糖尿病患者视网膜病变与降钙素基因相关肽及内皮素的关系

目的：观察糖尿病患者视网膜病变与降钙素基因相关肽及内皮素的关系。方法：应用眼底血管荧光造影法、放封免疫计数法、微柱层析法等观察90例糖尿病患者（DM组、DM Ⅰ～Ⅲ组）及40例正常对照者的降钙素基因相关肽、内皮素指标，并进行统计分析。结果：DM组降钙素基因相关肽与正常组比较显著减少（P〉0．05），且降钙素基因相关肽随着糖尿病视网膜病变的加重而降低。DM Ⅰ组降钙素基因相关肽与正常组比较无统计学意义（P〉0．05），糖尿病Ⅲ组降钙素基因相关肽与正常组比较明显减少（P〈0．05）。各组降钙素基因相关肽与内皮素呈负相关关系。糖尿病各组内皮素水平均比对照组增高（P〈0．05）。结论：降钙素基因相关肽水平降低可能是糖尿病视网膜病变的致病作用因素之一，增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变可能与降钙素基因相关肽显著减少、内皮素明显增高密切相关。     

载脂蛋白A5基因多态性与2型糖尿病视网膜病变关系的研究

目的:研究载脂蛋白A5基因-1131T→C多态性位点各基因型及等位基因的分布频率及其与2型糖尿病视网膜病变的关系.方法:应用聚合酶链反应限制性片段长度多态性检测102例糖尿病视网膜病变患者载脂蛋白A5基因-1131TT、TC及CC基因型出现的频率,并与120例无糖尿病视网膜病变患者和150例正常对照组比较.结果:2型糖尿病组等位基因C携带者三酰甘油水平明显高于C非携带者;无糖尿病视网膜病变组和糖尿病视网膜病变组C等位基因的频率高于正常对照组,糖尿病视网膜病变组C等位基因的频率高于无糖尿病视网膜病变组,但无统计学意义.结论:C等位基因与罹患2型糖尿病有关,可能是湖北汉族人群2型糖尿病的独立危险因素之一;与糖尿病视网膜病变的关系尚待进一步研究.     

2型糖尿病视网膜病变患者血清胱抑素C检测临床价值初探

目的探讨血清胱抑素C(Cys C)检测在2型糖尿病视网膜病变患者中的价值。方法选择来我院内分泌科就诊的2型糖尿病患者161例,进一步将患者分为无视网膜病变组(Non-DR,NDR)60例,背景期视网膜病变组(Background-DR,BDR)55例,增殖期视网膜病变组(Proliferative-DR,PDR)46例,检测患者组及对照组血清Cys C、空腹血糖(FPG)及糖化血红蛋白(Hb A_(lc))。结果患者组各指标水平明显高于对照组(P0.05);患者三组间指标水平有差异(P0.05);相关分析发现,患者组Cys C水平与Hb Alc呈正相关,r=0.798,P0.05。结论 Cys C能预测2型糖尿病视网膜病变的发生,其水平与DR的病变程度有一定关联。     

C反应蛋白在糖尿病视网膜病变中的预测价值

目的 探讨C反应蛋白和糖化血红蛋白检测在糖尿病患者视网膜病变中的临床价值。方法 选取2012年3月至2013年10月该院内分泌科收治的2型糖尿病患者101例,根据患者视网膜病变并发情况,分为病变组（合并视网膜病变）42例和无病变组（未合并视网膜病变）59例,分别检测两组患者血清C反应蛋白水平。结果 病变组与无病变组患者血清C反应蛋白分别为（2．11±0．81）mg／L和（2．98±0．93）mg／L,病变组显著高于无病变组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,同时随着患者视网膜病变分级的升高,C反应蛋白水平依次升高。结论 糖尿病患者合并视网膜病变后血清C反应蛋白水平显著升高,并随着视网膜病变分期的升高而逐渐增强,提示C反应蛋白水平对2型糖尿病患者视网膜病变的严重程度具有一定的临床价值。     

血管内皮生长因子与糖尿病视网膜病变关系的探讨

目的探讨糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)患者血管内生皮生长因子(VEGF)水平变化。方法用酶联免疫法测定68例糖尿病患者血浆VEGF水平,其中无视网膜病变组(NDR)30例、背景型视网膜病变组(BDR)28例、增殖型视网膜病变组(PDR)10例。正常对照组40例。结果糖尿病患者VEGF水平明显高于正常对照组(P<0.01),BDR组、PDR组明显高于NDR组(P<0.05)。结论VEGF水平与糖尿病视网膜病变的病变程度密切相关。定期测定糖尿病人血中VEGF可作为了解糖尿病视网膜病变程度的参考指标。     

老年2型糖尿病视网膜病变患者炎性指标与抗磷脂抗体水平变化的研究

目的观察老年2型糖尿病合并视网膜病变患者血清炎性指标和抗磷脂抗体水平的变化。方法选择老年2型糖尿病患者104例,根据有无视网膜微血管病变分为糖尿病无视网膜病变组(A组,32例)、糖尿病伴非增殖期视网膜病变组(B组,42例)和糖尿病伴增殖期视网膜病变组(C组,30例);检测各组患者血清中空腹血糖(FBG)、高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、白细胞计数(WBC)和抗心磷脂抗体(ACA)水平,并对检测结果进行统计学处理和分析。结果 FBG水平C组高于B组和A组,C、B 2组与A组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),B组与C组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);hs-CRP、ACA水平C组均高于B组和A组,3组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);而WBC水平3组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论老年2型糖尿病患者hs-CRP、ACA水平与视网膜病变的严重程度密切相关,可作为预测老年2型糖尿病患者并发视网膜微血管病变的重要指标。     

非酒精性脂肪肝与2型糖尿病并发症关系分析

目的探索南京地区2型糖尿病患者非酒精性脂肪肝（ NAFL）的患病率、发病相关因素及与2型糖尿病并发症、合并症之间关系。方法通过病历系统回顾性分析504例2型糖尿病患者资料,根据病史及超声检查结果将其分为NAFL组与对照组（NC）,记录并统计临床病史及检验资料。结果（1）NAFL患病率为42.5％;NAFL组年龄、病程、高密度脂蛋白、血肌酐、胱抑素C均显著低于NC组（ P＜0.05）;NAFL组C肽120 min、BMI、尿微量白蛋白、踝肱指数、总胆固醇、甘油三酯均显著高于NC组（ P＜0.05）。（2） NAFL组间糖尿病视网膜病变及糖尿病肾病患病率显著高于NC组（ P＜0.01）。（3） NAFL组骨密度显著低于NC组（ P＜0.05）。（4）相关性分析显示：NAFL与年龄、病程、高密度脂蛋白、血肌酐等指标呈负相关,与糖尿病视网膜病变、糖尿病肾病、BMI、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、C肽、餐后C肽等指标呈正相关;回归分析示：甘油三酯、BMI、糖尿病视网膜病变与NAFL独立相关。结论（1） NAFL与2型糖尿病并发症尤其是糖尿病视网膜病变关系密切;（2）NAFL合并2型糖尿病患者骨密度水平较单纯2型糖尿病低,临床上需关注NAFL患者骨代谢情况,及时发现骨质疏松。     

糖尿病视网膜病变患者血浆脂联素与血管内皮细胞损伤、血小板活化的关系

目的:研究糖尿病视网膜病变患者血浆脂联素与血管内皮细胞损伤、血小板活化的关系。方法:将75例2型糖尿病患者分为糖尿病视网膜病变组(35例)和无糖尿病视网膜病变组(40例);以本院健康体检正常者50例为对照组。分别测定脂联素、血浆内皮素、血小板活化标志物CD62p、CD63水平。结果:2型糖尿病患者血浆内皮素、CD62p、CD63水平均明显高于对照组,脂联素明显低于对照组;糖尿病视网膜病变组血浆内皮素、CD62p、CD63明显高于无糖尿病视网膜病变组,脂联素明显低于无糖尿病视网膜病变组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。脂联素与血浆内皮素浓度、CD62p、CD63呈负相关(P0.05)。结论:2型糖尿病患者血浆脂联素降低,血浆内皮素、CD62p、CD63水平升高与糖尿病视网膜病变有密切关系,血浆脂联素降低,血管内皮损伤与血小板活化在糖尿病视网膜病变的发病机制中有一定意义。     

血浆chemerin水平与增殖型糖尿病视网膜病变相关

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者血浆chemerin水平与糖尿病视网膜病变的相关性.方法 2型糖尿病患者200例,根据眼底镜或眼底荧光造影结果将其分为糖尿病对照组98例,非增殖型糖尿病视网膜病变组83例,增殖型糖尿病视网膜病变组19例.采用酶联免疫吸附测定法检测患者血chemerin水平,并采用Pearson相关分析法,分析患者血chemerin水平与患者年龄、体质量指数(BMI)、病程、血压、血脂、尿蛋白、超敏C 反应蛋白(hsCRP)等临床指标的相关性.结果 Chemerin在增殖型糖尿病视网膜病变组显著升高,并且chemerin水平与患者的糖尿病病程、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、血hsCRP、尿白蛋白排泄量呈显著正相关.结论 Chemerin水平与增殖型视网膜病变相关,对糖尿病增殖型视网膜病变可能具有监测价值.     

2型糖尿病患者血C-肽水平与微血管并发症相关性的临床研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)血C-肽与微血管并发症的相关性。方法选取T2DM患者219例,检测空腹血糖、甘油三酯、胆固醇、空腹C-肽、空腹胰岛素,以及2小时C-肽、2小时胰岛素,并做糖化血红蛋白、尿微量白蛋白排泄率(UAER)测定。根据眼底改变分为无视网膜病变组143例,视网膜病变(DR)组76例。根据UAER分为正常蛋白尿组92例,微量白蛋白尿组75例,临床蛋白尿组52例。再根据糖尿病病程进一步分亚组进行C-肽水平分析。结果不同病程中,有糖尿病肾病(DN)、DR者血清C-肽分别低于无DN、DR者,病情越重,C-肽下降越明显。结论血清C-肽是DN、DR的保护因素,其下降可能导致了T2DM微血管病变的发生发展。     

2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄量与视网膜病变的相关性研究

【目的】探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM ）患者尿白蛋白排泄量与视网膜病变（DR）的相关性。【方法】260例T2DM患者,依据尿白蛋白排泄量分为正常白蛋白尿组41例（NA组,24 h尿白蛋白＜30 mg）、微量白蛋白尿组118例（M A U组,24 h尿白蛋白30～300 m g ）和大量白蛋白尿组101例（C A U组,24 h尿白蛋白＞300 mg）。检测各组患者的24 h尿白蛋白定量并进行眼底检查,分析T2DM患者尿白蛋白排泄量与DR的相关性。【结果】NA组单纯性视网膜病变（NPDR）检出率为98．％,增殖性视网膜病变（PDR）检出率为48．％;MAU组NPDR检出率为43．2％,PDR检出率为16．1％;CAU 组 NPDR检出率为42．6％,PDR检出率为347．％;各组NPDR和PDR检出率比较差异有统计学意义（ P ＜00．5）;相关性分析结果显示,T2DM 患者尿白蛋白排泄量与DR检出率呈正相关（ P ＜00．5）。【结论】T2DM 患者尿白蛋白排泄量与DR的发生显著相关,两者可能存在共同的病理生理基础。     

2型糖尿病患者血清胆红素水平与糖尿病肾病关系的研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病（type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM）患者血清胆红素水平与糖尿病肾病（diabetic kidney disease,DKD）之间的关系。方法 789例T2DM患者,按照24小时尿白蛋白定量分为正常尿白蛋白组（尿白蛋白〈30 mg）、微量尿白蛋白组（尿白蛋白30～300 mg）和临床尿白蛋白组（尿白蛋白〉300 mg）,并以168例正常成人作为对照组,观察各组之间血清胆红素的差异,探讨血清胆红素水平与DKD的关系。结果 T2DM患者血清总胆红素、直接胆红素和间接胆红素水平均低于正常对照组（P〈0.01或〈0.05）。微量尿白蛋白组的总胆红素和间接胆红素均较正常尿白蛋白组下降（P〈0.01或〈0.05）,而直接胆红素差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;临床尿白蛋白组的总胆红素、直接胆红素以及间接胆红素均低于其他两组（P〈0.01）。将尿白蛋白与血清胆红素水平作相关性分析,结果显示尿白蛋白与总胆红素、直接胆红素、间接胆红素的相关系数分别为r=-0.108,P〈0.01;r=-0.068,P〉0.05;r=-0.106,P〈0.05。3组患者的肾小球滤过率与总胆红素、直接胆红素、间接胆红素的相关性分别为r=0.196,P〈0.01;r=0.074,P〉0.05;r=0.12,P〈0.05。结论胆红素可能是T2DM患者肾脏的保护性因子。糖尿病早期采取积极的抗氧化治疗对防止DKD的发生发展有重要意义。     

Clinical indicators which necessitate renal biopsy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with renal disease

Background: The diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy (DN) is always based on clinical grounds. However, the necessity for renal biopsy of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients with renal disease to establish the diagnosis remains unclear. Methods: We retrospectively studied 50 type 2 diabetic patients performed with renal biopsy between December 2002 and December 2006. Based on renal pathology, patients were divided into group I: DN alone, group II: non‐diabetic renal disease (NDRD) superimposed on DN and group III: isolated NDRD. Factors like DM > 10 years, retinopathy, previous minimal proteinuria without sudden heavy proteinuria, no glomerular haematuria and non‐small‐sized kidney were collected to evaluate their sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for prediction of DN or NDRD in type 2 diabetic patients. Results: Group I consisted of 24 patients, group II 15 patients and group III 11 patients. Acute interstitial nephritis was the most prevalent second renal disease in our study. Sensitivity and specificity for group I was poor in five features except high sensitivity in no sudden heavy proteinuria (83.3%) and non‐small‐sized kidney (95.8%). Comparable retinopathy, sudden heavy proteinuria and haematuria (p > 0.05) was noted between the three groups. Significant biopsy indicators included higher serum albumin, lower urinary daily protein excretion and lower 24‐h creatinine clearance (C_Cr) rate (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that DM > 10 years and retinopathy did not exclude NDRD in type 2 DM patients, and need for renal biopsy. Higher serum albumin, lower urinary daily protein and 24‐h C_Cr were indicative for biopsy to exclude NDRD.     

Serum level of sialic acid (SA) and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) in type 2 diabetes mellitus with microvascular complications

Sialic acid (SA) is responsible for the composition of different isoforms of transferrin and is reported to be a marker of microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, we explored the serum concentration of SA, and the less sialylated isoforms of transferrin, termed carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT), in relation to the presence of microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. We studied 21 patients with type 2 diabetes with microangiopathy and 22 patients without complications who were hospitalized at a diabetic clinic. The prevalence of microvascular complications was based on clinical history, fundoscopy, and laboratory tests. Blood samples were taken for measurements of SA, CDT, total transferrin, glucose, HbA1c, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein (CRP), and indicators of renal dysfunction (i.e., creatinine, urea, albumin excretion rate (AER), and glomerular filtration rate (GFR)). A rise in serum SA and a decrease in CDT concentrations were observed in both diabetic groups with and without complications, and there were no differences between the two groups of patients. There was a statistically significant correlation between serum SA and CDT in diabetic subjects with microvascular complications, but not in patients without such complications. This proves that the serum changes in CDT and SA levels in the course of type 2 diabetes mellitus are associated with each other in the presence of microangiopathy.     

丹参静脉滴注对早期糖尿病肾病患者外周血自噬相关蛋白表达的影响

【目的】探讨丹参静脉滴注对早期糖尿病肾病（Diabetic nephropathy,DN）患者外周血自噬相关蛋白表达的影响。【方法】61例早期DN患者遵照患者意愿分为对照组和观察组,两组均口服降糖药物格列美脲片每次2mg,1次／日,观察组同时每天注射用丹参（冻干）粉针剂1200mg加入木糖醇250mL静脉滴注,14d为一疗程,连续二个疗程。检测两组患者治疗前后24h尿白蛋白排泄总量（UAER）、24h尿蛋白总量（Upro）、血清肌酐（SCr）、尿素氮（BUN）和肾小球滤过率（eGFR）及外周血自噬相关蛋白p62和LC3的表达水平并比较。【结果】对照组治疗后uAER、Upro、BUN、SCr和eGFR等指标与治疗前比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,但观察组治疗后的UAER、24hUpro、BUN、SCr和eGFR较治疗前显著降低（P〈0．05）。对照组LC3 mRNA表达水平和p62抗体阳性率治疗前后无明显差异（P〉0．05）,观察组治疗后LC3 mRNA‘表达水平较治疗前显著升高（P〈0．05）,p62抗体阳性率较治疗前显著降低（P〈0．05）。【结论】丹参静脉滴注对早期DN有肾脏保护作用,其作用机制可能与对自噬的干预作用有关。     

Macular edema reflects generalized vascular hyperpermeability in type 2 diabetic patients with retinopathy

OBJECTIVE: Diabetic maculopathy (DMa) is the most prevalent sight-threatening type of retinopathy in type 2 diabetes and a leading cause of visual loss in the western world. The disease is characterized by hyperpermeability of retinal blood vessels and subsequent formation of hard exudates and macular edema, the degree of which can be estimated by measurement of retinal thickness. We examined associations between retinal thickness as evaluated by optical coherence tomography scanning (OCT), glomerular leakage as evaluated by urinary albumin excretion rate (UAE), and general vascular leakage as evaluated by the transcapillary escape rate of albumin (TER(alb)) in type 2 diabetic patients with and without DMa. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In 20 type 2 diabetic patients with DMa and 20 type 2 diabetic patients without retinopathy matched for age, sex, and duration of diabetes, we performed OCT, fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure measurement. UAE was determined by radioimmunoassay. TER(alb) was determined as the initial disappearance of intravenously injected (125)I-labeled human serum albumin. RESULTS: Patients with diabetic maculopathy had higher HbA(1c) (8.5 +/- 1.5 vs. 7.4 +/- 1.2%, P < 0.05) and higher total cholesterol (5.8 +/- 0.7 vs. 5.2 +/- 0.9 mmol/l, P < 0.05) than patients without retinopathy. UAE was higher in the DMa group than in the group with no retinopathy (9.3 x// 3.1 vs. 3.9 x// 1.9 micro g/min, P < 0.01). There was no difference in TER(alb) between the two groups (6.0 +/- 1.6 vs. 6.6 +/- 1.5%, NS). In the group with DMa, OCT, TER(alb), and UAE correlated significantly (OCT versus TER(alb): r = 0.55, P < 0.05; OCT versus UAE: r = 0.58, P < 0.01; UAE versus TER(alb): r = 0.81, P < 0.01). Conversely, there were no correlations between these three parameters in the group without retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS: Macular edema seems to reflect a generalized vascular leakage in type 2 diabetic patients.     

糖尿病患者尿微量清蛋白、尿β_2-微球蛋白、糖化血红蛋白及血脂联合检测的临床意义

目的分析糖尿病患者的尿微量清蛋白、β2-微球蛋白、糖化血红蛋白及血脂含量,以观察其与糖尿病肾脏微血管病变的相关性。方法糖尿病患者根据尿微量清蛋白(mALb)分为两组:(1)糖尿病肾病组,晨尿高微量清蛋白(20mg/L)30例;(2)无糖尿病肾病组,晨尿正常微量清蛋白(20mg/L))33例。结果晨尿高微量清蛋白组的尿β2-微球蛋白、糖化血红蛋白及胆固醇含量显著高于晨尿正常微量清蛋白组,两组间差异有统计学意义。结论尿微量清蛋白(mALb)及尿β2-微球蛋白是糖尿病早期肾小球及肾小管损伤的标志物,肾病微血管病变程度与HbA1c的增高有关,血脂异常可增加糖尿病患者肾病微血管病变的危险性。联合检测对糖尿病肾病的早期预防诊断及治疗有重要的临床意义。     

缬沙坦联合氨氯地平治疗早期糖尿病肾病合并高血压疗效观察

目的研究血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻滞剂(缬沙坦)单独和联合苯磺酸氨氯地平应用对Ⅱ型糖尿病肾病(DN)合并高血压患者降压疗效及其对尿蛋白排泄量的影响。方法 122例DN合并高血压患者随机分为2组,缬沙坦组(对照组)60例,给予缬沙坦80 mg,1次/d;观察组62例,给予左旋氨氯地平5mg及缬沙坦80 mg,1次/d。疗程均为12周。治疗后观察降压效果及尿蛋白排泄量的变化。结果 2组治疗后均能显著降低血压、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白,降低血尿素氮、肌酐及尿蛋白排泄量,但观察组降低血压及尿蛋白排泄量的幅度明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论缬沙坦单独和联合氨氯地平治疗DN合并高血压,均可明显降低血压,减少血尿素氮、肌酐及尿蛋白排泄量,保护肾功能,但与苯磺酸氨氯地平两药联用时降压作用及改善蛋白尿作用更好。