黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的CT诊断

目的:探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎(xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis,XGC)的CT表现特点,提高XGC的诊断准确率。方法:回顾性分析经手术病理证实的XGC 7例的临床表现特点。结果:7例中术前诊断正确2例,5例误诊。6例胆囊不同程度增大,7例囊壁均增厚,4例增厚胆囊壁内均可见形态不规则的低密度灶,4例黏膜线完整,胆囊结石3例,胆总管结石1例,胆囊床清晰6例,肝脏局部性受侵1例;增强扫描呈"夹心饼干征"2例,低密度结节环形强化3例。结论:CT增强扫描后的"夹心饼干征"、黏膜完整、低密度结节和胆囊床清晰等征象,对XGC的诊断有重要价值。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎影像学表现及其病理学基础

目的 探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎(XGC)的CT与MRI表现及其病理学基础.方法 回顾经手术及病理证实的27例XGC患者影像学资料,27例行CT检查,其中20例行MRI检查.分析CT及MRI影像学表现特征,并与病理结果对照分析.结果 胆囊扩大(CT 93％、MR90％),所有患者(100％)均有胆囊壁增厚.局限性增厚(CT 37％、MR 50％),广泛性增厚(CT 63％、MR 50％).增强扫描见增厚胆囊壁内多发低密度(或信号)结节(CT74％、MR 100％),壁内强化结节(CT 18.5％、MR 15％)胆囊结石(CT 74％、MR 100％).肝脏及胆囊间隙不清(CT74％、MRI90％),胆囊内见点状气体(CT7％ MRI 0％).增强扫描胆囊黏膜线连续(CT 44％、MRI 60％),中断(CT56％、MRI 40％),术前准确诊断XGC(CT 67％、MRI75％),误诊为胆囊癌(CT 26％、MRI 15％).结论 胆囊壁广泛或局限增厚,增强扫描增厚胆囊壁呈“三明治征”或“夹心饼干征”、囊壁内见强化和/或低密度(信号)结节,黏膜线连续或部分中断可能为XGC特征性CT及MRI表现,有助于该病的准确诊断.     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的CT诊断

目的：分析黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的CT表现，以提高诊断准确率。材料和方法：回顾性分析5例经手术病理证实的黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的CT表现，并与手术结果对照，CT检查包括平扫、动脉期和门脉期扫描。结果：CT仅确诊1例，其余误为胆囊癌3例、局限性结节增生1例。5例均显示胆囊有不同程度的增大和胆囊壁增厚，其中壁内见不规则低密度灶4例，黏膜线完整3例，胆囊结石4例，肝脏局部性受侵3例。增强扫描动脉期见“夹心饼干征”3例，环形强化3例。结论：黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎缺乏特异性CT征象，容易误诊，增强扫描显示环形强化、内部低密度灶和完整黏膜线有助于本病的诊断。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎CT诊断和误诊原因分析(附9例报告)

目的 分析黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎(xanthogranulomatous cholecytitis,XGC)的CT表现和误诊原因,以进一步提高XGC的诊断准确性.资料与方法 回顾性分析经手术、病理证实的9例XGC的CT特征.结果 CT提示慢性胆囊炎5例,胆囊癌4例.所有病例均有不同程度的胆囊壁增厚,其中局限性增厚4例,弥漫性增厚5例,增强扫描增厚的胆囊壁内见低密度结节5例,显示完整黏膜线7例.术后病理均证实为XGC.结论 XGC是一种特殊类型的胆囊炎性疾病,影像表现有一定特征,其中增强扫描示增厚的胆囊壁内低密度结节和完整的胆囊黏膜线是提示XGC诊断的重要征象.     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的诊断及鉴别诊断

目的 探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎（XGC）的临床表现、实验室检查情况、影像学检查表现特点,旨在提高XGC的术前诊断率.方法 回顾性分析12例经手术病理证实XGC患者的临床表现、实验室指标及病变的超声、CT及MRI表现特点,例如,胆囊壁内结节、黏膜线、胆囊壁增厚情况及强化方式、是否合并结石、胆囊周围脂肪及肝实质是否受累以及胆道梗阻情况.结果 12例患者均出现右上腹痛,11例白细胞及粒细胞不同程度升高;7例CA 199轻度升高但低于正常值5倍,CEA轻度升高1例;超声、CT、MRI表现为胆囊壁增厚,其中弥漫性增厚9例,8例见多发壁内结节,部分结节超声表现为低回声（带）、CT为低密度、MRI呈较长T1长T2.CT及MRI增强结节未见明显强化,6例增强CT、MRI粘膜线完整强化,11例病例合并胆囊结石,仅1例出现胆道梗阻,1例邻近肝实质受累.结论 综合分析患者临床表现、实验室指标及影像学检查结果,能明显提高XGC诊断准确率,为手术方案选择提供有力依据.     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的CT表现

目的：探讨CT诊断黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的价值。材料和方法：回顾性分析5例经手术病理证实的黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的CT表现。结果：术前1例诊断确诊，4例误诊。胆囊不同程度增大和胆囊壁增厚5例、壁内见不规则低密度灶4例、黏膜线完整3例、胆囊结石4例和肝脏局部性受侵3例。增强扫描动脉期示“夹心饼干征”3例和环形增强3例。结论：黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎是特殊类型的胆囊炎，胆囊壁增厚及壁内低密度灶，增强扫描动脉期呈“夹心饼干征”和环形增强，均对黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的诊断有重要价值。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的特征性影像表现及文献复习

目的探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎(XGC)的特征性影像表现及诊断要点。方法分析1例XGC病人的增强CT表现及临床病理特征,并复习相关文献。结果 CT平扫及增强检查示胆囊轮廓毛糙,胆囊壁弥漫性增厚,腔内可见环形高密度影,与周围肝实质分界欠清,增强后胆囊壁呈明显分层样强化,邻近肝实质于动脉期呈一过性强化。病理诊断为黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎。结论黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎表现具有一定特征,包括胆囊壁增厚,胆囊壁呈"三明治"样或"夹心饼干"样强化、黏膜线多连续、胆囊壁内结节、胆囊或胆管结石等,有助于本病的诊断及鉴别诊断。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的螺旋CT表现

目的 探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎(XGC)的螺旋CT表现及其病理基础.资料与方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的16例XGC患者的CT和手术病理资料,着重观察胆囊壁的厚度、胆囊壁的强化方式、胆囊壁内低密度结节、胆囊内壁黏膜线、邻近肝脏组织受累情况,胆囊内有无结石,以及胆囊周围变化.结果 16例中均见不同程度的胆囊壁增厚及壁内低密度结节,12例胆囊增大,4例胆囊缩小,12例显示胆囊内完整黏膜线,11例伴有胆囊结石或胆总管结石,10例胆囊周围炎性浸润,4例累及肝脏,3例伴有胆管不同程度扩张.结论 胆囊壁增厚、增厚的胆囊壁内低密度结节和较完整的胆囊内壁黏膜线是诊断XGC较具特征性的表现.     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎多层螺旋CT表现及误诊分析

目的 探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎(XGC)的多层螺旋CT表现,以期提高XGC的诊断水平.方法 收集经手术病理证实的38例XGC病例,回顾性分析其CT影像表现,观察胆囊壁的厚度及范围、胆囊壁内有无低密度结节、胆囊内壁黏膜线连续性、胆道系统有无结石、胆管梗阻情况、邻近组织受累情况.结果 38例均有胆囊壁增厚,其中弥漫性增厚36例,局限性增厚2例.17例可见胆囊壁内低密度结节或低密度带,21例胆囊壁未见明显低密度结节.32例显示完整黏膜线,6例显示黏膜线中断.33例胆道系统结石,5例胆道系统内未见阳性结石.8例合并肝内外胆管扩张,2例仅有胆总管扩张.累及肝脏10例,累及胃肠道10例,累及胆总管1例,余病例与周围组织未见明显粘连.CT误诊19例,其中术前诊断胆囊癌8例,慢性胆囊炎11例.结论 XGC的CT增强扫描增厚的胆囊壁内低密度结节或低密度带在其诊断和鉴别诊断中有重要的价值.     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的CT表现

目的探讨CT对黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析4例经手术病理证实的黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的CT表现，分析其影像学特点。结果术前1例确诊，3例误诊。3例胆囊有不同程度的增大，4例胆囊壁均有增厚，壁厚在4—30mm之间，内均可见形态不规则的低密度灶。2例黏膜线完整，其中1例胆囊颈结石嵌顿，1例胆总管结石，1例胆囊内积气合并肝脏浸润。增强后动脉期的“夹心饼干征”2例，环形强化1例。结论增强后动脉期的“夹心饼干征”和环形强化，对黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的诊断有重要价值。     

CT and MR features of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: An analysis of consecutive 49 cases

Objective

To study the CT and MR features of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC).

Materials and methods

49 patients had pathologically confirmed XGC. All patients underwent contrast enhanced CT, and 10 patients had additional plain MRI. The CT and MRI results were retrospectively analyzed.

Results

On CT, all patients had thickening of gallbladder wall, with 87.8% cases showed diffuse thickening. 85.7% cases had intramural hypo-attenuated nodules in the thickened wall. Continuous mucosal line and luminal surface enhancement were noted in 79.6% and 85.7% cases, respectively. Gallbladder stones were seen in 69.4% patients. The coexistence of the above 5 CT features was seen in 40% cases, and 80% cases had the coexistence of ≥4 features. Diffused gallbladder wall thickening in XGC is more likely to have disrupted mucosal line, and XGC with disrupted mucosal line is more likely to be associated with liver infiltration. In 60% patients the inflammatory process extended beyond gallbladder, with the interface between gallbladder and liver and/or the surrounding fat blurred. 40% cases had an early enhancement of liver parenchyma. Infiltration to other surrounding tissues included bowel (n = 3), stomach (n = 2), and abdominal wall (n = 1). On MR images, 7 of 9 intramural nodules in 7 subjects with T1-weighted dual echo MR images showed higher signal intensity on in-phase images than out-of-phase images.

Conclusion

Coexisting of diffuse gallbladder wall thickening, hypo-attenuated intramural nodules, continuous mucosal line, luminal surface enhancement, and gallbladder stone highly suggest XGC. XGC frequently infiltrate liver and surrounding fat. Chemical-shift MRI helps classifying intramural nodules in the gallbladder wall.     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的影像诊断与鉴别

目的:分析探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的CT和MRI表现特点,提高鉴别诊断能力。方法:收集经临床/手术病理证实为XGO的23例临床及影像资料,分析其CT和MRI影像表现。结果:主要影像表现包括:23例胆囊不同程度增大;胆囊壁弥漫性(18例)或局限性(5例)增厚;胆囊壁内低密度结节15例;增强后胆囊黏膜线样强化13例;胆囊内合并结石12例。结论:CT和MRI可以显示XGO的相关影像特征,对本病的诊断和鉴别提供依据。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎CT诊断价值的探讨（2例报告结合文献复习）

目的探讨CT对黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的诊断价值。方法男女患者各1例，男59岁，女80岁，均行CT平扫及增强检查，并经手术病理证实，对其CT征象结合文献复习进行回顾性分析。结果CT扫描显示，2例均见胆囊壁弥漫性增厚，壁内低密度结节和低密度带；胆囊内壁光整，囊腔形态规则，有不完整黏膜线；2例肝胆界面均存在、光整；都有胆囊结石，其中，1例合并有胆总管下端结石。结论增厚胆囊壁内多发结节状或条带状低密度影是黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的特征性CT表现；胆囊内壁光整、囊腔形态规则是鉴别本病与胆囊癌不可忽视的重要CT征象。     

Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: What every radiologist should know

Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) is an uncommon variant of chronic cholecystitis characterized by xanthogranulomatous inflammation of the gallbladder. Intramural accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages and acute and chronic inflammatory cells is the hallmark of the disease. The xanthogranulomatous inflammation of the gallbladder can be very severe and can spill over to the neighbouring structures like liver, bowel and stomach resulting in dense adhesions, perforation, abscess formation, fistulous communication with adjacent bowel. Striking gallbladder wall thickening and dense local adhesions can be easily mistaken for carcinoma of the gallbladder, both intraoperatively as well as on preoperative imaging. Besides, cases of concomitant gallbladder carcinoma complicating XGC have also been reported in literature. So, we have done a review of the imaging features of XGC in order to better understand the entity as well as to increase the diagnostic yield of the disease summarizing the characteristic imaging findings and associations of XGC. Among other findings, presence of intramural hypodense nodules is considered diagnostic of this entity. However, in some cases, an imaging diagnosis of XGC is virtually impossible. Fine needle aspiration cytology might be handy in such patients. A preoperative counselling should include possibility of differential diagnosis of gallbladder cancer in not so characteristic cases.     

CT and MR imaging findings of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: correlation with pathologic findings

The aim of this study was to evaluate CT and MRI findings in xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) and to correlate the imaging findings with various pathologic parameters. The study included 13 patients with histopathologically confirmed XGC. The CT (n=13) and MRI (n=5) obtained in these patients were evaluated retrospectively. On CT, low-attenuation areas in the wall of XGC correlated with foam and inflammatory cells or necrosis and/or abscess in XGC. Areas of iso- to slightly high signal intensity on T2-weighted images, showing slight enhancement at early phase and strong enhancement at last phase on dynamic study, corresponded with areas of abundant xanthogranulomas. Areas with very high signal intensity on T2-weighted images without enhancement corresponded with necrosis and/or abscesses. Luminal surface enhancement (LSE) of gallbladder wall represented preservation of the epithelial layer. The early-enhanced areas of the liver bed on dynamic CT and MR images corresponded with accumulation of inflammatory cells and abundant fibrosis. Our results indicate that CT and MRI findings correlate well with the histopathologic findings of XGC.     

Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: clinical, sonographic, and CT findings in 26 patients

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the sonographic and CT features of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis, correlating the pathologic and surgical findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis was pathologically diagnosed in 26 patients from January 1996 to August 1998. The patients were 15 women and 11 men with a mean age of 63 years. All patients had preoperative sonography and nine also underwent CT In five patients, sonography was performed on the surgical specimen. Clinical indications for imaging included cholecystitis (14 patients), biliary colic (six patients), stone-induced pancreatitis (three patients), tumor (two patients), and gallstone ileus (one patient). RESULTS: The most characteristic sonographic finding, confirmed by sonographic study of the surgical specimens, was the presence of hypoechoic nodules or bands in the gallbladder wall, which were seen in 35% of the patients. Cholelithiasis and a thickened gallbladder wall were frequent findings. The most characteristic (specific) CT finding was a hypodense band in the gallbladder wall, seen in 33% of the patients. Two of twelve patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy required conversion to open surgery. CONCLUSION: Although the preoperative imaging diagnosis of xanthoganulomatous cholecystitis is difficult, the presence of hypoechoic nodules or bands in the gallbladder wall on sonography or of a hypodense band around the gallbladder on CT, is highly suggestive of this disease.     

室管膜下瘤的影像学诊断

目的:探讨室管膜下瘤CT及MR影像学表现,提高对该病的认识诊断能力。方法:回顾性分析5例经手术病理证实的室管膜下瘤的CT及MR表现。结果:5例室管膜下瘤均位于侧脑室内,肿瘤有光滑清楚的边界,不侵犯室管膜下脑组织。CT平扫呈等密度或低密度,很少钙化。MR平扫,T1WI呈低、等信号,T2WI呈不均高信号,内呈多发小囊状信号。CT及MR增强扫描,肿瘤多无强化,或轻度强化。结论:室管膜下瘤有较为特征性的CT、MR影像学表现,CT及MR检查对其诊断及鉴别诊断极有帮助。     

Castleman病的影像表现与病理对照

目的探讨Castleman病的CT及MRI影像表现,提高对其的认识。方法回顾性分析9例经手术病理证实的Castleman病的CT及MRI资料,并与病理结果对照分析。结果颈部3例,纵隔3例,腹膜后2例,肠系膜1例,临床类型为局限型8例,弥漫型1例,病理分型为透明血管型8例,浆细胞型1例。CT平扫与肌肉相比呈等密度;动态增强CT扫描透明血管型8例,肿块动脉期明显强化,强化程度接近同层面大动脉,静脉期及延迟期均表现为持续强化,5例病灶周围或(和)病灶内可见增粗迂曲血管影。浆细胞型1例表现为肠系膜多个软组织结节,伴有肝脾肿大,呈轻度强化表现。MRI检查3例均为透明血管型,T1WI病灶呈稍低信号,T2WI呈高信号,增强表现与CT近似。结论影像表现与病理分型关系密切;局限性边缘清楚的等密度结节,增强扫描动脉期明显强化,且强化延续时间长,灶周增粗迂曲血管影,分支状或斑点状钙化等为透明血管型相对影像学特点,弥漫浆细胞型无特征性影像学表现,确诊依赖组织病理学。