复方盐酸二甲双胍胶囊人体生物等效性研究

目的评价国产的复方盐酸二甲双胍胶囊(试验制剂)与市售的盐酸二甲双胍片联合格列本脲片(参比制剂)的人体相对生物利用度。方法18名健康男性志愿者随机交叉口服试验制剂2粒(每粒含二甲双胍250mg,格列本脲1.25mg)或参比制剂盐酸二甲双胍片(250mg)2片、格列本脲片(2.5mg)1片。二甲双胍的血药浓度采用离子对高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定,格列本脲的血药浓度采用高效液相色谱-质谱法(HPLC-MS)测定,计算两者的药动学参数并评价试验制剂的相对生物利用度。结果受试者单次服用试验制剂或参比制剂后,二甲双胍的主要药动学参数如下:AUC0-24分别为(5.90±1.36)和(5.95±1.35)μg·h·mL-1,AUC0-∞分别为(6.17±1.36)和(6.28±1.36)μg·h·mL-1,Cmax分别为(0.82±0.21)和(0.82±0.14)μg·mL-1,tmax分别为(1.43±0.88)和(1.54±0.98)h,相对生物利用度为(100.21±14.10)%;格列本脲的主要药动学参数如下:AUC0-16分别为(270.28±61.82)和(268.70±61.99)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0-∞分别为(287.13±61.97)和(284.17±67.85)ng·h·mL-1,Cmax分别为(62.83±10.89)和(61.44±12.11)ng·mL-1,tmax分别为(2.53±0.79)和(2.81±0.75)h,相对生物利用度为(101.67±14.54)%。结论经统计学分析,试验制剂与参比制剂的主要药动学参数之间差异无统计学意义,试验制剂与参比制剂生物等效。     

进口与国产利培酮薄膜衣片在健康志愿者的生物等效性

目的 研究利培酮薄膜衣片(抗精神分裂症药)在健康志愿者的药代动力学和生物等效性.方法 23名健康男性志愿者随机交叉、单剂量口服受试制剂(进口)和参比制剂(国产)2 mg后,用HPLC-MS/MS测定血浆中利培酮及9-羟基利培酮浓度,计算主要药代动力学参数,评价2种制剂的生物等效性.结果 受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数,利培酮:AUC0～t分别为(94.76±82.93)和(103.05±117.71)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0～1分别为(96.72±84.52)和(105.19±119.36)ng·h·mL0-1;Cmax分别为(15.91±5.63)和(16.21±11.56)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(1.14±0.73)和(1.15±0.54)h;t1/2分别为(7.32±5.94)和(7.44±6.50)h,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(106.68±40.21)%.9-羟基利培酮:AUC0-96h分别为(268.56±85.20)和(279.64 ±117.86)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(282.74±87.46)和(294.28±120.32)ng·h·mL-1;Cmax分别为(10.84±4.69)和(11.11±4.80)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(3.35±2.32)和(4.48±2.76)h;t1/2分别为(23.18±3.26)和(23.12±4.31)h,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(101.37±27.23)%.结论 2种制剂具有生物等效性.     

国产与进口赖诺普利片在健康人体的药代动力学和生物等效性

目的 评价国产与进口赖诺普利片(降血脂药)在健康人体的药代动力学和生物等效性.方法 20名健康男性受试者随机分组,按自身交叉、单剂量口服赖诺普利受试和参比制剂各20 mg后,用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血浆中赖诺普利的浓度,非房室模型法计算各主要药代动力学参数,并进行方差分析和生物等效性评价.结果 赖诺普利片受试制剂和参比制剂的tmax分别为(6.00±0.46),(6.35±0.88)h;Cmax分别为(81.47±40.92),(80.91±37.45)ng·mL-1;t1/2分别为(10.99±6.12),(10.71±3.40)h;AUC0-48分别为(784.90±379.40),(815.40±377.60)ng·h · mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(838.50±392.00),(868.00±392.20)ng·h·mL-1,受试制剂的相对生物利用度F为(97.1±11.9)%.结论 国产与进口赖诺普利片具有生物等效.     

国产格列本脲和二甲双胍复方制剂在健康志愿者的药代动力学和生物等效性

目的　研究国产复方格列本脲和盐酸二甲双胍胶囊单剂量人体的药代动力学特性和生物等效性。方法　以国产格列本脲片和进口盐酸二甲双胍片为标准参比制剂,入选的20名受试者随机交叉口服单剂量试验与参比制剂,用液相色谱-质谱法测定血浆中格列本脲和二甲双胍的浓度。结果　格列本脲的药代动力学参数分别为:AUC0-t为(603.32±196.61)和(581.70±195.01) ng.h.mL-1,Cmax为(123.46±27.03)和(128.28±3.67) ng.mL-1,tmax为(2.8±0.7)和(2.6±0.6 ) h,t1/2为(6.54±1.24)和(6.89±1.73) h。二甲双胍药代动力学参数分别为:AUC0-t为(7832.97±2603.38)和(7765.52±2870.85) ng. h.mL-1,Cmax为(1377.55±476.60)和(1367.40±551.19 )ng.mL-1,tmax为(2.7±0.9)和(2.0±0.5 ) h,t1/2为(5.72±1.24)和(5.81±1.51) h。试验制剂中格列本脲的相对生物利用度为(104.82±19.27)%,二甲双胍的相对生物利用度为(107.30±46.40)%。结论 试验制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

复方雌二醇片在健康绝经妇女体内的生物等效性

目的 评价国产与进口复方雌二醇(雌激素)在健康绝经妇女的生物等效性.方法 20名健康受试者单剂量口服复方雌二醇(雌二醇2 mg、炔诺酮1 mg)国产制剂与进口制剂后,用化学发光免疫分析法、放射免疫分析法和高效液相色譜-质譜联用技术测定雌二醇、雌酮和醋酸炔诺酮的体内血药浓度;计算药代动力学参数,评价2制剂的生物等效性.结果 口服复方雌二醇受试制剂(国产)与参比制剂(进口)后的主要药代动力学参数,①雌二醇:Cmax分别为(102.92±26.68)、(93.52±18.91)pg·mL-1;tmax分别为(1.05±0.78)、(2.32±1.54)h;t1/2分别为(18.97±11.94)、(26.74±16.83)h;AUC0-t分别为(1.62 ± 7.38)、(1.62±7.35)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(1.98 ± 8.21)、(2.19±9.55)ng·h·mL-1,相对生物利用度F0-t、F0-∞分别为(99.84±17.78)%、(94.41±24.98)%.②雌酮:Cmax分别为(313.72±93.89)、(313.05±103.76)Pg·mL-1;tmax分别为(3.93±1.32)、(4.16±1.21)h;t1/2分别为(11.86±3.76)、(12.04±5.10)h;AUC0-t分别为(4.48±1.75)、(4.62±1.73)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(4.67±1.77)、(4.88±1.86)Pg·h·mL-1,相对生物利用度F0-t、F0-∞分别为(97.47±15.18)%、(96.71±15.11)%.③炔诺酮:Cmax分别为(12.73±6.53)、(12.62±6.32)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(1.39±0.69)、(1.15±0.57)h;t1/2分别为(7.04±2.66)、(7.98±2.66)h;AUC0-t分别为(46.92±28.16)、(49.28±31.46)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(52.99±32.96)、(56.81±37.07)ng·h·mL-1,相对生物利用度F0-t、F0-∞分别为(99.74±16.19)%、(97.15±16.04)%.表明健康志愿者口服单剂量复方雌二醇片受试及参比制剂后,体内药代动力学行为没有显著差异.结论 2种制剂具有生物等效性.     

国产与进口克拉霉素干混悬剂在健康人体的相对生物利用度研究

目的研究国产和进口克拉霉素干混悬剂的相对生物利用度.方法 18名健康男性受试者随机、交叉单剂量口服国产和进口克拉霉素干混悬剂500 mg,用HPLC-MS检测血浆中克拉霉素的浓度,计算两制剂的药物动力学参数及相对生物利用度,并进行生物等效性评价.结果国产及进口制剂的实测tmax分别为(3.00±0.59)、(3.22±0.73)h,Cmax分别为(2228.0±523.1)、(2309.1±508.9)ng·mL-1,用梯形面积法计算AUC0～24为(13480.1±3876.0)、(14108.4±4119.2)ng·h·mL-1,实验制剂对参比制剂的相对生物利用度为96.3%±9.3%.结论两种制剂具有生物等效性.     

石杉碱甲缓释片多剂量给药在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 研究石杉碱甲缓释片(中枢兴奋药)多剂量给药在健康人体的相对生物利用度及生物等效性.方法 采用双周期自身随机交叉试验设计.24名健康受试者多次口服试验制剂或参比制剂,用液相色谱-串联质谱测定血浆中药物浓度,药代动力学参数用DAS软件处理获得.结果 试验制剂石杉碱甲缓释片组与参比制剂石杉碱甲片组的Cmin(ss)分别为(0.54±0.21)和(0.78±0.20)ng·mL-1;Cmax(ss)分别为(1.65±0.45)和(1.83±0.37)ng·mL-1;Css分别为(1.05±0.28)和(1.22±0.28)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(3.50±1.90)和(1.10±0.40)h;AUC0-t(ss)分别为(30.70±8.20)和(35.10±8.93)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞(ss)分别为(36.90±10.30)和(41.30±11.10)ng·h·mL-1;AUCss分别为(25.30±6.80)和(14.60±3.41)ng·h·mL-1;受试制剂的生物利用度F0-tn为(87.7±11.6)%.受试制剂和参比制剂的AUC0-t和AUC0-∞经对数转换后进行方差分析,2制剂间无显著性差异(P＞0.05).2制剂间tmax有显著差异(P＜0.05),受试制剂tmax明显比参比制剂有所延长,具有缓释的特征.结论 国产石杉碱甲缓释片与石杉碱甲片具有生物等效性,同时受试制剂具有明显的缓释特征.     

硫酸沙丁胺醇渗透泵控释片的人体药代动力学与生物利用度

目的:研究自制硫酸沙丁胺醇渗透泵控释片与进口控释片的人体药代动力学与生物利用度。方法:利用高效液相色谱荧光检测法,采用交叉实验设计对本品和进口硫酸沙丁胺醇控释片进行人体生物利用度对照研究。结果:硫酸沙丁胺醇控释片与进口硫酸沙丁胺醇控释片的血药浓度曲线下面积AUC 分别为(63-67 ±10-37)ng·h·mL-1 和(60-21 ±11-95) ng·h·mL- 1 ,最大血药浓度Cmax 分别为(8-60 ±1-93) ng·mL- 1 和(8-20 ±1-40)ng·mL-1 ,达峰时间Tmax 分别为(6-3 ±1-0) h 和(6-8 ±1-3) h,多剂量给药达稳态时血药浓度波动系数FD 分别为1-09 ±0-23 和1-14±0-25。结论:经方差分析和双单侧检验,两种制剂生物等效     

进口与国产比卡鲁胺片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的研究比卡鲁胺片在(抗雄性激素药)在健康人体内的药代动力学,并比较国产与进口2种制剂的生物等效性。方法44名健康男性志愿者随机平行口服单剂量国产(试验制剂)或进口比卡鲁胺片(参比制剂)50mg后,用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中比卡鲁胺片浓度,用DAS软件计算2者的药代动力学参数及相对生物利用度,并评价2种制剂的生物等效性。结果国产和进口比卡鲁胺片的AUC0-n分别为(94.4±20.6)和(102.3±17.4)μg.h.mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(102.1±20.8)和(108.7±18.9)μg.h.mL-1,Cmax分别为(538±151)和(619±167)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(21±12)和(23±12)h,生物利用度F=93.9%。结论国产和进口比卡鲁胺片具有生物等效性。     

氯诺昔康片在健康人体的药代动力学及生物等效性

目的研究氯诺昔康片(非甾体抗炎镇痛药)片在健康人体的药代动力学及相对生物利用度。方法用随机交叉给药方案,20名男性健康志愿者分别单剂量口服氯诺昔康受试片和参比片8mg,用HPLC-UV法检测血药浓度,计算药代动力学参数并评价其生物等效性。结果受试和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数Cmax分别为(669.50±141.76)和(657.47±146.98)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(1.85±0.75)和(1.85±0.88)h;t1/2(Kel)分别为(5.09±0.99)和(5.05±1.11)h;AUC0-24分别为(3276.50±650.33)和(3461.64±850.73)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(3442.18±597.72)和(3612.05±857.13)ng·h·mL-1。受试制剂的相对生物利用度分别为F0-24=(97.49±21.16)%,以F0-∞=(98.10±19.75)%。结论国产与进口氯诺昔康片生物等效。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.