脊髓内部动脉构筑的优化分析

４例新鲜足月胎儿尸体脊髓，经墨汁灌注，厚片透明后，选择Ｙ型的动脉分支３１４个，同不测量动脉分支管和夹角，对其进行了优化分析。从实测值和理论值的定性比较图中可以看出，动脉分支的管径和夹角的实测值和理论值是近乎一致的，同时又具有合理的生物学离散特点。     

脊髓下段后索动脉供应的应用解剖

目的 为脊髓下段后索切开行周围神经游离移植或转位桥接术提供解剖学资料。方法 观测15具(30侧)成人尸体标本T_(10)-L_1脊柱平面的脊髓后动脉及动脉吻合的位置、管径及出现率。结果 脊髓后动脉在脊髓后外侧沟与后正中沟之间,呈连续或断续分布,出现率100％,平均管径为0.46mm,距后正中沟距离平均2.2mm,距后外侧沟距离平均为0.54mm。两侧间无显著差异。脊髓后动脉间吻合动脉的出现率为33％,平均管径0.40mm。结论 脊髓后动脉是脊髓下段后索区域的主要供血来源。脊髓后索纵行切口选择在离后正中沟1.5mm处损伤血管的可能性较小。     

成年家犬胸腰段脊髓营养动脉的解剖学研究

目的 :了解成年家犬胸腰段脊髓营养动脉的数目、管径和配布特点。方法 :7只成年家犬动脉灌注乳胶后取脊髓全长 ,对其胸腰段脊髓营养动脉进行观测。结果 :胸腰段脊髓的前根髓动脉 (12 .6± 2 .1)条 ,管径 (0 .2 182± 0 .0 773 )mm ,基本不成对分布 ,左侧者居多 ;最大前根髓动脉位于中腰髓 ,管径 (0 .3 83 6± 0 .0 3 3 1)mm ,动脉干长 (9.17± 1.68)mm。胸腰段脊髓后根髓动脉数目 (12 .7± 3 .4)条 ,管径 (0 .1663± 0 .0 3 72 )mm ,多不成对分布。前正中动脉在胸髓较细 ,管径为 (0 .14 68± 0 .0 2 5 2 )mm ,在腰髓较粗 ,管径为 (0 .2 677± 0 .0 414 )mm。两条后外侧动脉均较细 ,其间多吻合。结论 :与人类不同 ,成年家犬胸腰段脊髓动脉血供相当丰富 ,以犬为实验动物 ,制作急性脊髓缺血损伤模型时必须考虑到被阻断血流动脉的级别、节段、侧别、数目等因素对局部脊髓血供的影响。     

人体胆管优化问题初探

胆道系统具有复杂的三维空间结构。研究其基本形态特征不仅具有生理学、解剖学方面的理论意义,而且对于应用新型物理手段治疗肝胆疾患,如电水锤爆破法治疗胆石症和液体弹性波排除术后残余结石,以及对于胆石成因中流体力学机制和人体胆系自然排石机理的研究,都有着重要的现实意义。 作者用灌注腐蚀法制作了胆道系统空间结构标本,通过观察分析发现:1.人体胆管系可视作“Y”型分离体的复合;2.若“Y”型分离体两分枝管截面积大致相等,则两分枝管与母管中心延长线间的夹角大致相同;3.若分枝管的截面积大小不同,则细支管与母管中心延长线间的夹角较大;4.若分枝管的截面积相差悬殊,则细支管与母管中心延长线大体成直角;5.两分枝管的截面积之和通常大于母管截面积。 在上述认识基础上,作者利用最小能量原理对“Y”型分离体进行优化分析,并将理论值与119个“Y”型分离体的实测数据相比较,认为理论分析可以反映胆管系的基本形态特征。     

国人直肠上动脉的介入解剖研究

目的观察直肠上动脉的形态、分布并测量相关数据,为临床经直肠上动脉的介入诊疗提供基础资料。方法随机选取成人尸体20具,婴幼儿尸体15具,行巨微解剖观测。结果直肠上动脉供应整个直肠及部分肛管的血液,向上参与乙状结肠末段的血供;直肠上动脉本干及左、右、背侧支起点的内管径均值均大于0.8mm,各分支与本干间下夹角均值均小于50°。结论直肠上动脉本干及其一级分支的角度及管径等,均可满足临床介入手段的需要;直肠上动脉作为直肠供血动脉中最重要、最恒定的一支,是动脉插管的首选途径。     

胸腹段食管动脉的观测

解剖观测了32例(男20,女12)成人胸腹段食管动脉,发现胸上段、胸下段和腹段的食管动脉干支分别为112支、158支、75支,平均为3.53支、4.96支、2.34支.长度为3.0-82.88mm.各支多数贴食管上升、下降或水平方向走行,沿途分为1～9小支至食管壁.食管动脉的管径较细,胸段270个分支中,管径大于0.2mm者有206支.各段血管分布的观察结果,未见明显的乏血管区.本文认为游离食管结扎动脉时,只宜结扎直接进入食管的分支.     

胸腰段脊柱手术与脊髓血供损伤的相关性研究

目的：为减少手术中对脊髓血供损伤和设计合理脊柱手术入路提供基础。方法：20俱尸体运用解剖、血管铸型及9例成年人常规进行超选择性脊柱脊髓血管造影等方法，对脊柱脊髓血管应用解剖较系统地研究，了解脊柱脊髓血供及代偿通路。结果：①节段动脉在肋横突关节内侧椎间孔部发出根髓动脉。②胸段毗邻的肋间动脉吻合主要是椎间孔周围和骶棘肌内两处；而腰段还有椎体侧面的髂腰肌和腰大肌中的吻合。③超选择性血管造影显示胸、腰段，毗邻的节段动脉之间及与对侧同名动脉之间有广泛吻合。胸段动脉多见以横向连接吻合，而腰段除此之外还可见明显的动脉上下2～3节段侧支吻合。结论：①脊柱前路矫形应在根髓动脉分支前，结扎多个节段血管，脊髓血供可以通过后方代偿，能避免累及脊髓根髓动脉产生脊髓损伤；②侧前入路应在根髓动脉分支后，经胸、腰段毗邻的动脉之间，椎间盘切除或椎间隙减压伤及根髓动脉出现脊髓损伤机率最小。③后入路截骨选择经过椎弓、椎体中部截骨损伤血管最少。     

动脉分支和血流分配的定量分析

目的 详细分析动脉分支角和血管半径的关系。方法 运用生物学中的基本原理和方法进行分析。结果 动脉分支的分支角和血管半径有关，子管半径（r)和母管半径（r0)之比（r/r0)越小，分支角（θ)越大，cosθ=r/r0。动脉分支处的子管中的平均血流速度（v)与子管半径成正比，与母管中平均血流速度（v0)的关系是v=v0cosθ。用子管半径越小，子管中的红细胞压积越低的结果，解释了血液的血浆撇取效应。结论 血管不仅是血液输运器官，也是血流分配器官和红细胞分配器官。     

椎动脉颅内段、基底动脉及其主要分枝的观察

1.在104例成人脑标本上观察了椎动脉颅内段、基底动脉及它们的主要分枝。 2.有53.9％的基底动脉平脑桥下缘起始。其余起点高于或低于该平面。但少数基底动脉的起点特高或特低。 3.两侧椎动脉的管径大都不相等,其中以左侧较大的为最多(为总数的46.88％)。 4.脊髓前动脉的形式较为复杂,多数具有不同的吻合形式。 5.大多数迷路动脉是小脑下前动脉的一个分枝,直接起于基底动脉的很少。有极少数的迷路动脉起源于小脑下后动脉或小脑下中动脉。 6.小脑下中动脉是一枝罕见的小脑动脉,纤细而不成对。共发现18例(左侧8例,右侧10例)。 7.关于各小脑动脉的管径与动脉分布的代偿问题作了讨论。     

前臂骨间膜前面尺侧的动脉及其与穴位的关系

目的：探讨前臂骨间膜前面尺侧的动脉分布及其与心经穴位的关系。方法：成人前臂动脉乳胶灌注及墨汁灌注的标本,解剖观测其骨间膜前面尺侧的动脉分布。结果：前臂骨间膜前面尺侧的动脉来自骨间前动脉及其前终末支的节段性分支,在心经沿线2、3寸处的动脉支出现率均大于59．3％,2寸处动脉支管径粗、分支多、供血量大,且向下密集分布到与心经穴位相关的骨间膜远段。结论：前臂骨间膜前面尺侧的动脉呈节段性分支分布,与心经相关穴位的血管分布较密集。     

Arterial branching in various parts of the cardiovascular system

Angiographic pictures of vascular beds in various parts of the cardiovascular system were analyzed to study the geometrical structure of arterial bifurcations. The sites of arterial bifurcations were enlarged individually, and measurements were made of the branching angles and branch diameters at each site. Results from various parts of the cardiovascular system of man, and some from rabbit and pig, were compared with each other. The measurements were also compared with “optimum” values of branching angles and branch diameters which have been predicted by various theoretical studies. In general the measurements were found to give support to the theoretical premise that branching angles and branch diameters in the cardiovascular system are dictated by certain optimality principles which aim to maximize the efficiency of the system in its fluid-conducting function. In some parts of the system, however, the measured angles and diameters were found to be decidedly lower than those predicted by theory.     

Three-dimensional arrangement of the vasa vasorum in explanted segments of the aged human great saphenous vein: scanning electron microscopy and three-dimensional morphometry of vascular corrosion casts

The vasa vasorum of skeletonized and nonskeletonized segments of five human great saphenous veins (GSVs), harvested during coronary bypass grafting, were cannulated, rinsed, and injected (casted) with the polymerizing resin Mercox-Cl-2B. After removal of the dry vascular tissue, the casts were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Stereopaired images (tilt angle, 6 degrees ) were taken, imported into a 3D morphometry system, and the 3D architecture of the vasa vasorum (arterial and venous vasa as well as capillaries) was studied qualitatively and quantitatively in terms of vasa diameters, intervascular and interbranching distances, and branching angles. Diameters of parent (d(0)) and large (d(1)) and small (d(2)) daughter vessels of arterial and venous bifurcations served to calculate asymmetry ratios (alpha) and area ratios (beta). Additionally, deviations of bifurcations and branching angles from optimal branches were calculated for selected arterial vasa. The arrangement of the vasa vasorum closely followed the longitudinally oriented connective tissue fibers in the adventitia and the circularly arranged smooth muscle cell layers within the outer layers of the media. Venous vasa by far outnumbered arterial vasa. Vasa vasorum changed their course several times in acute angles and revealed numerous circular constrictions, kinks, and outpouchings. Due to their spatial arrangement, the vasa vasorum are prone to tolerate vessel wall distension generated by acute increases in blood pressure or stretching of the vessel without severe impact on vessel functions. Preliminary comparisons of data from the bifurcations of cast arterial vasa vasorum, with calculated optimal bifurcations, do not yet give clear insights into the optimality principle(s) governing the design of arterial vasa vasorum bifurcations of the human GSVs.     

Evaluation by solid vascular casts of arterial geometric optimisation and the influence of ageing

In the theoretical analysis of arterial networks the existence of geometric optimisation has long been suggested, although observational studies have not yet fully corroborated these theories. Since this could be due to experimental flaws, the aim of this study was to establish the validity of arterial geometric optimisation using a new experimental design and to assess the influence of ageing. Solid vascular casts of arterial mesenteric branching systems of 8-wk-old and adult dogs (beagles) were used to examine vascular diameters and branching angles, the latter in a manner that allowed optimisation of the line of view, thus minimising distortion errors due to a line of view not normal to the branching plane. Internal and external vessel diameters were found to be in accordance with the theoretical principle of minimum work (8-wk-old internal: r = 0.994; adult internal: r = 0.971; adult external: r = 0.985). Although branching angles were found to be in agreement with basic qualitative principles of arterial branching geometry, the measurements still showed a large amount of scatter and were generally smaller than expected on theoretical grounds, despite the newly designed measuring technique. These branching angles demonstrated small age-related differences. However, when biological cost was considered per bifurcation, surprisingly, guidance towards minimum lumen volume and pumping power with increase in age could clearly be demonstrated ( P <0.001). It is concluded that our findings support the existence of a degree of arterial geometric optimisation in favour of minimum lumen volume and pumping power, increasing with age. Future investigations should focus on the biofeedback mechanisms involved.     

Optimality in the Variation of Average Branching Angle with Generation in the Human Bronchial Tree

In the human bronchial tree the branching angle becomes larger with generation or for the smaller branches. Previous theories based on single parameter optimization have not been successful at all in predicting the consistent increasing trend of branching angle with continued bifurcation. In this study a new theory for the optimality of the branching angle is proposed, which is based on the optimization between dual competing performances, the maximum space-filling capability at the expense of minimum energy loss. A large-angle branching gives an effect of delivering air into a new direction away from the preceding airways. It then has an effect of utilizing the lung volume with better uniformity, but at the same time inevitably requires a high pressure loss. It is shown in this paper that the ever increasing branching angle with generation can be well explained as the optimum branching structure where the dual opposing performance of space filling and pressure loss is optimized. In estimating the pressure loss, branching loss is considered in addition to the Poiseuille loss. Change of predicted optimum branching angle with generation shows an excellent agreement with the observed data found in the human conducting airways.     

犬胸腰段选择性脊髓动脉造影的解剖学研究

目的：为犬胸腰段选择性脊髓动脉造影（SSCA）实验提供解剖学依据。方法：7只犬行动脉乳胶灌注,观测与选择性肋间（腰）动脉插管相关的指标。结果：每例起始于降主动脉的肋间（腰）动脉32～35支,多成对;起始高度多在相应上一个椎体、椎间隙平面;起始方位以后中壁和后外侧壁居多;从颅侧向尾侧,与降主动脉下夹角渐减,起点间距离渐增;始端内径小于4F导管管径;每对动脉的起始处多不在同一水平面上。结论：犬肋间（腰）动脉有其特殊性,选用适宜导管,参照相关解剖学资料,可有效行犬胸腰段SSCA。     

采用Photoshop软件对成年SD大鼠脊髓中皮质脊髓束三维重建的研究

目的利用大鼠脊髓连续切片,结合三维重建工具软件对正常大鼠皮质脊髓束进行三维重建。方法制作正常成年SD大鼠脊髓连续横断切片,进行Luxol快蓝(LFB)染色并摄片,获得大鼠脊髓皮质脊髓束连续切片图像。在Photoshop软件环境下完成切片图像的配准、分割、灰度化。利用3D-DOCTOR软件进行阈值分割并对大鼠脊髓、脊髓灰质、双侧皮质脊髓束结构进行三维重建,在普通台式机(PC)上对重建结构进行任意角度的观察、切割和测量。结果重建出的大鼠脊髓、脊髓灰质、双侧皮质脊髓束具有立体感,大鼠皮质脊髓束于大鼠颈1节段(C1)~骶4节段(S4)走行于大鼠脊髓后索腹侧,紧贴灰质中间带背侧,呈逐渐变细的类圆柱状形态。在PC机中进行切割后可以对切割后剩余结构进行表面积和体积的数据测量。结论利用大鼠脊髓的连续LFB染色切片,结合计算机三维重建技术,能够进行大鼠皮质脊髓束的三维重建,并提供测量数据。     

Multidetector-row computed tomography for evaluating the branching angle of the celiac artery: a descriptive study

Background

We performed this study in order to investigate the shape of the origin of the celiac artery in maximum intensity projection (MIP) using routine 64 multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT) data in order to plan for the implantation of an intra-arterial hepatic port system.

Methods

A total of 1,104 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were assessed with MDCT. In the definition of the branching angle, the anterior side of the abdominal aorta was considered the baseline, and the cranial and caudal sides were designated as 0 and 180 degrees, respectively. The angles between 0 and 90 degrees and between 90 and 180 degrees from the cranial side were considered upward and downward, respectively, and the branching angle of the celiac artery was classified every 30 degrees. The subclavian arterial route was used for the implantation of an intra-arterial hepatic port system in patients with branching angles of 150 degrees or more (sharp downward).

Results

The median branching angle was (median ± standard deviation) 135?±?23 (range, 51–174) degrees. The branching was upward in 77 patients (7%) and downward in 1,027 patients (93%). The branching was downward with an angle of 120 to150 degrees in most patients (n?=?613). The branching was sharply downward with an angle of 150 degrees or more in 177 patients (16%). A total of 10 patients were referred for interventional placement of an intra-arterial hepatic port system. The subclavian arterial route was used for implantation of an intra-arterial hepatic port system in 2 patients with sharp downward branching.

Conclusions

The branching angle of the celiac artery can be easily determined by the preparation of MIP images from routine MDCT data. MIP may provide useful information for the selection of the catheter insertion route in order to avoid a sharp branching angle of the celiac artery.     

大鼠脊髓中间外侧核细胞簇的观测

脊髓的中间外侧核(IML)呈簇状分布。簇内神经元为梭形,卵圆形,三角形和多角形,纵向排列。本文以计算机图象分析仪对大鼠IML簇的各径进行了测量。不同节段细胞簇的大小和间距有所不同。上胸节段的IML簇横径最宽;中胸节段的IML簇各径均最小。     

Optimality in the developing vascular system: branching remodeling by means of intussusception as an efficient adaptation mechanism.

The theory of bifurcating vascular systems predicts vessel diameters that are related to optimality criteria like minimization of pumping energy or of building material. However, mechanisms for producing the postulated optimality have not been described so far, and quantitative data on bifurcation diameters during development are scarce. We used an embryonic vascular bed that rapidly grows and adapts to changing hemodynamic conditions, the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), and correlated vascular cast and tissue section morphology with in vivo time-lapse video monitoring. The bifurcation exponent delta and associated parameters were quantitatively assessed in arterial and venous microvessels ranging in diameter from 30 to 100 microm. We observed emergence of optimality by means of intussusception, i.e., formation of transvascular tissue pillars. In addition to intussusceptive microvascular growth (IMG = expansion of capillary networks) and intussusceptive arborization (IAR = formation of feeding vessels from capillaries) the observed intussusception at bifurcations represents a third variant of nonsprouting angiogenesis. We call it intussusceptive branching remodeling (IBR). IBR occurred in vessels of considerable diameter by means of two alternative mechanisms: either through pillars arising close to a bifurcation, which increased in girth until they merged with the connective tissue in the bifurcation angle; or through pillars arising at some distance from the bifurcation point, which then expanded by formation of ingrowing tissue folds until they became connected to the tissue of the bifurcation angle. Morphologic evidence suggests that IBR is a wide-spread phenomenon, taking place also in lung, intestinal, kidney, eye, etc., vasculature. Irrespective of the mode followed, IBR led to a branching pattern close to the predicted optimum, delta = 3.0. Significant differences were observed between delta at arterial bifurcations (2.70 to 2.90) and delta at venous bifurcations (2.93 to 3.75). IBR, by means of eccentric pillar formation and fusion, was also involved in vascular pruning. Experimental changes in CAM hemodynamics (by locally increasing blood flow) induced onset of IBR within less than 1 hr. Our study provides morphologic and quantitative evidence that a similar cellular machinery is used for all three variants of vascular intussusception, IMG, IAR, and IBR. It thus provides a mechanism of efficiently generating complex blood transport systems from limited genetic information. Differential quantitative outcome of IBR in arteries and veins, and the experimental induction of IBR strongly suggest that hemodynamic factors can instruct embryonic vascular remodeling toward optimality.     

家兔胸神经腹支与脊髓和交感干的联系——HRP法研究

为探讨每一胸神经腹支与脊髓和交感干椎旁节的联系,将30％的HRP溶液分别浸渍或注入家兔的Ⅰ—Ⅺ对胸神经腹支,观察了与每一神经相连的及其上下相邻的共五个脊髓节段、脊神经节及交感干椎旁节,将所取材料进行切片、成色、观察。结果:(1)在浸渍或注入侧,可见脊髓前角外侧,第Ⅺ层,出现被标记的运动细胞。标记细胞除存在于与各该胸神经相连的脊髓节段外,在上一髓节的全部或下半部,以及下一髓节的上半部也出现标记细胞。说明参与组成每一胸神经腹支的运动细胞存在于邻接的三个脊髓节段内。(2)每一胸神经腹支的标记的传入神经细胞只存在于浸渍或注入侧的与其相连的同节段脊神经节内。(3)在浸清或注入侧,交感干椎旁节内标记的节后神经细胞,不仅见于浸渍或注入侧的相连的椎旁节,且见于相邻的上一和下一椎劳节内。