血液病房1 921例住院病人院内感染资料分析报告

目的 探讨血液病房住院病人医院感染的特点、规律及相关因索，加强血液病房医院内感染控制。方法 采用回顾性调查与前瞻性调查相结合的方法调查医院感染病例及相关资料。结果 共调查192l例住院病人，发生医院内感染371例，感染率为19．31％；560例次，感染例次率为29．15％。结论 血液病房的病人发生院内感染机率极高，预防与控制血液病房院内感染极为重要。     

医院感染的流行病学研究

目的：了解医院感染的流行特征。方法：根据卫生部医院感染监控小组确定的标准，对1996－2000年13613例住院病人中发生的440例医院感染者进行临床流行病学研究。结果：医院感染发生率为3．23％，医院感染率以内科为最高，妇科为最低，医院感染发生部位以呼吸道感染为主，占50．68％，结论：加强对医院感染的监测与系统管理对降低医院感染率效果显著，医院感染的主要部位是呼吸道感染。     

广东省某医院儿科病区院内感染情况分析

目的 了解儿科病区院内感染发生情况,为控制儿科病区院内感染提供科学依据。方法 收集广东省某医院1999～2002年儿科病区医院感染的监测资料进行统计与分析。结果 1999～2002年共有住院病人7285人次,发生院内感染263例次,院内感染率为3．6％;医院感染高发部位的前三位为口腔感染(占33．1％)、上呼吸道感染(占29．7％)、胃肠道感染(占27．8％)。对55例次病人进行病原学检查,检出的病原微生物中真菌占41．2％,病毒占35．3％,革兰阴性菌占23．5％。结论 对儿科病区医院感染的控制应该强调合理使用抗生素,加强消毒隔离等措施。     

院内感染的发生率与危险因素探讨

本文对泰山医学院附属医院１９９４年新入院的４５０８例住院病人进行了前瞻性随访调查，共发生院内感染２５６例，总发生率５．６８％。描述了院内感染的分布特征，对院内感染发生的危险因素了进行探讨。     

医院内感染研究进展

医院内感染是指病人入院后发生的感染。当前医院内感染仍然是困扰医疗质量提高的重要因素之一,也是住院病人死亡率增加的主要原因,院内感染发病率有逐年上升趋势。据WHO统计,国外院内感染发病率为3％-21％,我国统计为9％～20％。按我国的院内感染率推算,每年因     

广州市儿童医院1993～2000年医院感染分析

目的 探讨儿童医院医院感染的发病情况。方法 采用回顾性调查方法，分析本院1993－2000年住院患儿医院感染的发病率。结果 91265例住院患儿，发生医院感染4672例，医院感染率为5．13％，总感染率呈逐年下降趋势。感染部位以上呼吸道（39．38％）、胃肠道（17．08％）和下呼吸道（15．24％）及皮肤组织感染（12．39％）为主。结论 医院感染的防治工作仍需进一步加强。     

某院医院感染统计分析

目的调查医院感染现状，有效预防、控制院内感染，降低院内感染率。方法对某院2004--2005年院内感染病案进行调查分析。结果院内感染发生率为2．09％，老年科、血液科感染率最高，院内感染发生部位以呼吸道感染为主。结论通过缩短住院天数，减少侵入性操作等手段，制定有效的综合措施，降低院内感染发生。     

儿科院内感染46例临床分析

目的探讨儿科院内感染的相关因素及预防措施。方法对笔者所在医院儿科2006年2月至2008年9月间住院病例中院内感染的46例患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果院内感染率为3．15％。口腔真菌感染率为32．6％，居首位。感染患儿原发疾病中，呼吸系统疾病居首位。使用广谱抗生素感染率为43．54％，滥用肾上腺皮质激素感染率为26．06％。结论临床医生合理应用抗生素，慎用肾上腺皮质激素是降低基层医院儿科院内感染关键。     

78例急性白血病诱导缓解治疗期院内感染分析

调查分析１９９２年至１９９６年间初治急性白血病（ＡＬ）住院病人７８例，发生院内感染５７例（７３．１％）其中死亡１２例（２１．１％）感染以下呼吸道常见（４２．１％）其次为败血症（２２．８％）感染病原菌主要为Ｇ＾－杆菌和Ｇ＾＋球菌及真菌，化疗和滥用抗生素以及白细胞减少是增加感染的危险因素，建议今后要加强对这类病人院内感染的监测和预防。     

上海地区老年人院内感染的前瞻性调查

1988年10月～1989年9月期间共收治老年患者1490例,住院期间发生院内感染190例,院内感染率12.7％。原发病严重程度与院内感染有密切关系,最终致死性疾病,快速致死性疾病的院内感染率分别为20.7％及28.6％。白血病、粒细胞<2×10~9/L、肾功能不全、激素及化疗、晚期转移性肿瘤等院内感染率高。随着住院时间的延长,院内感染率呈逐渐增加趋势。院内感染部位以下呼吸道最常见,其次为尿路、胃肠道、皮肤软组织、上呼吸道及外科伤口感染。院内感染致病菌中革兰氏阳性球菌占19.1％,革兰氏阴性杆菌60.2％,真菌20.6％。院内感染病死率为10.5％。本文就发生院内感染的原因及控制院内感染的措施进行讨论。     

Hospital infection surveillance in 5 Roman intensive care units

The A.A. carried out a survey on hospital acquired infection (HAI) in the intensive care units (ICU) of five roman hospitals. The study monitored the following site-specific infection rates: pneumonia (PNE), blood stream infections (BSI), urinary tract infections (UTI), surgical site infections (SSI). According to CDC definitions all patients developing infection 48 hours or more after ward admission were included. Furthermore risk factors (i.e. age, sex, SAPS II), invasive procedures (i.e. endotracheal intubation, vascular and urinary catheterisation), microbiological isolates and their antibiotic susceptibility were screened. The overall 503 patients characteristics (i.e., age, length of stay, case-mix...) showed the wards as general ICU's. Although the SAPS II score was similar, mortality (18.2%-42.9%) and general infection rates (15.4%-40.4%) among the five ICU's were considerably variable (p < 0.05), as HAI episodes distribution by type: PNE (37-88%), BSI (6-42%), UTI (6-24%), SSI (3-7%) (p < 0.05). Also device-associated infection rates such as Ventilator-associated PNE (11.6-24.6@1000), Vascular catheter-associated BSI (3.4-19.2@1000). Urinary catheter-associated UTI (2.6-14.0@1000) and invasive procedures management were different. Among the infected patients the most commonly isolated microorganisms were P. aeruginosa and Staphylococcus spp., which presented a considerable antibiotic resistance. The study showed: 1) sampling (i.e. blood cultures, tracheal aspirate and urine samples) and laboratory methodology indispensable for a correct HAI diagnosis were not standardized in the five ICU's; 2) hospital infection control policy was not carried out in all ICU's. The study showed a lack of standardization which limits the comparability of the general roman ICU's.     

血液病房医院真菌感染的特征与危险因素分析

目的研究血液病房住院患者医院真菌感染特征及危险因素,探讨真菌感染的预防控制措施。方法回顾性调查2006-2010年收治的4243例血液病患者,对其真菌感染特征及相关危险因素进行分析。结果 4243例患者发生医院感染1401例次,例次感染率为33.0%,其中真菌感染478例次,例次感染率为11.3%,真菌感染发病率逐年升高;基础疾病以急性白血病为主,占61.1%;真菌感染部位以口咽部居首,占59.2%,其次为肺部,占18.2%;以肺部及血液真菌感染治疗费用最高;粒细胞缺乏、长期住院(≥14d)、长期应用广谱抗菌药物(≥7d)、原发疾病未缓解是医院真菌感染的最主要危险因素。结论血液病患者医院真菌感染发病率升高,危险因素多,治疗费用高,需采取综合措施有效降低真菌感染的发病率。     

Prevalence of nosocomial infections in Italy: result from the Lombardy survey in 2000

A one-day survey was carried out in 88 out of 113 public hospitals in Lombardy to obtain prevalence rates of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) by hospital departments and to identify the pathogens more frequently involved. In total 18667 patients were surveyed, representing 72% of the average daily total of occupied beds in public hospitals in Lombardy. The overall prevalence of HAI was 4.9%. The highest prevalence was observed in intensive care units and in spinal units. The prevalence of bloodstream infections was 0.6%; pneumonia 1.1%; urinary tract infections 1.6% and gastrointestinal infections 0.4%. In surgical patients the prevalence of surgical site infections was 2.7%. The most frequently isolated pathogen from all sites of infections was Escherichia coli (16.8%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (15.0%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13.2%) and Candida spp. (8.7%). Methicillin-resistant S. aureus accounted for 23% of all isolated S. aureus. The results provide baseline data for rational priorities in allocation of resources, for further studies and for infection control activities.     

心内科住院患者医院感染相关因素分析及预防治疗对策

目的 分析心内科住院患者医院感染的相关因素,探讨预防治疗心内科住院患者医院感染的对策.方法 对医院心内科2008年11月—2009年11月所发生的77例医院感染住院患者的诊治资料进行回顾性分析,并与同期心内科389例未发生感染的住院患者诊治资料进行对比,总结医院感染相关因素,并探讨其预防治疗对策.结果 经对比分析,感染患者与未感染患者的平均年龄为(60,4±12.5)、(51.3±16.1)岁,平均住院时间为(19.2±2.7)、(14.6±3.1)d,人均抗菌药物使用(4.8±2.3),(2.9±1.9)例次,平均实施(7,6±2.5)、(5.2±3.1)例次侵入性操作,单间病房使用率为11.3％、19.4％,责任护士年资＞5年占27.8％、68.3％,上述因素为医院感染相关因素,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 高龄、住院时间长、病房环境差、过量频繁使用抗菌药物、护理时防污染措施不到位等与心内科住院患者医院感染直接相关;临床在对心内科患者进行治疗及护理时,应加强医院感染控制管理,做好病房环境控制,尽量降低心内科住院患者医院感染发生率.     

县医院医院感染特点调查分析及对策

目的 探讨医院感染的特点、危险因素与管理存在的薄弱环节,为制定有效的干预措施提供依据.方法 采用回顾性的方法 对2007～2008年出院的44 093份病历进行调查.结果 医院44 093例住院患者发生医院感染1084例,感染率2.46%,医院感染部位以呼吸道为主占69.84%,其次为皮肤软组织8.35%和胃肠道5.30%,高发科室为神经内科感染率10.02%、脑外科5.20%和儿科2.93%;神经内科的感染部位主要为下呼吸道感染占48.26%,脑外科的感染部位也以下呼吸道为主,占53.68%;医院感染的病原菌以革兰阴性菌居多占49.57%.结论 强化医务人员对医院感染的预防控制意识,规范各种操作行为,合理应用抗感染药物等是控制医院感染的有力措施.     

Cryptosporidium muris is particularly hazardous for people with suppressed immune systems from drugs or diseases, e.g. AIDS

A study to determine the prevalence of hospital-acquired infection was undertaken in the Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre Hospital in Brazil. The study was carried out in selected clinical areas of the hospital over a one-year period from 1987 to 1988. Of 397 patients surveyed, infections were present in 168 (42.3%); 53 (13.4%) were hospital acquired and 115 (29%) community acquired. The commonest infections involved the lower respiratory tract (30%), bacteraemias (24.4%) and the urinary tract (10%). A high prevalence of infection was encountered in the intensive care units.     

Surgical site infections in cardiac surgery after a hospital catastrophe

On 2 November 1999, one of the main hospital fa?ades adjoining cardiovascular surgery collapsed in a 900-bed teaching hospital in Santander, Spain. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the accident affected the safety of patients by increasing the risk for nosocomial and surgical site infections (SSI). Measures for the prevention of nosocomial infections were immediately reinforced. A total of 217 consecutive patients were operated on before 2 November 1999, with another 296 after this date. Patients in both study periods showed similar severity of illness, complexity of surgical procedure and length of hospital stay. The overall rate of nosocomial infection before and after the accident was 28.1% and 24.7%, respectively (P=0.381). The rates of respiratory infection, urinary infection and bacteraemia were also similar. A statistically significant reduction in the SSI rate in the second period was observed (14.8% vs 4.4%, P=0.008). The collapse of the fa?ade was not associated with any increase in nosocomial infection rates, but there was a significant reduction of SSI rates in relation to intensive infection control measures implemented after the collapse.     

深圳一号线地铁站室内空气质量状况分析

目的了解深圳地铁一号线地铁站的室内空气质量状况及其影响因素。方法根据《公共场所卫生监测技术规范》的要求,对一号线地铁站的站厅、站台及其室外对照进行卫生监测。结果部分地铁站的室内噪声的监测结果均值达不到卫生标准的要求;站厅的室内照度、CO2高于站台,而站厅的室内甲醛、IP低于站台,差异有统计学意义(p<0.05);站厅的温度、湿度、风速、噪声、CO和空气细菌总数略低于站台。上午监测的温度、湿度、照度、CO2低于下午,而上午监测的甲醛、空气细菌总数高于下午,差异有统计学意义(p<0.05)。结论新风质量和人流量对地铁站室内的空气质量有一定影响。     

某部军事训练伤前瞻性流行病学研究

目的：了解军事训练伤的发生规律与特点。方法：采用前瞻性流行病学研究方法,对某部１９９７年３月至２月的军事训练伤进行调查。结果：该部军事训练伤的年度发生率为３０．０４％,上半年训练伤的发生率明显高于下半年,训练伤的发生率随年龄增加而逐渐下降,不同单位训练伤的发生率不同。在训练伤病例中以关节扭伤所占比例最大（３３．２１％）,受伤部位以肘,腿,踝和腕部为主,受伤课目以战术训练和５公里越野跑等所占比例高（