatory role in GAG binding during neutrophil recruitment, we synthesized the wild-type CXCL8 C-terminal [CXCL8 (54–72)] (Peptide 1), a peptide with a substitution of glutamic acid (E) 70 with lysine (K) (Peptide 2) to increase positive charge; and also, a scrambled sequence peptide (Peptide 3). Surface plasmon resonance showed that Peptide 1, corresponding to the core CXCL8 GAG-binding region, binds to GAG but Peptide 2 binding was detected at lower concentrations. In the absence of cellular GAG, the peptides did not affect CXCL8-induced calcium signalling or neutrophil chemotaxis along a diffusion gradient, suggesting no effect on GPCR binding. All peptides equally inhibited neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells under physiological flow conditions. Peptide 2, with its greater positive charge and binding to polyanionic GAG, inhibited CXCL8-induced neutrophil transendothelial migration. Our studies suggest that the E70K CXCL8 peptide, may serve as a lead molecule for further development of therapeutic inhibitors of neutrophil-mediated inflammation based on modulation of chemokine–GAG binding.