标准通道经皮肾镜钬激光碎石取石术联合微通道技术治疗复杂性肾结石的临床疗效观察

目的评价标准通道经皮肾镜钬激光碎石取石术联合微通道技术治疗复杂性肾结石的安全性和临床疗效。方法采用标准通道联合微通道(F22+F16)经皮肾镜钬激光碎石取石治疗的复杂性肾结石病人90例,对手术时间、术中出血量、一期结石清除率和手术并发症等指标进行分析。结果 90例病人中共81例病人行一期标准通道联合微通道经皮肾镜钬激光碎石取石,术中出血量为(94. 71±20. 58) ml,一期总体清石率达为91. 11%,出现术后并发症9例,对症处理后均治愈(仅1例迟发性出血行介入栓塞治疗)。结论标准通道经皮肾镜钬激光碎石取石术联合微通道技术治疗复杂性肾结石净石率高、并发症低,治疗复杂性肾结石可行,安全有效。     

微通道经皮肾镜与组合式输尿管软镜碎石术治疗肾结石比较性研究

目的 比较微通道经皮肾镜与组合式输尿管软镜碎石术两种方式治疗肾结石的疗效和并发症.方法 100例体外冲击波碎石无效的肾结石患者,分为两组,51例患者行微通道经皮肾镜碎石术,49例患者行组合式输尿管软镜碎石术,比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后并发症、术后住院时间、术后清除率.结果 51例微通道经皮肾镜组手术时间(53.5±19.6)min,术中出血(75.0±18.5) mL,术后住院时间为(8.0±1.5)d;术后总并发症发生率80.4％:47例结石清除,总清石率为92.16％.49例输尿管软镜组手术时间为(49.0±25.6)min,术中出血(15.2±2.9) mL,术后住院时间为(4.5±0.6)d;术后总并发症发生率为30.6％;32例结石清除,总清石率为65.31％.两者比较手术时间无明显差别;术中出血量、术后住院时间、术后并发症发生率、总清石率微通道经皮肾镜组大于组合式输尿管软镜组;但分组分层发现在多部位、多发结石方面清石率组合式输尿管软镜组优于微通道经皮肾镜组.结论 微通道经皮肾镜在治疗结石负荷＜2 cm、下盏结石、单个结石优于组合式输尿管软镜,但在多部位、多发结石方面清石率组合式输尿管软镜优于微通道经皮肾镜.     

改良负压吸引经皮肾镜钬激光碎石71例报告

目的探讨改良负压吸引经皮肾镜钬激光碎石的方法及可行性。方法2007年1月至2008年12月,我院采用改良负压吸引经皮肾镜钬激光碎石治疗。肾结石71例,其中单发肾结石37例,多发肾结石34例,鹿角状结石11例,结石直径2．0～6．1cm,平均2．4cm。记录碎石取石时间、结石取净率以及手术并发症。结果术中碎石取石时间30～120min,平均56min,一次经皮肾镜取石术结石取尽率为70％（50,71）,总取尽率89％（63／71）。术中术后出血需输血7例,术后感染发热6例,无其它严重并发症。结论改良负压吸引经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术中可促进碎石的排出,提高碎石取石效率,缩短手术取石时间,同时负压吸引可减少肾盂内高压灌注液和细菌毒素的吸收,增加手术安全性。     

无管化微通道经皮肾镜取石术治疗152例嵌顿性输尿管上段结石效果分析

目的 探讨无管化的微通道经皮肾镜取石术(mPCNL)治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石的安全性、可行性及手术指征.方法 回顾性分析2011年7月～ 2014年2月之间符合条件的152例输尿管上段结石患者,行一期无管化微通道经皮肾镜下钬激光碎石取石术.在B超引导下经皮肾穿刺并行通道扩张,建立F14～ F18的通道,碎石取石术后常规留置Double-J管及导尿管,记录每例所需要的手术时间、术中出血及输血情况,观察肾盂有无撕裂、有无临近器官损伤,计算结石清除率,记录术后导尿管留置时间及住院时间.结果 152例患者均成功实施一期碎石取石术,术后未留置肾造瘘管,F14通道21例,F16通道75例,F18号通道56例,平均手术时间(54±11) min,手中无活动性出血,无输血,无肾盂撕裂,无邻近脏器损伤.结石清除率97.3％(148/152),4例结石残留[均于术后3～5d复查KUB及B超提示残余结石直径分别为(4.0、3.6、3.5、3.2mm)].无明显尿外渗、大出血等严重并发症.术后平均留置导尿管3.8 ±0.7d.术后平均住院5.0±0.8d.结论 针对性选择符合条件的嵌顿性输尿管结石患者,无管化的微通道经皮肾镜取石术效果满意,安全,术后恢复快,痛苦小,平均住院时间少.     

斜仰卧-截石位经皮肾镜取石术治疗复杂性肾结石

目的 探讨斜仰卧-截石位经皮肾镜取石术治疗复杂性肾结石的手术方法与安全性评价.方法 2007年3月至2011年12月为686例复杂性肾结石施行斜仰卧-截石位经皮肾镜取石术.男474例,女212例,年龄47.7±12.9岁.术中在斜仰卧-截石位下先行患侧输尿管逆行插管,然后超声定位下建立16-22 F的经皮肾工作通道.从经皮肾通道置入8/9.8 F输尿管镜,采用气压弹道碎石器在灌注泵配合下边冲洗边碎石.记录手术时间、出血量、结石取尽率、并发症等资料,与同期施行的340例俯卧经皮肾镜取石术的临床资料相比较.结果 斜仰卧-截石位经皮肾镜取石术均顺利实施,手术时间72.9±28.7 min,比俯卧位经皮肾镜取石术时间缩短;术中估计出血104.3±76.6 ml,输血率1.31％,结石取尽率80.6％,总体并发症发生率2.62％,与俯卧位组无统计学差异.97.7％的患者诉体位舒适,优于俯卧位组(64.1％).结论 斜仰卧-截石位施行经皮肾镜取石术治疗复杂性肾结石患者体位舒适,安全可行,并发症少;利于术中麻醉监护,提高了手术的安全性;便于术中碎石冲洗出体外,手术效果良好.     

可视微通道经皮肾镜一期取石术联合逆行输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石的临床研究

目的观察可视微通道经皮肾镜一期取石术联合逆行输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石的临床效果。方法选取80例复杂性肾结石患者为研究对象,随机分为对照组40例和观察组40例。对照组接受可视微通道经皮肾镜一期取石术,观察组则给予可视微通道经皮肾镜一期取石术联合逆行输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术。比较两组手术情况,检测手术前后肾损伤因子水平,统计结石清除率和围手术期并发症发生率。结果观察组的术中出血量和住院时间均明显少于对照组(P<0.05),并发症发生率明显低于对照组(P<0.05),而一期手术结石清除率明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。两组术后的NGAL、Cys-C、KIM-1和Scr水平均较术前明显升高(P<0.05),但观察组术后各项肾损伤因子水平均明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论可视微通道经皮肾镜一期取石术联合逆行输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石患者可有效提高一期手术结石清除率,并减少手术操作对肾脏的损伤,减少术中出血量和围手术期并发症发生,缩短住院时间,促进患者恢复。     

经皮肾镜取石术治疗孤立肾肾结石

目的 评估经皮肾镜取石术(PNL)治疗孤立肾肾结石的安全性及有效性.方法 回顾性分析接受PNL治疗的孤立肾肾结石患者10例的临床资料.结果 10例患者中9例行一期PNL,1例先行经皮肾穿刺造瘘术,1周后行二期PNL,均为单通道穿刺取石,手术时间35～220 min,平均118.8 min,无出血、感染等并发症发生.术后尿路平片(KUB)示8例结石清除干净,2例残存结石者行体外冲击波碎石(ESWL).随访6～12个月,肾功能不全的3例患者肾功能恢复正常.结论 PNL治疗孤立肾肾结石安全可行,疗效确切,具有创伤小、恢复快、可反复操作等优点.     

双腔镜系统联合经皮肾镜碎石清石术治疗复杂性肾结石

目的探讨新型肾镜联合李逊镜进行双通道经皮肾镜碎石清石术在治疗复杂性肾结石的疗效和安全性。方法对我科在2004年3月～2010年7月收治的116例复杂性肾结石患者,采用双通道经皮肾镜取石进行回顾性分析。结果 116例患者通道建立成功,平均手术时间152min,术中出血112ml。术后复查KUB,无残余结石69例,残余结石4mm共47例,接受二期取石或体外震波碎石,本组病例无出现严重并发症者。结论双腔镜系统联合经皮肾镜碎石清石治疗复杂性肾结石,手术操作安全,可获得较好的疗效。     

输尿管软镜技术治疗“飞行员肾结石”的安全性及有效性分析

目的 探讨输尿管软镜手术(Retrograde intrarenal surgery,RIRS)在治疗“飞行员肾结石”中的有效性及可行性,介绍本院处理此类结石的初步经验及体会.方法 选取2010年至2013年间于本院接受输尿管软镜治疗的“飞行员肾结石”患者32例(34侧),其中左侧16例,右侧18例,单一结石16例,多发结石18例.患者均为男性,平均年龄25.2岁(19 ～44岁),结石平均直径5mm(3 ～ 11mm),采用STORZE电子镜或经皮肾镜进行手术操作,术前1～2周留置输尿管支架管.对于术后复查有残留结石的患者采用Ⅱ期输尿管软镜或经皮肾镜取石.评估患者围手术期安全性及“净石率”等相关指标.结果 入组患者除2例患者接受经皮肾镜治疗外,其余均顺利完成输尿管软镜碎石取石术.平均手术时间56min(30 ～ 135min),术后平均住院时间2.8d(1～10d).其中29例患者Ⅰ期输尿管软镜取净结石,3例患者行Ⅱ期输尿管软镜碎石术,1例患者Ⅱ期术后仍有残留接受了经皮肾镜手术,1例患者直接采用经皮肾镜手术.入组患者术后复查泌尿系CT均未见结石残留,总体净石率97％,软镜碎石率94％.结论 输尿管软镜术治疗“飞行员肾结石”安全性高,手术效果确切,可以作为此类结石的首选治疗方式.     

经皮肾镜碎石术治疗孤立肾结石

目的回顾性分析经皮肾镜碎石术治疗孤立肾结石的安全性及疗效。方法自2006年5月至2012年3月应用经皮肾镜碎石术治疗孤立肾结石67例,其中,男30例,女37例,年龄25～66岁,平均41.5岁。简单肾结石15例,复杂肾结石52例。单通道碎石20例,多通道碎石47例,采用目标肾盏穹窿部穿刺、多通道多期碎石、标准通道与微通道结合的方法。结果全部67例孤立肾结石患者均成功行经皮肾镜碎石术。Ⅰ期术后无石率(46/67),Ⅱ期术后无石率(60/67),Ⅲ期术后无石率(64/67),术后总的无石率95.5%(64/67)。并发症有液气胸1例;经皮肾通道丢失1例;泌尿系感染、高热3例,未发生感染性休克;术后严重出血需输血5例;轻度肾功能损害3例,均无需透析治疗。结论通过采取术前、术中、术后综合措施,孤立肾的经皮肾镜碎石术风险可控,结石清除率高。     

Multiple tracts percutaneous nephrolithotomy assisted by LithoClast master in one session for staghorn calculi: report of 117 cases

The objective of the study is to evaluate the safety, efficacy and outcome of multiple tracts percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) assisted by LithoClast master (the third-generation Electro Medical System) in one session for the treatment of staghorn calculi. From October 2011 to March 2013, 117 patients with staghorn calculi underwent multiple tracts PCNL in our hospital. The combined pneumatic and ultrasonic powered lithotripter (EMS LithoClast master) was used to fragment and remove the calculi. The data were retrospectively analyzed with regard to stone burden, number of tracts, operation time, total operative blood loss, postoperative hospital stay, complications rate, and stone clearance rate. A total of 142 renal units in 117 patients (63 men and 54 women) were treated. Of the 142 renal units, 77 (54.2 %) had complete staghorn calculi, and 65 (45.8 %) had partial staghorn calculi. A total of 416 tracts were established in the 142 renal units. The mean number of tracts used in a single renal unit was 2.8 (range 2–4), most required three tracts. The mean (range) operating time is 72 (55–130) min. The mean (range) duration of postoperative hospital stay is 5.5 (3–9) days. Mean estimated operative blood loss is 150 (60–350) mL. The complications included blood transfusion in 9 (7.7 %) patients, high fever in 12 (10.3 %), sepsis in 5 (4.3 %), hydrothorax in 4 (3.4 %), and pseudoaneurysm in 3 (2.6 %). A complete stone clearance rate of 87.2 % (102/117) was achieved after one session of PCNL. This rate increased to 94.0 % after a secondlook procedure. In conclusion, multiple tracts PCNL assisted by EMS LithoClast master in one session is safe and effective in achieving a great stone clearance rate with acceptable morbidity for the treatment of staghorn calculi.     

42例输尿管上段结石的经皮肾造瘘输尿管镜碎石治疗

目的:探讨经皮肾造瘘输尿管镜碎石术(PCNL)治疗输尿管上段结石的方法和疗效.方法:PCNL治疗42例输尿管上段结石,对其方法和疗效进行分析.结果:38例I期PCNL,残石率15.78%(6/38).2例I期经皮肾造瘘(PCN),Ⅱ期PCNL.2例因术中Peel-away鞘连同安全导丝一并脱出,改开放手术.结论:PCNL治疗输尿管上段结石具有创伤小、安全、操作相对简单、残石率低、出血少、恢复快、并发症少的优点.     

Tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a prospective feasibility study and review of previous reports

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the status of tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in managing renal and upper ureteric calculi, from initial experience and a review of previous reports. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From September 2004 to December 2004, 46 patients were scheduled for tubeless PCNL in a prospective study. Patients with solitary kidney, or undergoing bilateral simultaneous PCNL or requiring a supracostal access were also enrolled. Patients needing more than three percutaneous access tracts, or with significant bleeding or a significant residual stone burden necessitating a staged second-look nephroscopy were excluded. At the end of the procedure, a JJ ureteric stent was placed antegradely and a nephrostomy tube avoided. The patients' demographic data, the outcomes during and after surgery, complications, success rate, and stent-related morbidity were analysed. Previous reports were reviewed to evaluate the current status of tubeless PCNL. RESULTS: Of the 46 patients initially considered only 40 (45 renal units) were assessed. The mean stone size in these patients was 33 mm and 23 patients had multiple stones. Three patients had a serum creatinine level of >2 mg/dL (>177 micromol/L). Five patients had successful bilateral simultaneous tubeless PCNL. In all, 51 tracts were required in 45 renal units, 30 of which were supracostal. The mean decrease in haemoglobin was 1.2 g/dL and two patients required a blood transfusion after PCNL. There was no urine leakage or formation of urinoma after surgery, and no major chest complications in patients requiring a supracostal access tract, except for one with hydrothorax, managed conservatively. The mean hospital stay was 26 h and analgesic requirement 40.6 mg of diclofenac. Stones were completely cleared in 87% of renal units and 9% had residual fragments of < 5 mm. Two patients required extracorporeal lithotripsy for residual calculi. In all, 30% of patients had bothersome stent-related symptoms and 60% needed analgesics and/or antispasmodics to treat them. CONCLUSION: Tubeless PCNL was safe and effective even in patients with a solitary kidney, or with three renal access tracts or supracostal access, or with deranged renal values and in those requiring bilateral simultaneous PCNL. The literature review suggested a need for prospective, randomized studies to evaluate the role of fibrin sealant and/or cauterization of the nephrostomy tract in tubeless PCNL.     

局部浸润麻醉超声引导下经皮肾镜取石术

目的探讨局部浸润麻醉下超声引导经皮肾穿刺取石术（PCNL）治疗肾结石或输尿管上段结石的方法及效果。方法该组42例肾结石或输尿管上段结石均采用超声引导，局部浸润麻醉下行经皮肾穿刺取石术。结果42例均一期穿刺造瘘成功，39例一期成功PCNL，3例患者因脓肾改行二期PCNL，一期手术结石清除率为83．8％。手术时间为15～80min，平均55min，无严重并发症。结论局麻下超声引导PCNL治疗多发性肾结石或输尿管上段结石具有操作简单、创伤小、并发症少、恢复快、结石清除率高等优点，可作为部分简单肾结石或输尿管上段结石的治疗方法。     

肾上盏入路经皮肾镜取石术的疗效与安全性探讨

目的 评价经肾上盏入路行PCNL的疗效及安全性.方法 2007年10月至2009年10月行经肾上盏入路PCNL治疗肾结石患者42例.其中鹿角形结石10例,肾盂结石22例,肾上盏结石7例,下盏多发结石3例;合并输尿管上段结石4例,合并肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄(UPJO)2例;结石长径2.0～6.5 cm,平均3.4 cm.B超引导下选取肾上盏穿刺,穿刺点选在第10或11肋间,建立经皮肾通道(16～26 F).经皮肾镜或输尿管镜下气压弹道或钬激光碎石. 结果 42例均一期成功建立经皮肾通道并碎石.单通道取石36例(85.7%),双通道取石6例(14.3%).手术时间30～140 min,平均65 min.术后发热4例(9.5%),输血1例(2.4%),肾盂穿孔1例(2.4%).无气胸、血胸、腹腔脏器损伤.一期结石清除率88.1%(37/42),3例(7.1%)行二次肾镜取石,2例(4.8%)辅助体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)治疗. 结论经肾上盏入路PCNL活动范围大,对于部分复杂性肾结石碎石取石方便,是一种安全有效的方法.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)guided by ultrasonography through upper pole access. Methods From October 2007 to October 2009, 42 patients with upper urinary tract calculi underwent PCNL through upper pole access.Among these cases, there were 10 cases of staghorn calculi, 22 cases of renal pelvis calculi, 7 cases of the upper calyx calculi, 3 cases of the lower calyx calculi, 4 cases combined with ureter calculi and 2 cases combined with ureteropelvic junction obstruction. The stone measured from 2.0 to 6.5 cm (average: 3.4 cm) in length. Working tunnels (F16-F26) were established through the 10th or llth intercostals. Pneumatic or holmium laser lithotripsy was used to disintegrate and remove stones by nephroscopy or ureteroscopy. Clinical data including operation time, complications and stone free rate were analyzed retrospectively. Results All the operations were completed in one session, single tract was used in 36 cases(85.7%), double tracts were used in the other 6 cases(14.3%). The stonefree rate after one session was 88.1% (37/42), 3 cases(7.1%) received a second-session PCNL, 2 cases (4.8%)underwent ESWL after operation. The mean operative time was 65 min(30- 140 min).Postoperative surgery-related infection rate was 9. 5% (4/42). One patient (2. 4%)required blood transfusion. Perforation of the pelvis occurred in 1 patient(2.4 %). No pleural or important organ injury occurred. Conclusion The upper pole access for PCNL can be convenient to remove stones,this method is a highly efficient and safe technique.     

Minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy with multiple mini tracts in a single session in treating staghorn calculi

There has been continuing controversy regarding multiple tracts in a percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) session that may bring more complications, especially severe bleeding need for transfusion, even nephrectomy. Little tracts may bring less trauma to renal parenchyma than standard PCNL tracts. We carried minimally invasive PCNL (MPCNL) in treating staghorn calculi with multiple 16Fr percutaneous tracts in a single session, in an attempt to get high stone free with little trauma, and compared the morbidity of standard PCNL procedures in a prospective trial. A total of 54 consecutive patients with staghorn calculi were prospectively randomized for MPCNL (29) and PCNL (25). The size and location of stone, operative parameters, number of tracts, stone-free rate, operating time, hospital stay and complications were analyzed. In MPCNL group, a total of 67 percutaneous tracts were established in 29 renal units, while 28 tracts in 25 renal units in PCNL group. Compared to PCNL, MPCNL was associated with higher clearance rate (89.7 vs. 68%, p = 0.049), less chance need for adjunctive procedure of SWL or second-look PCNL (24.1 vs. 60%, p = 0.007), while a similar complication rate (37.9 vs. 52%, p = 0.300). In conclusion, with the development of instruments and increased experience, judiciously made multiple percutaneous tracts in a single session of MPCNL for treating staghorn calculi were safe, feasible and efficient with an acceptable morbidity.     

以肾中盏为目标肾盏行气压弹道联合超声碎石治疗鹿角形结石的效果及安全性

目的：探讨以肾中盏为目标肾盏,采用气压弹道联合超声碎石方式治疗鹿角形结石的效果及安全性。方法：取俯卧位,采用气压弹道联合超声碎石的方式,以肾中盏为目标肾盏行经皮肾镜碎石术（percutaneous nephrolithotomy,PCNL）治疗鹿角形结石患者145例184侧,其中不完全性鹿角形结石115例侧,完全性鹿角形结石69例侧。观察结石的排除率及并发症。结果：144例侧行一期单通道碎石（中盏）,7例侧行一期双通道碎石（中盏及下盏5例,中盏及上盏2例）;2例侧残留肾盏结石未进一步处理,自动出院;31例侧行二期碎石,单通道者29例,其中4例先行ESWL再行PCNL碎石;双通道者2例（中盏及上盏1例,中盏及下盏1例）。151例侧排尽结石,其中完全性鹿角形结石54例侧,不完全性鹿角形结石97例侧,结石清除率82．1％。手术时间120～330min,平均（147±23）min。血红蛋白下降1～4g／L,平均下降（2．0±0．6）g／L,术中输血22例,术后输血5例;术后肾盂内感染3例,合并肾周感染、单侧分肾功能受损1例。平均住院时间（13．0±3．5）天。结论：以肾中盏为目标肾盏行PCNL治疗鹿角形结石是非常有效和安全的;气压弹道联合超声碎石对鹿角性结石的清除率较高,治疗时问短,并发症少。     

经皮肾镜碎石术治疗症状性肾盏憩室结石11例报告

目的：探讨经皮肾镜碎石术治疗肾盏憩室结石的安全性及有效性.方法：回顾性分析11例接受经皮肾镜碎石治疗肾盏憩室结石患者的临床资料：采用标准通道经皮肾镜术4例,微通道肾镜术7例.10例行Ⅰ期直接穿刺憩室碎石术,1例因通道出血改为Ⅱ期碎石.6例术中用自制电钩切开肾盏憩室颈口.结果：手术时间平均为（1.83±0.49）h,结石直径平均为（1.73±0.71）cm,2例中盏憩室结石取净,术后未留置D-J管,1例中盏憩室结石术后完全无管化.术后复查KUB平片,9例取净,2例残留,结石直径均小于4 mm,未行碎石,结石清除率为81.8%,尤并发症发生.随访3个月～1年,8例症状缓解,3例减轻.结论：经皮肾镜碎石术治疗症状性肾盏憩室结石安全可行,可做为选择性治疗方法.     

B超引导下经皮肾镜取石术治疗上尿路结石1289例临床总结

目的 探讨B超引导下PCNL治疗上尿路结石的有效性与安全性. 方法 2004年6月至2009年7月行超声引导下PCNL 1289例.其中输尿管上段结石386例;肾单发结石463例,多发结石355例,鹿角形结石85例.结石大小0.8 cm×1.2 cm～9.0 cm×5.3 cm,平均2.1 cm×3.1 cm.伴不同程度肾积水935例. 结果 1289例无中转开放及死亡.平均手术时间90(55～220)min,平均术中出血量175(60～800)ml.术中、术后输血31例,术后因出血行超选择性肾动脉栓塞术14例(1.09%).一期单通道取石1105例,二通道取石108例,三通道取石76例.一期结石取净率85.03%(1096/1289);193例结石残留者中,67例行ESWL,126例行二期PCNL,其中85例结石取净.总结石取净率91.62%(1181/1289).结论 B超引导下PCNL治疗上尿路结石具有定位准确、工作通道建立安全简便、结石取净率高、创伤小、并发症少等特点,手术适应证选择、手术技巧掌握、相应配套设施的保障是PCNL成功的关键.     

经皮肾镜碎石取石术严重出血的相关因素分析

目的探讨经皮肾镜碎石取石术（PCNL）严重出血的有关风险因素,为预防和减少因PCNL而导致严重出血提供依据。 方法回顾性选取2014年8月至2017年8月收住我院行PCNL的650例上尿路结石患者资料。对患者一般状况,如年龄、性别、孤肾、高血压、糖尿病、术前凝血功能、术前肌酐值、肾积水程度、泌尿系感染等,结石的多少、大小、位置、形态,术者操作因素（术中通道数目、单通道的大小、单通道的入路、单通道的穿刺位置、分期手术、手术时间）进行单因素χ²检验,再对有意义的指标行多因素Logistic回归分析。 结果χ²检验显示高血压、糖尿病、术前凝血功能异常、术前肌酐值>115 μmol/L即肾功能不全、泌尿系感染、中重度肾积水、多发肾结石、结石位于肾盂和肾盏、术中多通道、术中较大穿刺通道、二期手术、手术时间超过90 min与PCNL术后严重出血有关（P<0.05）。Logistic回归分析,术中较大穿刺通道、手术时间超过90 min、泌尿系感染、肾功能不全与PCNL术后严重出血有关（P<0.05）。 结论术中较大穿刺通道、手术时间超过90 min、泌尿系感染、肾功能不全是PCNL术后严重出血的危险因素。