泌尿系统结石经皮肾镜手术后发生尿源性脓毒血症的影响因素

目的 探讨泌尿系统结石微创取石术后发生尿源性脓毒血症的影响因素.方法 选取在本院行微创经皮肾镜手术患者328例,根据PCNL术后是否发生尿源性脓毒血症,分为尿源性脓毒血症组和非尿源性脓毒血症组.统计患者一般临床资料和各实验室指标,对比分析各个因素对尿源性脓毒血症发生的影响.结果 尿源性脓毒血症组和非尿源性脓毒血症组在性别比例、结石体积、结石数量、手术时间、存在肾功能不全、是否为鹿角型结石、术中灌注压力、是否存在术前尿路感染和hs-CRP方面比较存在显著性差异(P＜0.05).经Logistic回归分析显示,结石体积、结石数量、手术时间、肾功能不全、鹿角型结石、术中灌注压力和术前尿路感染是皮肾镜取石术后发生尿源性脓毒血症的独立危险因素(P＜0.05).结论 结石体积、结石数量、手术时间、肾功能不全、鹿角型结石、术中灌注压力和术前尿路感染是皮肾镜取石术后发生尿源性脓毒血症的独立危险因素.     

输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术后尿源性脓毒血症5例分析及对策

目的:探讨输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术后尿源性脓毒血症的预防措施,以降低发生率。方法:回顾性分析输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术后出现尿源性脓毒血症5例患者的临床资料:2例诊断为肾盂结石,3例诊断为肾盏结石。结石大小1.5~2.5cm.术前血常规、肝肾功能、胸片、心电图等均正常,尿常规检查3例正常,2例白细胞5~12个/Hp,术前尿培养4例为阴性,1例患者第一次尿培养为大肠埃希菌,给予敏感抗生素治疗后复查尿培养阴性。患者均在全麻下行输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术。结果:5例患者术后出现不同程度尿脓毒血症,经选用敏感抗生素,并对症支持治疗,患者均痊愈出院。结论:尿源性脓毒血症是输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术后严重的并发症之一。术前充分准备,术中控制手术时间,术后严密监测,以及尽早选用敏感抗生素是防治输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术后尿源性脓毒血的关键。     

孤立肾结石患者电子输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术后出现尿脓毒血症的诊治分析

目的：探讨孤立肾结石患者接受电子输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术后出现尿脓毒血症的临床特点及治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析孤立肾结石患者行电子输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术后出现尿脓毒血症的5例患者的临床资料：2例为单侧肾切除术后,3例为功能性孤立肾。结石位于肾下盏3例,多。肾盏2例;结石大小20-31mm,平均25mm。术前3例患者尿培养阳性,其中2例为大肠埃希氏菌,1例为克雷伯杆菌。患者经由同一术者在全麻下行电子输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术。结果：5例患者术后出现不同程度尿脓毒血症。经及时进行有效液体复苏,选用敏感抗生素或亚胺培南,并选用小剂量短期地塞米松及血管活性药物等对症支持治疗,术后I周内均逐渐恢复,痊愈出院。结论：尿脓毒血症是上尿路结石腔内治疗后的严重并发症之一。充分的术前准备,熟练的手术操作,严密的术后监测,早期发现和及时有效的治疗,是防治孤立肾结石电子输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术后出现尿脓毒血症的有效措施。     

PCNL术后尿源性脓毒血症的危险因素及治疗研究

目的 探讨经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)后尿源性脓毒血症发生的危险因素及治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析本院724例肾及输尿管上段结石行PCNL患者的临床病历资料,采用Logistic回归方法分析PCNL发生尿源性脓毒血症的危险因素.结果 724例患者术后发生尿脓毒血症13例,发生率为1.80％,所有患者均经积极抗感染、扩容及支持等治疗后痊愈.Logistic回归分析显示,患者术前尿路感染(OR =2.78)、手术时间(OR =2.55),术中肾盂压力(OR=4.61)、年龄(OR =2.35)性别(OR =2.07)及合并糖尿病(OR=2.39)与尿源性脓毒血症的发生密切相关(P＜0.05),而结石直径＞2 cm、数量、鹿角形结石及肾积水程度与尿源性脓毒血症的发生无显著相关性(P＞0.05).结论 患者术前尿路感染、手术时间＞60 min、术中肾盂压力＞40 mmHg、女性、年龄≥60岁及合并糖尿病是PCNL术后发生尿源性脓毒血症的危险因素,识别和警惕尿源性脓毒血症发生的危险因素,是预防和治疗PCNL术后尿源性脓毒血症的关键.     

输尿管软镜碎石术并发尿源性脓毒血症的危险因素分析

目的探讨输尿管软镜碎石术并发尿源性脓毒血症的危险因素。方法分析2013年8月至2014年12月在我院接受输尿管软镜碎石术的187例患者的临床资料,按照回顾性病例对照研究设计,对输尿管软镜碎石术并发尿源性脓毒血症的21例病例和未发生尿源性脓毒血症的病例166例对照,首先进行单因素分析,然后对有统计学意义的资料采用Logistic回归方法进行多因素分析。结果本研究单因素分析中,结石大小、性别、糖尿病、手术时间、尿培养阳性与输尿管软镜碎石术并发尿源性脓毒血症密切相关(P0.05)。多因素非条件Logistic回归分析显示性别(OR=0.293)、结石大小(OR=1.135)、尿培养阳性(OR=9.883)为独立危险因素。结论性别、结石大小、尿培养阳性等是输尿管软镜碎石术并发尿源性脓毒血症独立危险因素。因此术前术中要控制危险因素,减少尿源性脓毒血症的发生。     

输尿管软镜碎石术后并发尿源性脓毒血症的相关因素及防治策略分析

目的探讨输尿管软镜碎石术后并发尿源性脓毒血症的相关危险因素及如何防治尿源性脓毒血症的措施。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2016年6月在本院接受输尿管软镜碎石术的198例患者的临床资料,采用统计学方法对输尿管软镜碎石术并发尿源性脓毒血症的26例病例组和未发生尿源性脓毒血症的172例对照组进行相关因素的回顾性分析。结果单因素分析结果显示性别,结石大小,手术时间、糖尿病、尿培养与输尿管软镜碎石术后并发尿源性脓毒血症密切相关(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示性别(OR=0.331),结石大小(OR=1.139),尿培养阳性(OR=8.992)为独立危险因素(P值均0.05)。结论女性,大结石,尿培养阳性等患者,行输尿管软镜碎石术后,更容易并发尿源性脓毒血症。应对此类高危患者采取必要预防感染措施,以减少其尿源性脓毒血症的发生。     

输尿管软镜碎石术后尿脓毒血症的危险因素分析

目的探讨输尿管软镜联合钬激光治疗肾结石术后发生尿脓毒血的危险因素。 方法回顾性分析南方医科大学附属江门医院自2015年1月至2016年9月期间66例输尿管软镜术后患者的临床资料。对患者的一般资料进行收集整理,统计分析输尿管软镜术后尿脓毒血症的危险因素。 结果66例肾结石患者均顺利完成输尿管软镜联合钬激光碎石手术,术后9例（13.6%）患者发生尿脓毒血症。术后尿脓毒血症危险因素的单因素分析中,脓尿、结石大小、手术持续时间、感染性结石有统计学意义（P<0.05）。在对包括年龄、性别、糖尿病史、高血压病史、结石手术史、肾功能不全、肾盂积水、术前尿细菌培养、结石大小、脓尿、手术持续时间、感染性结石等作为自变量的多因素Logistic回归分析中,术后尿脓毒血症的危险因素有脓尿（P=0.019）,手术持续时间（P=0.021）,感染性结石（P=0.032）。 结论脓尿、手术持续时间、感染性结石是输尿管软镜碎石术后尿脓毒血症的危险因素。     

IPS评分联合ALB、PLT、Lac对肾结石患者术后并发尿源性脓毒血症的预测价值

目的探讨感染可能性评分(IPS)联合白蛋白(ALB)、血小板计数(PLT)、乳酸(Lac)对肾结石患者经皮肾镜取石术后并发尿源性脓毒血症的预测价值。方法选取2019年1月至2021年2月在宝鸡市中心医院收治的行经皮肾镜取石术治疗的212例肾结石患者作为研究对象, 根据患者术后是否并发尿源性脓毒血症将其分为并发组(24例)和未并发组(188例), 对比两组术前、术后IPS评分和ALB、PLT、Lac水平, 并采用logistic回归分析法分析肾结石患者经皮肾镜取术后并发尿源性脓毒血症的影响因素, 并绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析IPS评分联合ALB、PLT、Lac水平对肾结石术后并发尿源性脓毒血症的预测价值。结果并发组的术前尿培养阳性占比、术后IPS评分及Lac水平均高于未并发组, 而术后ALB水平及PLT则均低于未并发组(均P<0.05)。经logistic回归分析显示, 术前尿培养阳性以及术后IPS评分和Lac水平升高、ALB和PLT水平下降, 均是肾结石术后并发尿源性脓毒血症的危险因素(均P<0.05);ROC曲线分析结果显示, 术后IPS评分联合ALB、PLT、...     

恒压灌注下MPCNL术后并发尿源性脓毒血症的危险因素分析及预测模型的建立

目的分析恒压灌注下微通道经皮肾镜碎石术(MPCNL)后并发尿源性脓毒血症的相关危险因素, 并建立logistic回归预测模型。方法回顾性分析2018年12月至2020年12月期间在本院行恒压灌注下MPCNL治疗的56例上尿路结石患者的临床资料, 以术后发生尿源性脓毒血症的患者为病例组(26例), 采用巢式病例对照研究方法, 以1∶5的比例匹配同期对照组(130例)。采用单因素及多因素logistic回归分析筛选恒压灌注下MPCNL术后尿源性脓毒血症发生的危险因素, 建立logistic回归预测模型, 用Bootstrap再抽样法(1 000次)进行模型内部验证。采用Hosmer-Lemeshow检验对所建立的预测模型的拟合优度进行评估, 采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积对该模型的预测效能进行评定。结果单因素分析结果表明:性别、泌尿系结石手术史、肾积水、术前尿白细胞(WBC)≥2+、术前尿亚硝酸盐(NIT)阳性、术前血中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比例(NLR)≥2.5与恒压灌注下MPCNL术后尿源性脓毒血症的发生均有相关性(均P<0.05);多因素logistic回归分析结果显示:女...     

单通道经皮肾镜取石术结合输尿管软镜治疗鹿角状肾结石

目的:探讨单通道经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石结合输尿管软镜钬激光碎石治疗鹿角状肾结石的手术效果.方法:单通道经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石结合输尿管软镜钬激光碎石治疗鹿角状肾结石96例.结石大小2.9cm×3.4 cm～3.8 cm×5.5 cm,平均3.5 cm×4.2 cm.结果:96例均采用单通道经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石结合输尿管软镜钬激光碎石,一期手术平均手术时间为118 min;结石清除率为82.3%(79/96),二期手术平均手术时间为55 min,结石总清除率92.7%(89/96).7例患者残留结石,大小0.3～1.0 cm,其中5例术后1个月接受ES-WL治疗.术后随访7例残留结石患者2～6个月,结石清除5例.结论:单通道经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石结合输尿管软镜钬激光碎石治疗鹿角状肾结石具有手术时间短、结石清除率高、创伤小、并发症少、周围脏器损伤风险小等优点,可作为鹿角状肾结石的治疗方法.     

Fever attack in percutaneous nephrolithotomy and transurethral ureterolithotripsy

We studied the fever attacks and their factors in the cases of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) and transurethral ureterolithotripsy (TUL). In PNL, fevers were significantly higher and more frequent in the cases with infected urinary stones than those with sterile stones, but prophylactic administration of antibiotics did not lower the fever or its frequency of attack. There was no significant difference between the cases of single procedure and those of multiple procedures although multiple procedures were likely to increase the frequency of fever attacks. In TUL, single J-catheter indwelling decreased fever attacks, but infection and administration of antibiotics did not affect the fever significantly. However, careful control of urinary tract infections before and after operation and of intrarenal pressure during operation are thought to be most important for prevention of fever attacks and urosepsis.     

老年股骨颈骨折半髋关节置换术后输血预测模型的建立

目的分析老年股骨颈骨折患者半髋关节置换术后输血的危险因素,建立老年股骨颈骨折患者半髋关节置换术后输血的列线图预测模型。 方法回顾性分析2016年1月至2020年6月江苏省苏北人民医院股骨颈骨折行半髋关节置换术的235例患者。纳入标准：年龄≥60岁,新发、单侧股骨颈骨折;手术方式为半髋关节置换术。排除标准：合并全身其他骨折;术前输血;合并凝血功能障碍或者其他血液系统疾病;身体状况较差无法耐受手术者;病历资料不完整者。根据术后是否输血,分为输血组和未输血组。收集其临床资料,包括性别、年龄、身体质量指数(BMI)、高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、脑卒中、吸烟、饮酒、术前血红蛋白(Hb)、术前血小板(PLT)、术前白蛋白、术前凝血功能、术前抗凝药使用、骨折Garden分型、受伤至手术时间、假体类型、术后是否引流、术后血钙浓度、美国麻醉师协会(ASA)分级、麻醉方式、手术时间、术中出血量等。应用单因素和多因素logistic回归模型筛选术后输血的独立危险因素;通过R软件构建列线图预测模型,并绘制出受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线及校准曲线来评价模型的区分度和准确度。 结果本研究共纳入235例研究对象,输血组60例,输血率为25.5%。两组患者在术前Hb(χ²＝62.831)、麻醉方式(χ²＝6.539)、手术时间(χ²＝79.392)、术中出血量(χ²＝74.515)、假体类型(χ²＝5.631)方面的组间差异有统计学意义(均为P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归模型分析显示：术前Hb水平(Hb<100 g/L)、手术时间延长(时间≥60 min)、术中出血量增多(出血量≥200 ml)是老年股骨颈骨折患者半髋关节置换术后输血的独立危险因素(均为P<0.05)。列线图预测模型曲线下面积AUC为0.95,校准曲线的斜率接近1,提示该预测模型具有良好的区分度和准确度。 结论基于术前血红蛋白、手术时间、术中出血量这3项独立危险因素构建的老年股骨颈骨折患者半髋关节置换术后输血预测的列线图模型具有良好的区分度和准确度,望为临床上早期甄别术后高风险输血患者提供指导意义。     

Risk factors for urosepsis following percutaneous nephrolithotomy: role of 1?week of nitrofurantoin in reducing the risk of urosepsis

The purpose of this study was to analyze the various risk factors for urosepsis following percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) and to study the role of 1-week nitrofurantoin before PNL in reducing the risk of urosepsis. All patients undergoing PNL from April 2007 to November 2008 were prospectively included and grouped into four cohorts according to the following inclusion criteria: group A: stones ≤ 2.5 cm, no hydronephrosis, sterile urine; group B: diabetes mellitus, serum creatinine > 2 mg/dl, positive urine culture, stag horn stones, presence of nephrostomy or simultaneous bilateral PNL; group C: stones ≥ 2.5 cm and/or hydronephrosis, sterile urine; group D: similar to group C, but received nitrofurantoin 100 mg bid for 7 days before operation. Preoperative urine culture, intraoperative renal pelvic urine culture and stone cultures were obtained. Fever > 380°C and leukocyte counts > 12,000 were considered as systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Endotoxemia was assessed in serum samples. A total of 205 patients were included in the study and grouped into four cohorts as group A (n = 50), group B (n = 54), group C (n = 53) and group D (n = 48). Overall 23% patients had positive renal pelvic urine and/or stone culture, 25% had endotoxemia and 34% developed SIRS. Female gender, chronic renal failure, anemia, hydronephrosis, stones larger than 2.5 cm and prolonged surgery were found to be risk factors associated with urosepsis. Nitrofurantoin prophylaxis resulted in decreased culture positivity (30.2 vs. 8.3%, odds ratio 0.36, p = 0.087), endotoxemia (41.9 vs. 17.5%, odds ratio 0.22, p = 0.001) and SIRS (49 vs. 19%, odds ratio 0.31, p = 0.01). In conclusion, female gender, chronic renal failure, anemia, hydronephrosis, stones larger than 2.5 cm and prolonged surgery were risk factors for urosepsis. Nitrofurantoin is beneficial in the prevention of endotoxemia and urosepsis especially in patients with larger stones and hydronephrosis.     

骨科常见手术术后谵妄的危险因素分析

 目的 分析骨科常见手术术后发生谵妄的相关危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2011年1月至2013年12月行股骨转子间骨折内固定术（155例）、人工股骨头置换术（64例）、全髋关节置换术（169例）、膝关节置换术（65例）和肩关节周围手术（72例）患者525例,根据是否发生术后谵妄分为谵妄组（56例）和非谵妄组（469例）。记录谵妄组和非谵妄组患者年龄、性别、血型以及住院天数、手术方式、麻醉方式、术前准备时间、术前基础疾病状况、术前及术后白蛋白、术前及术后血红蛋白水平、术后电解质是否紊乱、术中出血量、手术持续时间、术后是否ICU监护和输血量等围手术期因素共17项。采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析术后发生谵妄的相关危险因素。结果 单因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,可能与术后谵妄相关的因素有年龄、手术方式、术前准备时间、术前白蛋白水平、术前血红蛋白水平、术后电解质是否紊乱、手术持续时间、是否术后ICU监护和输血量等9项。多因素Logistic回归分析显示：年龄70~80岁和>80岁组术后谵妄发生率高于年龄<70岁组,OR值分别为12.998（95%CI：2.829,59.713）和36.210（95%CI：8.222,159.476）;术前准备时间4~6 d组术后谵妄发生率高于术前准备时间≥7 d组,OR值为3.903（95%CI：1.658,9.188）;术后电解质紊乱组术后谵妄的发生率高于电解质正常组,OR值为2.160（95%CI：1.065,4.382）。结论 高龄、术前准备时间不充分和术后电解质紊乱是骨科术后发生谵妄的高危因素。     

A study on acute renal damage from percutaneous nephrolithotomy assessed by urinary NAG and gamma-GTP activities

We performed percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) on 49 patients between May, 1986 and March, 1987. To investigate acute renal damage from PNL, we measured urinary NAG (N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase) and gamma-GTP (gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase) activities before PNL and for 6 days after PNL in 24 patients. The NAG activities elevated beyond normal level in 23 patients and gamma-GTP activities in 15 patients. NAG activities showed a peak level in the third day after PNL and gamma-GTP activities in the next day of PNL. After the peak both enzyme activities got down gradually. There was no difference in NAG and gamma-GTP activities between nephrostomy and lithotripsy in 2 staged patients. And the intrapelvic pressure during operation was at the normal level in 5 patients. Therefore, we think that the cause of NAG and gamma-GTP activity elevation is a mechanical damage, not an influence of the irrigation fluid. Large stones, long operation time and 2 stage procedure were the factors that produced high enzyme activities, because, we guess, the frequency of mechanical damages to the kidney increase in such cases. Postoperative pyrexia caused a slight increase in enzyme activities but preoperative hydronephrosis exerted no influence on both enzyme activities. We also measured creatinine clearance before and after PNL but no significant change was obtained. PNL causes only slight mechanical damage to the operated kidney which is reversible when assessed by NAG and gamma-GTP activities and the glomerular function is not affected. Therefore, we conclude that PNL is a safe treatment for upper urinary tract stones.     

急性化脓性阑尾炎切口感染的危险因素分析及预防对策

目的：分析急性化脓性阑尾炎患者术后切口感染的危险因素,探讨有效的预防对策。方法回顾性分析我院2011年1月～2014年2月间收治的219例急性化脓性阑尾炎患者的临床资料,观察术后切口感染情况,对术后切口感染的危险因素进行分析,总结预防经验。结果本组219例急性化脓性阑尾炎患者,术后切口感染16例,切口感染率为7.3%。经对症处理后,切口达到Ⅱ期愈合。切口感染率在不同年龄、合并基础疾病、术前应用抗生素以及手术时间方面的差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,而不同性别、切口长度及术后抗生素应用时间方面的差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论高龄、合并有基础疾病、术前未应用抗生素以及手术时间过长是急性化脓性阑尾炎术后切口感染的危险因素,术前合理应用抗生素,术中合理操作,缩短手术时间,术后加强观察是预防切口感染的关键。     

输尿管软镜碎石治疗肾结石患者清石率及多因素logistic回归分析研究

目的研究输尿管软镜碎石(FURL)治疗肾结石患者清石率情况并进行多因素logistic回归分析。方法选择2016年12月至2017年12月于本院治疗的216例肾结石患者为研究对象,所有患者均采用经输尿管软镜钬激光碎石治疗,术后1周进行尿路平片(KUB)复查,根据是否存在结石残留分为残留组与无残留组,调查两组患者性别、年龄、结石情况等病历资料,组间进行单因素、多因素logistic回归分析确定FURL治疗肾结石患者清石率的独立影响因素。结果216例肾结石患者结石残留40例,结石残留率18.52%,清石率81.48%。两组术前尿路感染、结石直径、合并肾功能不全、肾盏夹角、结石脓苔包裹、术中出血、结石数量、手术时间、结石位置差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),组间年龄、性别、合并肾积水、合并糖尿病差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);多因素logistic回归分析结果显示术前尿路感染(OR=2.743,95%CI:1.043~7.316)、结石直径>4 cm(OR=3.654,95%CI:1.211~10.642)、合并肾功能不全(OR=3.032,95%CI:1.132~9.766)、肾盏夹角<30°(OR=3.887,95%CI:1.321~11.598)、结石脓苔包裹(OR=3.221,95%CI:1.187~9.879)是FURL治疗肾结石患者清石率的独立影响因素。结论FURL治疗肾结石具有一定的结石残留情况,术前尿路感染、结石直径>4 cm、合并肾功能不全、肾盏夹角<30°、结石脓苔包裹均可增加结石残留风险,影响手术清石率。     

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy with ultrasonography-guided renal access: experience from over 300 cases

OBJECTIVE: To report our experience with over 300 patients treated with percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL), for although PNL was established as a treatment in the 1970s, its use diminished with the introduction of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL); clinical experience with ESWL showed its limitations, and the role of PNL for treating urolithiasis was redefined, which with improvements in instruments and lithotripsy technology has expanded the capability of percutaneous stone disintegration. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 315 patients (156 males, 159 females, aged 13-85 years) treated with PNL in our department between 1987 and 2002. The mean (range) stone diameter was 27 (7-52) mm. The kidney was punctured under ultrasonography guidance via a lower-pole calyx whenever possible. The working channel was dilated using an Alken dilator under X-ray control. If necessary, a flexible renoscope was used. Ultrasonic, pneumatic and laser probes were used for lithotripsy. RESULTS: Four weeks after treatment the total stone-free rate was 96.5%; 45.7% of all patients were primarily stone-free, 21.3% had clinically insignificant residual stones that passed spontaneously within 4 weeks after PNL, and 33% of the patients needed auxiliary measures (a second PNL, ESWL, ureterorenoscopy). Overall, the early complication rate was 50.8%, the most common complications being transient fever (27.6%), clinically insignificant bleeding (7.6%) or both (3.2%); 3.5% of the patients developed urinary tract infections (with no signs of urosepsis), 3.2% had renal colic and 2.9% upper urinary tract obstruction. One patient (0.3%) developed acute pancreatitis after PNL; one died from urosepsis and one needed selective angiographic embolization of the punctured kidney due to bleeding. No patient required transfusions and there were no injuries to neighbouring organs. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that PNL causes no significant blood loss or major complications in almost all patients. Two aspects may especially reduce the potential complications: ultrasonography-guided renal puncture and using PNL in an experienced centre. PNL is a highly efficient procedure that provides fast and safe stone removal.