颌面部神经阻滞在唇腭裂修复术围手术期的应用进展

背景 唇腭裂在小儿先天性疾病中占很高比列,小儿唇腭裂修复术围手术期的疼痛对喂养和伤口愈合有很大影响. 内容 总结分析颌面部神经阻滞对唇腭裂患儿围手术期镇痛、术后苏醒、颌面部神经阻滞相关并发症以及对术后应用镇痛药物各方面的影响. 目的 通过对小儿唇腭裂修复术围手术期颌面部神经阻滞镇痛方式、应用药物研究现状的总结归纳,探讨颌面部神经阻滞用于唇腭裂修复术围手术期的镇痛效果和副作用,为唇腭裂修复术围手术期镇痛提供有效的依据,完善小儿镇痛. 趋向 颌面部神经阻滞是唇腭裂修复术围手术期较为理想的一种镇痛方式,超声的引进使小儿术后镇痛得到进一步完善.但目前仍缺乏一种绝对满意、安全的颌面部神经阻滞方法,相关内容仍需进一步临床研究.     

超声引导下双侧竖脊肌平面阻滞在儿童漏斗胸Nuss手术的应用

目的:探讨超声引导下双侧竖脊肌平面阻滞（erector spinae plane block, ESPB）在儿童漏斗胸Nuss手术的应用和对术后镇痛的影响。方法:行择期漏斗胸Nuss手术的患儿60例,年龄6~12岁,ASA分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级,按随机数字表法分为竖脊肌平面阻滞组（E组）和对照组（C组）,每组30例。两组患儿均采...     

漏斗胸患者Nuss手术后慢性疼痛的危险因素

目的 探讨漏斗胸微创矫正术(Nuss手术)后慢性疼痛的危险因素.方法 回顾性分析2013年1月至2019年9月择期行胸腔镜Nuss手术患者168例,男130例,女38例.收集患者联系方式、人口学资料、术前合并症、漏斗胸严重程度分级、神经阻滞情况、手术时间和术后24 h VAS疼痛评分.电话随访患者或家属完成术后慢性疼痛...     

Nuss手术及其改良术式治疗大龄漏斗胸患者的围术期护理

对19例大龄漏斗胸患者采用Nuss手术治疗,其中2例非对称性漏斗胸患者采用改良Nuss手术。结果本组患者均顺利完成手术,胸廓凹陷程度明显改善,其中5例术后疼痛剧烈,2例出现发热,1例气胸,经对症处理缓解,19例均临床痊愈出院。术后随访16～34个月,患者生活、学习、工作正常,无矫形板移位、翻转、复发及脊柱侧弯等,均获得满意的胸廓外观,无需使用药物镇痛。提示对年龄≥13岁漏斗胸行Nuss术及改良Nuss术治疗的患者,做好术前教育及心理护理,术后做好镇痛、体位、活动护理,监护呼吸功能,能促进患者术后的康复。     

超声引导下肋间臂神经阻滞的研究进展

肋间臂神经阻滞可为上臂内后侧区、腋区的手术提供术中及术后镇痛。肋间臂神经常起源于第2胸神经,其解剖变异较大,终止于上臂内后侧、腋底及侧胸壁。超声引导下肋间臂神经阻滞的方法主要有经胸壁阻滞和经腋区阻滞两种。肋间臂神经与乳腺手术后疼痛和感觉异常相关。臂丛联合肋间臂神经阻滞能为上肢手术提供更全面的镇痛。本文从肋间臂神经的解剖、超声引导下肋间臂神经阻滞的方法及临床意义等方面的研究进展作一综述。     

超声引导下胸神经阻滞在乳腺手术中的研究进展

正乳腺手术尤其是乳腺癌根治术后常出现中度至重度急性疼痛,急性疼痛与术后慢性疼痛的发生及持续时间密切相关,明显降低术后生活质量[1]。多模式镇痛观点提倡联合应用神经阻滞、非甾体类抗炎药、阿片药物等多种麻醉方法与药物减轻患者疼痛,降低阿片药物用量及相关不良反应。超声定位法的出现,大大提升了麻醉科医师开展外周神经阻滞的技术水平。胸神经(pectoral nerves, Pecs)阻滞是一类新型浅表神经阻滞,其安全性高、镇痛效果好,临床应用日益增     

非胸腔镜辅助微创Nuss手术治疗先天性漏斗胸疗效评价

目的比较非胸腔镜与胸腔镜辅助微创Nuss手术治疗先天性漏斗胸的临床疗效。方法按照手术方式不同将我院收治的66例先天性漏斗胸患儿分为实验组35例和对照组31例,实验组患儿给予非胸腔镜辅助微创Nuss手术治疗,对照组患儿给予胸腔镜辅助微创Nuss手术治疗,比较两组患儿一般手术情况、围术期并发症以及近期疗效。结果两组患儿均顺利完成手术,实验组患儿手术时间显著短于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;两组患儿术中出血量及术后住院时间比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;两组患儿优良率和并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论非胸腔镜辅助微创Nuss手术治疗先天性漏斗胸疗效与胸腔镜辅助微创Nuss手术相同,但非胸腔镜辅助微创Nuss手术简化了手术操作,缩短了手术时间,临床应用价值更高。     

胸部神经阻滞的研究进展

<正>胸部外科手术常伴随术后疼痛,目前常用的胸部区域阻滞镇痛技术包括胸段硬膜外阻滞、肋间神经阻滞、椎旁神经阻滞和局部切口浸润麻醉[1]。以上几种区域阻滞各自存在着优缺点,安全有效的胸部神经阻滞方法仍是临床麻醉的需求~([2])。本文就胸部神经应用解剖、神经阻滞入路及方法、临床应用常见问题和并发症进行综述。胸部神经应用解剖胸内侧神经胸内侧神经源起C_8~T_1,自臂丛内侧     

超声引导下前锯肌平面阻滞在胸科手术中的应用进展

<正>胸部外科手术常伴随术后疼痛,不仅增加术后肺部并发症的发生,同时延长术后恢复时间。目前常用的胸部区域阻滞镇痛技术各有其局限性[1],近年来一种新颖的胸部神经阻滞技术——超声引导下前锯肌平面阻滞(serratus anterior plane block,SAPB)安全易实行且镇痛效果完善,主要被用于管理前外侧胸壁的疼痛。本文就SAPB的应用解剖、超声引导下不同胸科手术SAPB的入路和方法及其临床效果评价进行综述。SAPB的应用解剖     

Nuss手术及其改良术式治疗漏斗胸的早期经验与探讨

目的 总结微创漏斗胸矫形术(Nuss手术)及其改良术式治疗漏斗胸的早期治疗经验.方法 39例对称性漏斗胸患者采用Nuss手术治疗,即在胸腔镜监视下将矫形钢板由一侧胸腔经胸骨后穿至对侧胸腔,翻转后固定.3例非对称性漏斗胸患儿采用改良Nuss手术.结果 42例患者均顺利完成手术,手术时间20～60 min,平均31.3 min,出血量10～50 ml.住院时间3～12 d,平均5.7 d.6例患者术后疼痛较明显,3例患者出现发热,对症治疗后改善.无气胸及皮下气肿、无切口感染.术后3～18个月随访,40例患者矫形效果满意.2例患者术后矫形板移位,1例再次手术.结论 Nuss手术治疗漏斗胸具有微创、美观、创伤小,安全可靠的优点,便于推广;非对称性漏斗胸患者采用改良Nuss手术治疗,近期效果满意,远期效果还需观察.     

Perioperative hypnosis reduces hospitalization in patients undergoing the Nuss procedure for pectus excavatum

PURPOSE: To assess whether perioperative hypnosis can reduce the length of hospitalization and alter the need for postoperative analgesics in patients undergoing the Nuss procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten consecutive patients (age range, 12-18 years) underwent the Nuss procedure with the same operative technique. For pain management they were divided into two sequential groups: the 5 patients in the nonhypnosis group were managed with an epidural catheter, and analgesia was supplemented with intravenous or oral narcotics as requested. These patients all required Foley catheters for bladder drainage while the epidural was in place. The second group of 5 patients was prepared by teaching them self-hypnosis for postoperative pain management in one or two brief sessions. Postoperative self-hypnosis was prescribed and encouraged. These patients were allowed patient controlled analgesia and were supplemented with intravenous or oral narcotics as requested. Four of the patients in this group required a straight catheterization of the bladder the evening of surgery. Data collected included hospitalization and analgesia requirements as well as other unusual findings. RESULTS: The patients in the hypnosis group spend an average of 2.8 days in the hospital compared with 4.6 days in the nonhypnosis group (p < 0.01). There was also a trend toward less parenteral narcotic use. Postoperative discomfort was better controlled with oral analgesics in the hypnosis group. There were no adverse effects from the hypnosis. CONCLUSION: In this small study, perioperative hypnosis was associated with a reduced hospital stay in patients undergoing the Nuss procedure for pectus excavatum.     

阿片类药物依赖患者的术后镇痛

背景 阿片类药物是术后镇痛的主要药物,但长期使用阿片类药物的患者因对阿片类药物产生耐受而难以得到较理想的临床术后镇痛效果.目的 讨论如何采用不同的镇痛技术和药物来更好地为这些患者提供良好镇痛.内容 介绍阿片类药物依赖的流行病学及术后镇痛特点,如何对阿片类药物依赖规范合理使用阿片类药物及辅助类镇痛药物,麻醉医生擅长的神经...     

阿片类药物依赖患者的术后镇痛

背景 阿片类药物是术后镇痛的主要药物,但长期使用阿片类药物的患者因对阿片类药物产生耐受而难以得到较理想的临床术后镇痛效果.目的 讨论如何采用不同的镇痛技术和药物来更好地为这些患者提供良好镇痛.内容 介绍阿片类药物依赖的流行病学及术后镇痛特点,如何对阿片类药物依赖规范合理使用阿片类药物及辅助类镇痛药物,麻醉医生擅长的神经阻滞技术在该类患者应有独特的地位.趋向 在阿片类药物依赖患者,通过使用阿片类药物、局麻药和辅助性镇痛药,将不同作用机制的药物或方法联合使用,发挥药物的相加或协同作用的平衡镇痛及多模式镇痛将是术后镇痛技术的主要发展方向.     

PROSPECT guideline for total hip arthroplasty: a systematic review and procedure-specific postoperative pain management recommendations

The aim of this systematic review was to develop recommendations for the management of postoperative pain after primary elective total hip arthroplasty, updating the previous procedure-specific postoperative pain management (PROSPECT) guidelines published in 2005 and updated in July 2010. Randomised controlled trials and meta-analyses published between July 2010 and December 2019 assessing postoperative pain using analgesic, anaesthetic, surgical or other interventions were identified from MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane databases. Five hundred and twenty studies were initially identified, of which 108 randomised trials and 21 meta-analyses met the inclusion criteria. Peri-operative interventions that improved postoperative pain include: paracetamol; cyclo-oxygenase-2-selective inhibitors; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; and intravenous dexamethasone. In addition, peripheral nerve blocks (femoral nerve block; lumbar plexus block; fascia iliaca block), single-shot local infiltration analgesia, intrathecal morphine and epidural analgesia also improved pain. Limited or inconsistent evidence was found for all other approaches evaluated. Surgical and anaesthetic techniques appear to have a minor impact on postoperative pain, and thus their choice should be based on criteria other than pain. In summary, the analgesic regimen for total hip arthroplasty should include pre-operative or intra-operative paracetamol and cyclo-oxygenase-2-selective inhibitors or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, continued postoperatively with opioids used as rescue analgesics. In addition, intra-operative intravenous dexamethasone 8–10 mg is recommended. Regional analgesic techniques such as fascia iliaca block or local infiltration analgesia are recommended, especially if there are contra-indications to basic analgesics and/or in patients with high expected postoperative pain. Epidural analgesia, femoral nerve block, lumbar plexus block and gabapentinoid administration are not recommended as the adverse effects outweigh the benefits. Although intrathecal morphine 0.1 mg can be used, the PROSPECT group emphasises the risks and side-effects associated with its use and provides evidence that adequate analgesia may be achieved with basic analgesics and regional techniques without intrathecal morphine.     

Same day discharge for pectus excavatum—is it possible?

PurposeThe use of intercostal nerve cryoablation (INC) has been an effective modality for treating pain in patients undergoing pectus excavatum (PE) repair. This study sought to evaluate if PE patients undergoing Nuss procedures with INC and intercostal nerve block (INB) could safely be discharged the same day of surgery.MethodsA prospective study with IRB approval of 15 consecutive patients undergoing PE Nuss repair with INC, INB, and an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol was conducted. The primary outcome measure was hospital length of stay (LOS) in hours. Secondary variables included same day discharge, postoperative complications, emergency department (ED) visits, urgent care (UC) visits, opioid use, and return to the operating room (OR).ResultsLOS averaged 11.9 h amongst 15 patients. Ten patients (66.7%) went home on postoperative day (POD) 0, and the rest went home on POD 1. No patients stayed in the hospital due to pain. Reasons for failure to discharge included urinary retention, drowsiness, vomiting, and anxiety, but not pain. No patients were readmitted to the ED. One patient visited UC for constipation. One patient had bar migration requiring return to the OR for revision. Ten (66.7%) patients did not use opioids after discharge.ConclusionsSame day discharge is feasible and safe in PE patients undergoing Nuss procedure with INC and INB. INC with INB can adequately control pain without significant complications. Same day discharge can be safely considered for PE patients undergoing Nuss procedure with INC with INB.Type of studyPrognosis studyLevel-of-evidence ratingLevel II     

Paravertebral analgesia in thoracic surgery

Managing postoperative pain from thoracotomy is one of the greatest challenges anesthesiologists face in daily practice. Proper management is assumed to improve the patient's prognosis. The thoracic paravertebral block, following its rediscovery, is being used with increasing frequency and success for both surgery and recovery from thoracotomy, challenging the supremacy of thoracic epidural analgesia, which to date has been considered the gold standard. We describe the history, anatomy, techniques and complications of the thoracic paravertebral block and review published randomized controlled trials comparing the thoracic paravertebral block to placebo and to epidural analgesia. In view of published evidence, it seems that the thoracic paravertebral block may replace the thoracic epidural technique as the gold standard for providing analgesia for patients undergoing thoracotomy.     

Bilateral PECS II Block is Associated with Decreased Opioid Consumption and Reduced Pain Scores for up to 24 hours After Minimally Invasive Repair of Pectus Excavatum (Nuss Procedure): A Retrospective Analysis

Objective(s)Compared to the open surgical technique, the minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum (MIRPE; Nuss procedure) is a thoracoscopic technique designed to minimize intraoperative tissue damage. It still causes severe postoperative pain due to the insertion and pressure of the retrosternal bar used to raise the sternum and stabilize the chest. This study aimed to identify associations between ultrasound-guided PECS-II block and postoperative analgesia after the Nuss procedure.DesignA retrospective cohort studySettingSingle-center, training and research hospital affiliated with a universityParticipantsFrom Jan 1, 2018 to Nov 15, 2021, 171 consecutive patients were identified who underwent MIRPE surgery under general anesthesia. All patients received intravenous (I) patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with or without PECS-II blocks for postoperative analgesia. One hundred twenty-five patients who met the inclusion criteria were evaluated.InterventionsDemand-only morphine intravenous PCA was used for postoperative pain management in the PECS and control groups. Bilateral PECS-II block with 0.25% bupivacaine was performed in to the PECS group.Measurements and main resultsThe primary outcome was postoperative opioid consumption, calculated as mg/kg of IV morphine. Secondary outcomes included Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) pain scores at rest (static) and with movement (dynamic) recorded 1, 4, 8, 12, 24 h after surgery. Postoperative morphine consumption was significantly lower in the PECS group than in the control group over the first 24 hours postoperatively: 0.325 mg/kg vs. 0.425 mg/kg (p<0.001). Static and dynamic NRS values were significantly lower in the PECS group for the first 12 postoperative hours (p <0.05).ConclusionsBilateral PECS-II block is associated with decreased pain scores for up to 12 hours, and with decreased opioid consumption for up to 24 hours, following minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum (Nuss procedure) in adolescents. PECS-II block in this context has not been previously described.     

Strategies for postoperative pain relief in neurosurgical intensive care unit

Despite advances in neurosurgical and neuroanesthesiological practice, postoperative pain continues to be undertreated. There are many modalities that may provide safe and effective postoperative analgesia. We discuss mainly systemic (e.g. opioids, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents) analgesic options. They still remain the most widely used method for providing pain relief in acute surgical situations. The exact choice or combination of analgesics utilized for a particular patient will depend on the risk benefit profile and patient preferences. Especially is crucial to promptly involve the analgesics when an opioid tolerant patient requires aggressive pain treatment. But, opioid analgesia alone may not fully relieve all aspects of acute postoperative pain. Combinations of drugs acting on different mechanisms of nociceptive modulation will decrease the incidence of adverse effects and offer additive and/or sinergistic effects. Analgesic concentrations of ketamine infusions remain a valuable addition to opioid administration. Complementary medicine techniques used as adjuvant therapies have the potential to improve pain management and improve postoperative distress. Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMB) in the intensive care unit (ICU) patient facilitate intubation and ventilatory support, decrease oxygen consumption, facilitate bedside procedures and diagnostics, and potentially decrease intracranial pressure. Ideally, analgesics, sedatives and/or muscle relaxants should be combined into a multimodal approach to facilitate patient recovery after surgery. Although a great deal is known about specific drugs and dosage requirements, further research is needed that clearly examines optimal scheduling regimens if we are to maximize patient care. The most important rule of pain management is that pain is what the patient says it is.     

Next day discharge after the Nuss procedure using intercostal nerve cryoablation,intercostal nerve blocks,and a perioperative ERAS pain protocol

BackgroundThe Nuss procedure for pectus excavatum has historically been associated with significant postoperative pain, which has been the major factor contributing to hospital length of stay (LOS).MethodsA single-institution, prospective study of 40 consecutive patients undergoing Nuss bar placement for pectus excavatum between November 2019 and January 2021 was conducted to assess the effectiveness of a multimodality pain management protocol. All patients received T3-T8 intercostal nerve cryoablation (INC), T3-T8 bupivacaine intercostal nerve blocks, Exparel at the skin incisions, and management with a perioperative analgesia regimen that minimized narcotic usage. The primary outcome was LOS. Secondary outcomes included opioid use, pain scores, and time to sensory recovery.Results37/40 patients (92.5%) were discharged home on postoperative day (POD) 1, and 3/40 (7.5%) were discharged on POD 2 (mean LOS = 1.1 days). The median average postoperative pain score was 2/10. After eliminating IVPCA from our protocol, total oral morphine equivalent (OME) decreased by 73% (55.5 mg to 15 mg) with no change in pain scores or discharge timing.ConclusionsINC combined with bupivacaine intercostal nerve blocks and a pre- and post-hospital analgesia protocol facilitated discharge one day after the Nuss procedure, achieved excellent pain control, and eliminated the need for intravenous opioids.     

Intraoperative intercostal nerve cryoablation During the Nuss procedure reduces length of stay and opioid requirement: A randomized clinical trial

PurposeMinimally-invasive repair of pectus excavatum by the Nuss procedure is associated with significant postoperative pain, prolonged hospital stay, and high opiate requirement. We hypothesized that intercostal nerve cryoablation during the Nuss procedure reduces hospital length of stay (LOS) compared to thoracic epidural analgesia.DesignThis randomized clinical trial evaluated 20 consecutive patients undergoing the Nuss procedure for pectus excavatum between May 2016 and March 2018. Patients were randomized evenly via closed-envelope method to receive either cryoanalgesia or thoracic epidural analgesia. Patients and physicians were blinded to study arm until immediately preoperatively.SettingSingle institution, UCSF-Benioff Children's Hospital.Participants20 consecutive patients were recruited from those scheduled for the Nuss procedure. Exclusion criteria were age < 13 years, chest wall anomaly other than pectus excavatum, previous repair or other thoracic surgery, and chronic use of pain medications.Main outcomes and measuresPrimary outcome was postoperative LOS. Secondary outcomes included total operative time, total/daily opioid requirement, inpatient/outpatient pain score, and complications. Primary outcome data were analyzed by the Mann–Whitney U-test for nonparametric continuous variables. Other continuous variables were analyzed by two-tailed t-test, while categorical data were compared via Chi-squared test, with alpha = 0.05 for significance.Results20 patients were randomized to receive either cryoablation (n = 10) or thoracic epidural (n = 10). Mean operating room time was 46.5 min longer in the cryoanalgesia group (p = 0.0001). Median LOS decreased by 2 days in patients undergoing cryoablation, to 3 days from 5 days (Mann–Whitney U, p = 0.0001). Cryoablation patients required significantly less inpatient opioid analgesia with a mean decrease of 416 mg oral morphine equivalent per patient (p = 0.0001), requiring 52%–82% fewer milligrams on postoperative days 1–3 (p < 0.01 each day). There was no difference in mean pain score between the groups at any point postoperatively, up to one year, and no increased incidence of neuropathic pain in the cryoablation group. No complications were noted in the cryoablation group; among patients with epidurals, one patient experienced a symptomatic pneumothorax and another had urinary retention.Conclusions and relevanceIntercostal nerve cryoablation during the Nuss procedure decreases hospital length of stay and opiate requirement versus thoracic epidural analgesia, while offering equivalent pain control.Type of studyTreatment study.Level of evidenceLevel I.