后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤

目的 评价后腹腔镜肾上腺切除治疗嗜铬细胞瘤的临床价值.方法 对本院2000年2月～2008年12月25例后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析.左侧15例,右侧10例,肿瘤直径3.0 - 5.6 cm,平均4.2 cm.结果 除3例因出血和肿瘤粘连严重中转开放手术外,其余22例均成功切除肿瘤.手术时间67～210min,平均123min;手术出血量50～450mL,平均120mL;术中下腔静脉破裂2例,均在腹腔镜下完成修补;1例术后24小时死于继发出血.术后病理诊断24 例为良性肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤,1例为低度恶性肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤.术后住院时间8～20天,平均12天.随访5～36个月,平均12个月,除1 例需口服降压药外,其余血压恢复正常,24 小时尿VMA 检查正常,无远期并发症,未见肿瘤复发.结论 后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术对最大径<6cm肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤安全、有效、创伤少、出血少、恢复快.术前准备和术后处理在治疗嗜铬细胞瘤的过程中具有重要价值.     

后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤

目的 评价后腹腔镜肾上腺切除治疗嗜铬细胞瘤的临床价值.方法 对本院2000年2月～2008年12月25例后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析.左侧15例,右侧10例,肿瘤直径3.0 - 5.6 cm,平均4.2 cm.结果 除3例因出血和肿瘤粘连严重中转开放手术外,其余22例均成功切除肿瘤.手术时间67～210min,平均123min;手术出血量50～450mL,平均120mL;术中下腔静脉破裂2例,均在腹腔镜下完成修补;1例术后24小时死于继发出血.术后病理诊断24 例为良性肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤,1例为低度恶性肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤.术后住院时间8～20天,平均12天.随访5～36个月,平均12个月,除1 例需口服降压药外,其余血压恢复正常,24 小时尿VMA 检查正常,无远期并发症,未见肿瘤复发.结论 后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术对最大径<6cm肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤安全、有效、创伤少、出血少、恢复快.术前准备和术后处理在治疗嗜铬细胞瘤的过程中具有重要价值.     

后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤

目的 评价后腹腔镜肾上腺切除治疗嗜铬细胞瘤的临床价值.方法 对本院2000年2月～2008年12月25例后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析.左侧15例,右侧10例,肿瘤直径3.0 - 5.6 cm,平均4.2 cm.结果 除3例因出血和肿瘤粘连严重中转开放手术外,其余22例均成功切除肿瘤.手术时间67～210min,平均123min;手术出血量50～450mL,平均120mL;术中下腔静脉破裂2例,均在腹腔镜下完成修补;1例术后24小时死于继发出血.术后病理诊断24 例为良性肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤,1例为低度恶性肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤.术后住院时间8～20天,平均12天.随访5～36个月,平均12个月,除1 例需口服降压药外,其余血压恢复正常,24 小时尿VMA 检查正常,无远期并发症,未见肿瘤复发.结论 后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术对最大径<6cm肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤安全、有效、创伤少、出血少、恢复快.术前准备和术后处理在治疗嗜铬细胞瘤的过程中具有重要价值.     

后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤

目的 评价后腹腔镜肾上腺切除治疗嗜铬细胞瘤的临床价值.方法 对本院2000年2月～2008年12月25例后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析.左侧15例,右侧10例,肿瘤直径3.0 - 5.6 cm,平均4.2 cm.结果 除3例因出血和肿瘤粘连严重中转开放手术外,其余22例均成功切除肿瘤.手术时间67～210min,平均123min;手术出血量50～450mL,平均120mL;术中下腔静脉破裂2例,均在腹腔镜下完成修补;1例术后24小时死于继发出血.术后病理诊断24 例为良性肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤,1例为低度恶性肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤.术后住院时间8～20天,平均12天.随访5～36个月,平均12个月,除1 例需口服降压药外,其余血压恢复正常,24 小时尿VMA 检查正常,无远期并发症,未见肿瘤复发.结论 后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术对最大径<6cm肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤安全、有效、创伤少、出血少、恢复快.术前准备和术后处理在治疗嗜铬细胞瘤的过程中具有重要价值.     

后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤

目的 评价后腹腔镜肾上腺切除治疗嗜铬细胞瘤的临床价值.方法 对本院2000年2月～2008年12月25例后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析.左侧15例,右侧10例,肿瘤直径3.0 - 5.6 cm,平均4.2 cm.结果 除3例因出血和肿瘤粘连严重中转开放手术外,其余22例均成功切除肿瘤.手术时间67～210min,平均123min;手术出血量50～450mL,平均120mL;术中下腔静脉破裂2例,均在腹腔镜下完成修补;1例术后24小时死于继发出血.术后病理诊断24 例为良性肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤,1例为低度恶性肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤.术后住院时间8～20天,平均12天.随访5～36个月,平均12个月,除1 例需口服降压药外,其余血压恢复正常,24 小时尿VMA 检查正常,无远期并发症,未见肿瘤复发.结论 后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术对最大径<6cm肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤安全、有效、创伤少、出血少、恢复快.术前准备和术后处理在治疗嗜铬细胞瘤的过程中具有重要价值.     

后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤

目的 评价后腹腔镜肾上腺切除治疗嗜铬细胞瘤的临床价值.方法 对本院2000年2月～2008年12月25例后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析.左侧15例,右侧10例,肿瘤直径3.0 - 5.6 cm,平均4.2 cm.结果 除3例因出血和肿瘤粘连严重中转开放手术外,其余22例均成功切除肿瘤.手术时间67～210min,平均123min;手术出血量50～450mL,平均120mL;术中下腔静脉破裂2例,均在腹腔镜下完成修补;1例术后24小时死于继发出血.术后病理诊断24 例为良性肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤,1例为低度恶性肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤.术后住院时间8～20天,平均12天.随访5～36个月,平均12个月,除1 例需口服降压药外,其余血压恢复正常,24 小时尿VMA 检查正常,无远期并发症,未见肿瘤复发.结论 后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术对最大径<6cm肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤安全、有效、创伤少、出血少、恢复快.术前准备和术后处理在治疗嗜铬细胞瘤的过程中具有重要价值.     

后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤

目的 评价后腹腔镜肾上腺切除治疗嗜铬细胞瘤的临床价值.方法 对本院2000年2月～2008年12月25例后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析.左侧15例,右侧10例,肿瘤直径3.0 - 5.6 cm,平均4.2 cm.结果 除3例因出血和肿瘤粘连严重中转开放手术外,其余22例均成功切除肿瘤.手术时间67～210min,平均123min;手术出血量50～450mL,平均120mL;术中下腔静脉破裂2例,均在腹腔镜下完成修补;1例术后24小时死于继发出血.术后病理诊断24 例为良性肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤,1例为低度恶性肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤.术后住院时间8～20天,平均12天.随访5～36个月,平均12个月,除1 例需口服降压药外,其余血压恢复正常,24 小时尿VMA 检查正常,无远期并发症,未见肿瘤复发.结论 后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术对最大径<6cm肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤安全、有效、创伤少、出血少、恢复快.术前准备和术后处理在治疗嗜铬细胞瘤的过程中具有重要价值.     

后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤

目的 评价后腹腔镜肾上腺切除治疗嗜铬细胞瘤的临床价值.方法 对本院2000年2月～2008年12月25例后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析.左侧15例,右侧10例,肿瘤直径3.0 - 5.6 cm,平均4.2 cm.结果 除3例因出血和肿瘤粘连严重中转开放手术外,其余22例均成功切除肿瘤.手术时间67～210min,平均123min;手术出血量50～450mL,平均120mL;术中下腔静脉破裂2例,均在腹腔镜下完成修补;1例术后24小时死于继发出血.术后病理诊断24 例为良性肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤,1例为低度恶性肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤.术后住院时间8～20天,平均12天.随访5～36个月,平均12个月,除1 例需口服降压药外,其余血压恢复正常,24 小时尿VMA 检查正常,无远期并发症,未见肿瘤复发.结论 后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术对最大径<6cm肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤安全、有效、创伤少、出血少、恢复快.术前准备和术后处理在治疗嗜铬细胞瘤的过程中具有重要价值.     

后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤

目的 评价后腹腔镜肾上腺切除治疗嗜铬细胞瘤的临床价值.方法 对本院2000年2月～2008年12月25例后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析.左侧15例,右侧10例,肿瘤直径3.0 - 5.6 cm,平均4.2 cm.结果 除3例因出血和肿瘤粘连严重中转开放手术外,其余22例均成功切除肿瘤.手术时间67～210min,平均123min;手术出血量50～450mL,平均120mL;术中下腔静脉破裂2例,均在腹腔镜下完成修补;1例术后24小时死于继发出血.术后病理诊断24 例为良性肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤,1例为低度恶性肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤.术后住院时间8～20天,平均12天.随访5～36个月,平均12个月,除1 例需口服降压药外,其余血压恢复正常,24 小时尿VMA 检查正常,无远期并发症,未见肿瘤复发.结论 后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术对最大径<6cm肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤安全、有效、创伤少、出血少、恢复快.术前准备和术后处理在治疗嗜铬细胞瘤的过程中具有重要价值.     

后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤

目的 评价后腹腔镜肾上腺切除治疗嗜铬细胞瘤的临床价值.方法 对本院2000年2月～2008年12月25例后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析.左侧15例,右侧10例,肿瘤直径3.0 - 5.6 cm,平均4.2 cm.结果 除3例因出血和肿瘤粘连严重中转开放手术外,其余22例均成功切除肿瘤.手术时间67～210min,平均123min;手术出血量50～450mL,平均120mL;术中下腔静脉破裂2例,均在腹腔镜下完成修补;1例术后24小时死于继发出血.术后病理诊断24 例为良性肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤,1例为低度恶性肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤.术后住院时间8～20天,平均12天.随访5～36个月,平均12个月,除1 例需口服降压药外,其余血压恢复正常,24 小时尿VMA 检查正常,无远期并发症,未见肿瘤复发.结论 后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术对最大径<6cm肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤安全、有效、创伤少、出血少、恢复快.术前准备和术后处理在治疗嗜铬细胞瘤的过程中具有重要价值.     

后腹腔镜手术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄(附37例报告)

目的 评价腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的安全性及临床价值.方法 对25例肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤患者采用腹腔镜经腹腔途径手术治疗.结果 25例全部成功,无1例中转开放手术,无严重并发症发生.肿瘤最大径1.5～10.8 cm,平均4.8 cm;手术时间45～130 min,平均70 min;术中出血量30～180ml,平均65ml,均未输血;术后住院4～7天,平均6.1天;术后病理检查证实均为肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤.全部病例获得随访6～72个月.患者血压正常,B超或CT复查均未见肿瘤复发.结论 腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤具有手术时间短、出血少、损伤小、恢复快、安全性高、并发症少等优点,可替代开放手术.     

Efficacy and safety of laparoscopic surgery for pheochromocytoma

OBJECTIVE: Laparoscopic surgery for primary aldosteronoma and Cushing's syndrome is well established. We report on our experiences with laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma, and assess the efficacy and safety of the laparoscopic approach. METHODS: Between April 1998 and April 2003, a total of 23 patients underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma at Chiba University Hospital and Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Japan. We compared the surgical outcomes of these patients with those of 106 patients with adrenal tumors due to other pathologies who underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy during the same period. RESULTS: The mean tumor size of pheochromocytoma was 4.96 cm. Mean operative time was 192.7 min, and mean estimated blood loss was 130 mL. Neither mean operative time nor mean estimated blood loss was greater for patients with pheochromocytoma. Intraoperative hypertension (systolic blood pressure > 180 mmHg) occurred in 39.1% (9/23) of patients with pheochromocytoma. During the follow-up period, there were no mortalities or recurrences of endocrinopathy. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma is a safe and minimally invasive procedure.     

腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤（附七例报告）

目的 探讨腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的临床价值。方法 采用腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤7例,其中5例采用经腹腔途径,2例采用腹膜后途径。结果 6例成功,1例因术中损伤胰腺出血改为开放手术。随访10－48个月,患者血压正常,肿瘤局部无复发。结论 对＜6cm的肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤,只要术前准备充分,腹腔镜手术安全有效,有望替代开放手术成为首选的治疗方法。     

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma: morbidity compared with adrenalectomy for tumors of other pathology

PURPOSE: We report our experience with laparoscopic adrenalectomy in nine patients with pheochromocytoma and compare the morbidity with that of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for tumors of other pathology. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 1997 and November 1999, nine patients underwent laparoscopic surgery for pheochromocytoma via a transperitoneal approach. Of the patients, eight had solitary tumors, and one presented with bilateral pheochromocytomas. The mean size of the tumors was 5.4 cm. The surgical outcomes of the 9 patients were compared with those of 28 patients with adrenal tumors of other pathology (primary aldosteronism in 15 patients, Cushing syndrome in 6, and nonfunctioning adenoma in 7) who underwent transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy during the same period. The mean size of the adrenal tumors of other pathology was 2.4 cm. RESULTS: In eight of the nine patients with pheochromocytoma, laparoscopic adrenalectomy was successful. The procedure was converted to open surgery in the patient with bilateral tumors because of uncontrollable hemorrhage. A hypertensive crisis with the systolic blood pressure >200 mm Hg occurred in 6 patients (67%), but the episode could be controlled by temporary discontinuation of tumor manipulation, administration of drugs, or both. In adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma, the mean operative time was longer (199 v 177 minutes) and the mean estimated blood loss was greater (360 v 54 mL) than for tumors of other pathology. Blood transfusion was given to two patients with pheochromocytoma but to no patient with tumors of other pathology. The patients with adrenal tumors of other pathology could resume normal activity earlier (mean 18 v 26 days) than those with pheochromocytoma. CONCLUSION: The operation is more difficult and the morbidity is higher in laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma than that for tumors of other pathology. An experienced team of surgeons with advanced laparoscopic skills and anesthesiologists is mandatory. In large tumors, great caution should be taken for intraoperative complications. Nevertheless, laparoscopic adrenalectomy is not contraindicated for pheochromocytoma and can be performed safely.     

嗜铬细胞瘤诊疗:单中心142例报告

目的 提高嗜铬细胞瘤的诊疗水平.方法 回顾性分析2002年8月至2010年2月手术治疗的142例患者145例次病理确诊嗜铬细胞瘤临床资料,并对术后近期高血压恢复情况及远期肿瘤复发情况进行随访.肿瘤直径1.3～18.0 cm,平均5.9 cm,位于肾上腺内的单发肿瘤117例,双侧肿瘤10例,异位肿瘤10例,肾上腺及肾上腺外同时存在肿瘤5例.有典型儿茶酚胺症状者98例(69.0%),隐匿型嗜铬细胞瘤44例(31.0%).术前给予酚苄明或甲磺酸多沙唑嗪准备l周以上.142例患者行手术145例次,开放手术91例次,腹腔镜54例次. 结果 142例术后病理均为嗜铬细胞瘤,其中良性83例、恶性23例、可疑恶性36例.术中血压骤增与术前血儿茶酚胺水平相关,与术前血压、术前应用a受体阻滞剂时间长短及肿瘤大小无关.术后高血压症状缓解87例,11例仍需药物控制血压.围手术期死亡1例.术后91例随访3～96个月,中位时间46个月,复发转移10例,其中5年内死于肿瘤复发转移6例. 结论嗜铬细胞瘤确诊主要依据临床表现、生化定性检查及影像学定位检查,手术切除肿瘤是嗜铬细胞瘤的根治方法,对于术前血儿茶酚胺水平明显升高的患者更应警惕术中血压变化,术前应给予更充分的准备.

Abstract：

Objective To review the experience in diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytoma in a single center. Methods A total number of 142/145 pheochromocytoma cases treated surgically in our institute from August 2002 to February 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. The mean diameter of tumor was 5.9 cm (1.3- 18. 0 cm). The majority of the tumors (92.9%) were adrenal pheochromocytomas. Ninety-eight patients (69.0 % ) presented initially with hypertension, whereas 44 patients (31%)presented with adrenal incidentaloma. A specific anti-hypertensive pre-surgery preparation with phenoxybenzamine or doxazosine mesylate was started over 1 week before the operation.Of the 142 patients, 91 accepted open surgery, 54 accepted laparoscopic surgery, of which, 5 converted from laparoscopic surgery to open surgery. Results Histopathological results showed that all the cases were pheochromocytoma, while 83 cases were benign, 23 cases were malignant and 37 cases were suspected malignant. Sudden rising of blood pressure during operation was related to the preoperative serum level of catecholamine. Eighty-seven of 98 patients with preoperative hypertension had normal postoperative blood pressure; the remaining 11 patients reduced the dosage of anti-hypertension medication postoperatively. During the follow-up of 3-96 months (median 46 months), 10 of 91patients had a recurrence or metastasis. Six patients died of recurrences or metastasis within 5 years.Conclusions The procedures of qualitative and locative diagnosis of phechromocytoma include clinical manifestations, biochemical tests and imaging investigation. Surgical excision is the fundamental treatment for cure. Patients with high serum level of catecholamine tend to have a sudden rising of blood pressure during operation. Preoperative management is extremely important for the safety of the patient. Intensive follow up is necessary.     

脂肪囊内解剖途径在后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术中的应用

目的 探讨脂肪囊内解剖途径在后腹腔镜肾上腺手术的临床应用价值.方法 2013年5月至2015年12月,采用后腹腔镜技术经脂肪囊内解剖途径血管区,行肾上腺及腺瘤切除术65例.男性35例,女性30例,年龄25～ 70岁.原发性醛固酮增多症15例,库兴综合征14例,嗜铬细胞瘤5例,副神经节瘤10例,髓脂瘤12例,其他单纯无功能皮质腺瘤9例;瘤体直径范围1.5 ～8.0 cm.这些病例手术均通过后腹腔镜经脂肪囊内途径完成.结果 本组65例手术均顺利完成.单侧手术时间25 ～ 150 min,术中估计出血量15 ～ 300 mL,术后住院时间3～8d.术后随访至今,未发现肿瘤复发.结论 依据脂肪囊内途径的解剖步骤,术中出血少,解剖层次清楚,较好避免术中腹膜损伤.脂肪囊内途径后腹腔镜手术是治疗肾上腺外科一个有益尝试.     

腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术七例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜手术治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的可行性及安全性。方法2003年10月至2007年4月，我院行腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术7例，肿瘤最大径为3．0～6．5cm，平均5．0cm。6例患者术前均有不同程度的高血压。术前常规行降压、扩容处理。采用后腹腔镜入路6例，经腹入路1例，术中术后严密监测血压变化并给予相应处理。结果5例腹腔镜手术成功，2例中转开放手术。手术时间为70-360min，平均163min，术中出血50-600ml，平均300ml。7例患者术中均出现血压波动，无围手术期患者死亡。病理报告证实为嗜铬细胞瘤。随访7～49个月，5例患者术后2个月内血压恢复正常，1例仍需服用降压药物。结论腹腔镜肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤切除术可行，疗效确切，充分的术前准备和熟练的腹腔镜操作技术是手术安全的保证。     

Portless endoscopic adrenalectomy via a single minimal incision using a retroperitoneal approach: Experience with initial 30 cases

AIM: To assess the feasibility of portless endoscopic adrenalectomy via a single minimum incision that narrowly permits extraction of the specimen. METHODS: For 30 cases of adrenal tumor, portless endoscopic surgery through a single flank incision (3-9 cm; mean, 5.6 cm) was performed without gas inflation or trocar port placement. All of the instruments used during surgery were reusable. The cases included primary aldosteronism (12), Cushing's syndrome (6), preclinical Cushing's syndrome (3), pheochromocytoma (1), non-functioning cortical adenoma (6), adrenocortical carcinoma (1) and adrenocortical hemorrhage (1). RESULTS: Resection of the tumor was successfully completed, without complications, in all of the cases. Operative time was between 83 and 240 min (mean, 147 min). Estimated blood loss was 5-470 mL (mean, 139 mL). None of the patients required blood transfusion. Postoperative course was uneventful. Wound pain was mild and walking and full oral feeding were resumed on the first and second postoperative day, respectively, in the majority of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Adrenal tumors are good candidates for portless endoscopic surgery, which is safe, cost-effective, minimally invasive and matches favorably with laparoscopic surgery.     

Bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy has become the gold standard in the surgical management of adrenal pathology. Bilateral adrenalectomy is indicated in patients with Cushing's disease secondary to macroadenoma or hypophysial hyperplasia in whom medical treatment and transsphenoid surgery have failed. Also, it is the first choice for bilateral benign tumors and metastatic neoplasia. We present our experience with bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy, analyzing its indications, feasibility, results, and complications. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between November 1999 and December 2005, 221 laparoscopic adrenalectomies were performed by the same surgeon (OAC) at our institution. Of the 221 adrenalectomies, 44 were bilateral. A total of 20 patients underwent bilateral synchronic laparoscopic adrenalectomy (91%); the remaining 2 had two-stage procedures. There were 6 cases of bilateral pheochromocytoma, 6 patients with Cushing's disease, 3 cases of metastasis, 3 congenital adrenal hyperplasias, 2 hyperaldosteronisms, and a single case each of adrenal adenoma and myelolipoma. The average patient age was 41.6 years (range 17-72 years), and the male-to-female ratio was 1:2.6. RESULTS: Total laparoscopic adrenalectomy and partial adrenalectomy were performed on 37 and 7 occasions (84% and 16%), respectively. The mean tumor size was 4.15 cm (range 1-11 cm). The mean operative time for each adrenalectomy was 79.2 minutes (range 25-210 minutes). The estimated intraoperative blood loss was on average 65.4 mL (range 0-500 mL). Only one patient required a blood transfusion. There was only one intraoperative complication (2.2%), a renal-vein injury that was controlled with intracorporeal suturing. There were no open conversions. The mean hospital stay was 3.19 days (range 2-5 days). CONCLUSIONS: Bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy is technically feasible and can be performed with minimal bleeding in a reasonable surgical time.     

Surgical management of organ-contained unilateral pheochromocytoma: comparative outcomes of laparoscopic and conventional open surgical procedures in a large single-institution series

Purpose

Laparoscopic excision is preferred for small non-invasive pheochromocytoma over open approach. Applicability of laparoscopic procedures for large organ-contained pheochromocytoma is unclear. A database of 137 pheochromocytoma patients managed during 1990–2010 was reviewed to compare outcomes of open and laparoscopic procedures for 101 unilateral organ-contained pheochromocytoma patients in this retrospective non-randomized study.

Patients and methods

Forty-nine patients underwent open procedures, and 52 underwent laparoscopic procedures. Laparoscopic procedure was converted to open in 19 due to bleeding (n?=?12), concern for malignancy (n?=?5), hypertensive crisis (n?=?1), and equipment failure (n?=?1). Outcome measures were compared between open, laparoscopic, and conversion patient groups.

Results

Patient groups were well matched for age, gender, BMI, and clinical and pathological characteristics. Mean tumor size was insignificantly larger in the open (7.6?±?2.7?cm) than the laparoscopic group (6.6?±?2?cm, p?=?0.06). There were no significant differences in periop hemodynamic events. Mean blood loss, blood transfusion and analgesic requirements, and postop ICU and hospital stay were significantly lesser in laparoscopic than open and conversion groups (p?<?0.05). There was no periop mortality. Morbidity occurred more frequently in the open (n?=?12) than in the laparoscopic group (n?=?3). At follow-up (mean, 44?±?33.7; range, 6–160?months), no patient had recurrent pheochromocytoma. Outcomes in terms of cure of pheochromocytoma and hypertension were not different between the three groups.

Conclusions

Laparoscopic procedures are feasible and as safe and effective as open procedures for patients with organ-contained pheochromocytoma. In a patient cohort where majority of the patients had large (>6?cm) pheochromocytoma, laparoscopic procedures resulted in lesser morbidity and shorter convalescence and provided equal chance for cure of pheochromocytoma and hypertension as conventional open surgical procedures.