Supervised intermittent chemotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis in a rural area of China

In order to ensure regularity of ambulatory treatment of new cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, a fully supervised intermittent chemotherapy regimen was tried in two rural counties of Beijing. The bare-foot doctors of the village health co-operatives were designated to administer and supervise treatment. The regimen consisted of isoniazid and streptomycin daily for 1 month, then every 3 days for 5 months and then every 5 days for a total of 12 or 18 months. For smear-negative cases the daily phase was omitted. The compliance rate among 229 patients in 1 year was 99.4%. The sputum conversion rate among 104 cases harbouring sensitive bacilli was 95.2%. Discontinuation of the regimen due to side-effects as necessary in 3 cases (1.3%). Since 1979, this treatment programme has been adopted in the whole rural area of Beijing, and the coverage rate among newly diagnosed smear-positive cases in 1983 reached 90%. A reserve regimen consisting of rifampicin and ethambutol for patients who do not convert their sputum after 6 months of treatment with isoniazid and streptomycin was added. The overall conversion rate achieved in 1981 was 97.8%. The average overall cost of drugs for each patient treated in this treatment programme was 49 yuan (RMB), about $24.00 U.S.     

The impact of directly-observed treatment on the epidemiology of tuberculosis in Beijing.

SETTING: Fully supervised chemotherapy, or directly observed treatment (DOT), for newly detected smear-positive cases in Beijing, has been successfully implemented for two decades. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the progress made in tuberculosis control, and in particular to evaluate the impact of DOT on tuberculosis epidemiology in Beijing. DESIGN: Epidemiological parameters on tuberculosis, consisting of mortality, prevalence, notification rate, tuberculous meningitis in children and initial drug resistance rate, were collected and analysed. Their trends were evaluated and compared with DOT implemented for new smear-positive cases in Beijing from 1978 to 1996. RESULTS: The coverage of DOT for new smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis cases has increased from 10% in 1978 to more than 90% since 1990. Since DOT was introduced in 1978, mortality from tuberculosis has declined by an average of more than 7% per year. The reduction rate of 17.2%, and the rates of chronic cases and tuberculous meningitis in children decreased dramatically. The rate of newly registered smear-positive cases decreased from 18.9/100000 in 1986 to 7.3/100000 in 1996, giving an average annual reduction rate of 9.1 during this period. Initial resistance to isoniazid and streptomycin decreased from respectively 13.9% and 12.3% in 1978-1979 to 4.2% and 5.8% by 1996. The level of multidrug resistance was low and stable, at 0.8% in 1996. CONCLUSION: The experience of the Beijing tuberculosis control programme convincingly demonstrates that it is possible to improve the epidemiological situation rapidly in a low-income country, at very low cost and in a manner that is self-sufficient and sustainable.     

北京结核病控制规程改革15年

从１９７８年起，北京根据ＷＨＯ推荐的现代概念确定结核病控制规程，建立健全结核病控制网，先抓初治痰菌涂片阳性（涂阳）肺结核患者管理，逐步在全市１８个区县实施全程监督不住院间歇化疗，获得很高的坚持治疗和痰菌阴转率。强调以痰菌检查结果作为确诊和疗效判定标准。对经济困难患者给予药物补助。后来，在已较好落实初治涂阳病例化疗的基础上，对慢性传染性（慢传）病例实施全程监督化疗复治，结果北京慢传患病率由１９７９年     

北京市通州区痰涂片阳性肺结核病人实施全面监督化学疗法的研究

目的 探讨通州区长期实施全监化疗的可行性?方法 对全区涂阳肺结核病人实施不住院全监化疗 ,建立健全三级防痨网 ,区?乡?村各级医生明确职责分工 ,区卫生局实施行政管理 ,各项工作实行质量控制监测?结果 1.979～1.997年对 1.648例涂阳病人中的 1.42.1例进行全监化疗 ,全监化疗率 86.2 % ,坚持监化率 90.4 % ,一年痰菌阴转率 95.3 % ,二年复发率 3.2 % ,人口传染源率从 1.980年的 81 /1.0万下降到1 997年的 2 3 /1.0万 ,下降 97.2 % ,使 1.3万健康人避免了结核菌感染 ,保护劳动力创造产值 659万元 ,节约医药费 2 557万元?结论 通过制定统一的化疗方案和建立三级防痨网 ,以卫生行政管理手段保证三级防痨网稳定?高效地工作 ,可在通州区长期对涂阳病人实施全监化疗 ,并取得预期效果?     

The control of chronic infectious patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in a rural area of China

The aim of this study was to reduce the prevalence of chronic infectious cases (CIC) in a rural area of China by fully supervised chemotherapy of newly diagnosed smear-positive cases and by reducing the number of existing old CIC through fully supervised retreatment. From 1980 to 1985, 83.3% of 1828 new, smear-positive cases were given fully supervised chemotherapy. In 1980, 95.2% of 565 old CIC started fully supervised retreatment. The prevalence of CIC had dropped from 40.5/100,000 in 1980 to 6.7/100,000 by the end of 1986.     

农村地区初级卫生保健与结核病控制实施性研究

１９８８年以来，天津市结核病控制中心对结核病控制规程的组织实施方法进行了一系列研究，本文为其中的重要组成部份。本研究通过发挥政府在结核病控制和初保长期有机结合过程中的主体作用，专业技术中心的保证作用和可在当地长期运行的技术体系的核心作用，提高了涂片阳性病例的发现率，直接面视下短程化疗（ＤＯＴＳ）管理率，并明显改善了新涂片阳性病例一年队列分析结果。     

北京市学龄前儿童结核菌自然感染的研究

北京市从１９７８年成功实施现代结核病控制措施，结核病疫情明显好转，为掌握结核自然感染率及其在现代结核病控制措施下的下降趋势。在对新生儿及儿童采取一系列保护性预防措施的情况下，自１９８８年７月１５日于顺义县开始停止新生儿卡介苗接种。１９９５年对首批未接种卡介苗的６～７岁即１９８８～１９８９年出生的队列进入小学一年级的学生采用国际标准ＰＰＤ及国际标准结素试验技术进行结核菌素试验。１９９５年顺义县６～７岁儿童的结核感染率为１．３５％，估算年结核感染率为０．２１％，说明现代结核病控制措施对结核病感染的显著影响。顺义县１９８８～１９９５年０～４岁未接种卡介苗的儿童中结核性脑膜炎的发生继续减少。研究结果为评价现代结核病控制措施的效果及在不同结核病流行病学条件下修订卡介苗接种政策提供科学依据。     

Direct observation of tuberculosis treatment by supervised family members in Yasothorn Province, Thailand.

SETTING: Yasothorn Province, Thailand. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a programme offering the option of direct observation of treatment (DOT) by a supervised family member. METHODS: Review of patient records and district registers in Yasothorn Province after implementation of the revised tuberculosis control strategy. RESULTS: From 1 October 1996 to 30 September 1997, the programme registered 779 patients: 366 smear-positive pulmonary, 357 smear-negative pulmonary, and 56 extra-pulmonary. DOT was given in 243 (66%) smear-positive, 83 (23%) smear-negative, and in 21 (38%) extra-pulmonary cases; the observer was a family member in 299 (86.2%) of the 347 cases. By December 1998, treatment outcomes were determined for the 695 new patients (326 smear-positive, 321 smear-negative, 48 extra-pulmonary) of the 779 registered during the period under study. In new smear-positive patients, cure rates were 184/216 (85.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 80.5-89.9) with DOT versus 78/110 (70.9%, 95% CI 62.4-79.4) with self-administration. CONCLUSION: The overall cure rate was 80.4% in a programme in which trained and supervised family members directly observed the treatment of two-thirds of sputum smear-positive patients. Supervised family members may contribute to more widespread effective implementation of the revised tuberculosis strategy in Thailand.     

北京市大兴县1985～1999年新发涂阳病例化疗效果评价

目的　评价北京市大兴县15年新登记初治涂阳病例不住院监督化疗的效果。方法 对1985～1999年975例初治涂阳肺结核病例的治疗方案、监化、痰菌阴转、一年转归等资料进行总结分析。结果 1985～1989年使用12个月传统化疗方案,监化率为82%,疗程结束时痰菌阴转率为93%,队列分析治愈率为86%。1990年以后调整为HR(L)ZS(E)6个月短化方案,监化率在97%以上,阴转率在96%以上,队列分析治愈率在90%以上。结论 在地域广阔,人口居住分散,经济条件相对滞后的农村地区,把结核病控制工作纳入初级卫生保健,开展不住院监督短程化疗,严格执行DOTS策略,是当前结核病控制最有效的方法。     

Prevalence and risk factors associated with tuberculin skin test positivity among household contacts of smear-positive pulnionary tuberculosis cases in Umerkot, Pakistan.

STUDY POPULATION AND SETTING: Household contacts of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) sputum smear-positive tuberculosis patients in the Umerkot Taluka, Sindh, Pakistan. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of and identify risk factors associated with tuberculin skin test (TST) positivity among household contacts of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) sputum smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis cases. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of household contacts of AFB sputum smear-positive tuberculosis cases, registered at the Umerkot Anti-Tuberculosis Association clinic from August 1999 to September 1999. The contact's Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection status was assessed using TST. On the day of the TST, a pre-designed questionnaire was administered to collect data on putative risk factors for TST positivity among contacts. The data were analysed using a marginal logistic regression model by the method of generalised estimating equations (GEE) to determine risk factors independently associated with TST positivity. RESULTS: The prevalence of TST positivity among household contacts of AFB sputum smear-positive index patients was 49.4%. The final multivariate GEE model showed that contact's age and sleeping site relative to the index case, the intensity of the index case's AFB sputum-smear positivity and the contact's BCG scar status were independent predictors of TST positivity among household contacts of AFB sputum smear-positive index cases. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the household contacts of AFB sputum smear-positive tuberculosis patients in a poor neighbourhood of rural Sindh had a high prevalence of M. tuberculosis infection as determined by TST. Poor housing conditions seem to contribute to the spread of M. tuberculosis infection. Early diagnosis of pulmonary TB through evaluation of TST-positive household contacts, followed by appropriate therapy, may prevent further spread of M. tuberculosis infection. We recommend an awareness programme to prevent household contacts from acquiring M. tuberculosis infection from smear-positive pulmonary TB cases.     

Directly observed intermittent short-course chemotherapy in the Kathmandu valley

Setting: Within the national tuberculosis control programme in Nepal, cure rates of only 30%–40% were achieved using standard chemotherapy. High cure rates are particularly difficult to achieve in the Kathmandu valley, because of the mobility of the population and the large numbers of private practitioners. Short-course chemotherapy (SCC) was not used in tuberculosis (TB) control programmes in Nepal before 1991. Therefore we started our pilot programme with a fully supervised, intermittent SCC regimen. In addition we established a mycobacteriological laboratory for routine culture and susceptibility tests.Objective: The main objective was to demonstrate the high effectiveness of a three-times weekly SCC regimen and the feasibility of directly observed treatment (DOT).Design: In our new out-patient department we put all active TB patients under SCC. The duration of therapy was 9 months or longer, depending upon bacteriological and radiological needs. The results were well recorded and evaluated by central supervision. Outcome of treatment was recorded at 24–48 months.Results: From January 1990 to December 1993, 771 pulmonary TB patients (618 new cases and 153 old cases) commenced treatment. Of these, 645 (84%) were cured or completed treatment, 84 (11%) defaulted, 15 (2%) died, 15 (2%) were treatment failures and 12 (3.0%) relapsed.Conclusion: Directly observed intermittent SCC is highly cost-effective. The results of our service programme showed that it is possible to introduce such a regimen in an urban area of Nepal.     

Drug resistance among failure and relapse cases of tuberculosis: is the standard re-treatment regimen adequate?

OBJECTIVE: To determine acquired drug resistance among failure and relapse cases after treatment of new smear-positive tuberculosis. METHODS: A cohort of 2901 patients with new smear-positive tuberculosis was enrolled in Vietnam. Sputum samples were stored at enrolment. Upon failure or relapse, another sputum sample was collected. Both were cultured and underwent drug susceptibility testing and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing. RESULTS: Of 40 failure cases, 17 had multidrug resistance (MDR) at enrolment. At failure, 15 of the 23 (65%) patients without primary MDR had acquired MDR. Of 39 relapse cases and 143 controls, none had primary MDR. CONCLUSION: Primary drug resistance was a strong risk factor for failure and relapse and for acquiring further resistance. As 80% of failure cases had MDR, the standard re-treatment regimen appears inadequate for failure cases in this control programme with a very high cure rate among new cases.     

流动(非北京市户籍)人口对北京市结核病流行的影响

目的　研究流动(非北京市户籍的外来)人口对北京市结核病流行的影响及其严重程度。方法 通过比较1993-2002年北京市户籍人口和流动人口新登记活动性肺结核和痰涂片阳性肺结核病人趋势,阐明流动人口中结核病人数与北京市户籍人口中结核病人数比重变化。结果 北京市户籍人口中新登记活动性肺结核和痰涂片阳性肺结核数由1993年的2347例和764例下降至2002年的2204例和703例,10年减少6%和8%,变化较小。同期流动人口中新登记活动性肺结核和痰涂片阳性肺结核分别由1993年的242例和90例,增加至2002年的1075例和304例,分别增加了344.2%和237.8%。如果把北京市户籍人口和流动人口中新登记活动性肺结核和痰涂片阳性肺结核相加,分别为3279例和1007例,活动性肺结核病人数大致相当1989年和涂片阳性肺结核病人数相当1992年北京市的水平。结论 流动人口中肺结核人数明显增加趋势对北京市结核病流行影响逐渐加重,必须采取有效措施加强控制。     

Tuberculosis in Asia

1. Philippines: The development, expansion and maintenance of pilot area activities: Cristina B. Giango (Technical Division, Cebu Provincial Health Office, the Philippines) In 1994, the Department of Health developed the new NTP policies based on WHO recommendations and started a pilot project in Cebu Province in collaboration with the Japan International Cooperation Agency. To test its feasibility and effectiveness, the new NTP policies were pre-tested in one city and one Rural Health Unit. The test showed a high rate of three sputum collection (90%), high positive rate (10%), and high cure rate (80%). Before the new guidelines were introduced, the new policy was briefed, a baseline survey of the facility was conducted, equipment was provided, and intensive training was given. Recording/Reporting forms and procedures were also developed to ensure accurate reporting. Supervision, an important activity to ensure effective performance, was institutionalized. Laboratory services were strengthened, and a quality-control system was introduced in 1995 to ensure the quality of the laboratory services. With the implementation of DOTS strategy, barangay health workers were trained as treatment partners. In partnership with the private sector, the TB Diagnostic Committee was organized to deliberate and assess sputum negative but X-ray positive cases. The implementation of the new NTP guidelines in Cebe Province has reached a satisfactory level, the cure rate and positive rate have increased, and laboratory services have improved. Because of its successful implementation, the new NTP guidelines are now being used nationwide. 2. Nepal: The DOTS Strategy in the area with hard geographic situation: Dirgh Singh Bam (National Tuberculosis Center, Nepal) Three groups of factors characterize the population of Nepal: 1) Socio-cultural factors, e.g. migration, poverty, language; 2) Environmental factors, e.g. geography and climate; and 3) Political factors, prisoners and refugee populations. These factors pose particular problems for implementing DOTS in various ways. Socio-cultural and environmental factors are particularly important in Nepal, and several measures have been developed to overcome these difficulties. One is active community participation through the DOTS committee. The committee consists of a group of motivated people, including social workers, political leaders, health services providers, journalists, teachers, students, representatives of local organizations, medical schools and colleges, industries, private practitioners, and TB patients. One DOTS committee is formed in every treatment center. A key role of the DOTS committee is to identify local problems and their solutions. It increases public awareness about TB and DOTS; supports people with TB in the community by providing treatment observers and tracing late patients; and encourages cooperation among health institutions, health workers, NGOs, and political leaders. The case finding rate is now 69%, and nearly 95% of diagnosed TB cases are being treated under DOTS. The treatment success rate of new smear-positive cases is nearly 90%. Thus, DOTS increases the case finding and treatment success. 3. Cambodia: HIV/TB and the health sector reform: Tan Eang Mao (National Center for Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control, Cambodia) Cambodia is one of the 23 high burden countries of tuberculosis in the world. Moreover, HIV/AIDS has been spreading rapidly since 1990s, which is worsening the tuberculosis epidemics. To cope with the burden, Cambodia has started implementation of DOTS in 1994 and has expanded it to most of public hospitals across the country by 1998. NTP of Cambodia is now enjoying high cure rate of more than 90%. However, due to the constraints such as weak infrastructure and the poverty, it is proved that many of TB sufferers do not have access to the TB services, resulting in still low case detection rate. It is for this reason that the NTP has decided to expand DOTS to health center and community level based on the new health system. Its pilot program that has been carried out in collaboration with JICA and WHO since 1999 has achieved promising results with high detection and cure rates. All of the over 900 health centers across the country will be involved in DOTS strategy by 2005. In the fight against TB/HIV, National Center for TB Control is providing free TB screening for PLWH (people living with HIV/AIDS), and it is developing a comprehensive plan of TB/HIV care including home delivery DOT services. 4. China: The World Bank Project and the Prevalence Survey in China: Hong Jin DuanMu (National Tuberculosis Control Center, China) Since 1992, China has utilized a World Bank loan to implement TB control projects among 560 million people in 13 provinces. Free diagnosis and treatment services have been provided to all patients, and a fully supervised standard short-course chemotherapy was applied to all diagnosed tuberculosis patients. In 1999, more than 190,000 smear-positive cases, ten times the number in 1992, were detected, and the registration rate of new cases reached 30 per 100,000 population. From 1992 to 1999, a total of 1.40 million smear-positive TB patients were discovered. The cure rate of smear-positive TB patients has been improved to an overall cure rate of 93.6%. The cure rates for the new cases and re-treatment patients were 95.1% and 89.6%, respectively. The fourth nationwide random survey for the epidemiology of tuberculosis was conducted in 2000. The prevalence of active tuberculosis was 367/100,000, the prevalence of infectious tuberculosis was 160/100,000, and the prevalence of smear-positive tuberculosis was 122/100,000. The tuberculosis mortality was 9.8/100,000. 5. Vietnam: The road to reaching the Global Target: Le Ba Tung (Pham Ngoc Thach Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Center, Vietnam) TB control activities started in 1957 and were reorganized in 1986 with the technical assistance of IUATLD, KNCV and material assistance of Medical Committee Netherlands Vietnam (MCNV). The New National TB Control Program follows the main directives of WHO and IUATLD's procedures of case-finding, chemotherapy and management. Passive case-findings are based on sputum smear. Chemotherapy with priority for smear positive cases is 3SHZ/6S2H2 for new cases and 3HRE/6H2R2E2 for retreated cases, which is undertaken with directly observed therapy (DOT strategy) mainly at commune health posts. Since 1989, DOTS strategy with 2SHRZ/6HE for new cases and 2SHRZE/1HRZE/5H3R3E3 for retreated cases has gradually been introduced in districts and communes of every province. In 1995, the government established the National and Provincial TB Control Steering Committees and has provided incentives for detected smear positive cases and cured smear positive cases. The government has also started strengthening the program of managerial and supervisory capacity for TB staff and has promoted the cooperation of all associated organizations of TB control. The WHO global surveillance and monitoring project reports that in 2000 Vietnam reached the global target, i.e., 99.8% population covered by DOTS with 80% of expected new smear positive cases being detected and a high cure rate ranging from 85.3% in 1989 to 90.3% in 1999. A distinguishing aspect of TB control in Vietnam is the effective international partnerships combined with high political commitment of the government nationally and provincially as well as active participation of all organizations in the community.     

佛山市结核病控制项目1O年效果分析(1992-2001年)

目的　分析广东省佛山市结核病控制项目10年的效果以及取得成效的原因。方法 收集、分析1992-2001年佛山市实施世界银行贷款结核病控制项目资料。结果 1992-2001年共接诊可疑肺结核症状者40470例,发现活动性肺结核病人8652例。其中涂阳肺结核病人5005例,新发涂阳4320例,复治涂阳病人685例;新发涂阳登记率由1993年的7.47/10万上升至2001年的30.30/10万;初治涂阳治愈率由1993年的73.5%上升至2001年的99.4%;复治涂阳治愈率由1993年的60.8%上升至2001年的91.4%。结论 10年来,佛山市的结核病控制项目实行免费检查治疗、归口管理和执行DOTS策略,实现了“高发现率”和“高治愈率”的目标,结核病控制水平整体提高,为实施新项目提供宝贵的经验,促进佛山市结核病控制工作的可持续发展。     

浙江省CIDA/WHO中国结核病控制项目实施效果分析

目的　评价CIDA-WHO中国结核病控制项目实施二轮的效果。方法 收集各项目县季报表及督导检查有关资料进行分析。结果 第一轮共发现涂阳肺结核病人6526例,涂阳新登记率32.15/10万,传染源发现率为69.9%,治愈率达86.9%;第二轮共发现涂阳肺结核病人8674例,涂阳新登记率34.92/10万,传染源发现率为75.9%。均达到项目各项指标要求。结论 浙江省CIDA-WHO中国结核病控制项目实施二轮成效显著,实现了高发现率和高治愈率的项目目标,为浙江省结核病控制工作可持续发展提供了成功模式。     

Tuberculosis patient care decentralised to district clinics with community-based directly observed treatment in a rural district of South Africa.

SETTING: A rural district of the Northern Province, South Africa. OBJECTIVES: To measure the effect of decentralisation of a tuberculosis service in a rural area on treatment outcomes. DESIGN: An intervention study that measured treatment outcomes of patients attending district clinics for tuberculosis treatment and compared these with outcomes of patients attending the district hospital. RESULTS: Over the 4-year period 1992-1995, 928 patients were admitted to the tuberculosis unit of the district hospital. In the initial pre-intervention phase, the best estimate of completed treatment for all 503 cases was 61%, and for 206 new smear-positive patients it was 67%. The intervention process established a tuberculosis control programme with directly observed treatment for all patients, and training and supervision of clinic staff. Ninety per cent of all patients had community-based supporters. For most patients, cure was not proven, but assuming success from completion of and proven adherence to treatment, successful outcomes for new smear-positive cases rose to 82% for decentralised (clinic) treatment, and 88% for those patients who lived in the district but attended the hospital for treatment. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that district clinics can achieve the same good results as the hospital. It is recommended that tuberculosis control needs a dedicated co-ordinator at district level to manage the necessary infrastructural and staff resources.     

DOTS implementation in a post-war, United Nations-administered territory: lessons from Kosovo

SETTING: The WHO-recommended strategy of tuberculosis control (DOTS strategy) has been shown to be effective in reducing tuberculosis incidence in a variety of countries/ settings. Little evidence exists on the implementation, and effectiveness of DOTS in a transitional, post-war setting OBJECTIVE: To describe the process of establishing a National Tuberculosis Control Program (NTP) and implementing DOTS throughout Kosovo, and the outcomes achieved by this international collaboration in a post-war transitional setting during 1999-2005. METHODS: In 1999, as part of the re-organization of health services, a DOTS-based NTP was established and operationalized through a collaboration of several international partners in Kosovo. Five key steps supported these activities. RESULTS: Kosovo has reached the World Health Assembly targets, having achieved 75% case detection rate (sputum smear-positive cases) and 93% treatment success rate. During 2000-2005, new smear-positive tuberculosis case notifications decreased by 44.5% (median annual decrease for all cases: 7.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Kosovo's success story is a collaborative tale, each partner involved playing a unique role in supporting NTP activities. The Kosovo example provides yet another setting in which DOTS implementation has resulted in successful patient outcomes. The international TB control community would be well-served by formal guidelines for implementing DOTS and the new STOP TB Strategy in these settings.     

Trends in tuberculosis and the influence of HIV infection in northern Malawi, 1988-2001

OBJECTIVE: To document the changing incidence and patterns of tuberculosis (TB) in rural Africa and the extent to which they are influenced by HIV. METHODS: As part of longstanding epidemiological studies in Karonga District, Malawi, a series of case control studies of TB and HIV were conducted from 1988 onwards. Data from these studies, from a total population survey, and from the Malawi national census have been used to reconstruct the changes in the TB epidemic in the area from 1988 to 2001, examining the role of HIV. RESULTS: The incidence of all confirmed TB, and of new smear-positive TB, in adults increased to peak in the late 1990s but appears to have decreased since. Two-thirds of cases are now HIV positive. The rise in incidence was greatest in the 30-44-year-old age group and was particularly marked for women, leading to a decrease in the male : female ratio for TB incidence from 1.3 to 0.8. The proportion of new smear-positive TB cases attributable to HIV increased from 17% in 1988-1990 to 57% in 2000-2001, but the estimated rate of smear-positive TB in the absence of HIV decreased from 0.78/1000 to 0.45/1000. CONCLUSIONS: Without HIV the incidence of smear-positive TB would have fallen in this population. Instead it has risen and is predominantly affecting young adults and women. There is some evidence that the HIV-associated TB epidemic may have passed its peak.     

166例住院复治涂阳肺结核社会经济学状况调查

目的了解住院复治涂阳肺结核患者的社会经济学状况,为防止慢性传染源产生,促进结核病控制规划实施提供参考意见。方法对2006年1—9月间收治入院的复治涂阳肺结核患者做问卷调查分析。结果(1)无收入或低收入者占79.5%(132/166);(2)自费治疗者占79.5%(132/166);;(3)60.2%(100/166)患者觉得就医不便;(4)疗程中未见到医生来访者占85.5%(142/166);(5)有中断用药史者占43.9%(73/166),用药时间不足1个疗程者占25.9%(43/166),停药时间在2周以上者占80.8%(59/73);(6)27.1%(45/166)患者未接受过任何结核病健康知识教育;(7)耐药检测结果:耐H者占69.6%(80/115),耐R者占61.7%(71/115),同时耐HR者占47.8%(55/115)。结论应重视涂阳肺结核患者的治疗、管理工作,提高管理质量,加强对菌阳患者的耐药监测。