Orbicularis oculi muscle extirpation in a combined procedure for involutional entropion

Many factors are important in the pathophysiology of involutional entropion, including defects of the lower eyelid retractors, canthal tendon laxity, and acquired enophthalmos. The role of the overriding preseptal orbicularis oculi muscle is often ignored in modern techniques of entropion repair. The author describes a technique of extirpation of the preseptal orbicularis oculi muscle combined with repair of the lower eyelid retractors and a lateral tarsal strip procedure for the repair of primary and recurrent involutional entropion. Lateral canthal tendon laxity is recognized in most patients in this age group and must be corrected to avoid postoperative overcorrection and ectropion. Removal of the preseptal muscle had no clinical effect on the lacrimal pump and did not cause any significant cicatricial eyelid abnormalities. This combined procedure has been used in 50 eyelids of 40 patients with excellent functional and cosmetic results. Orbicularis extirpation is not advocated in combination with a marginal rotation procedure.     

Modified retractor plication technique in lower lid entropion repair: a 4-year follow-up study

BACKGROUND: Lower eyelid entropion is an eyelid malposition characterized by inward rotation of the eyelid margin associated with potentially significant discomfort and, occasionally, keratopathy. In this study we evaluated and compared the efficacy of two surgical techniques of retractor plication for involutional lower lid entropion repair. METHODS: Sixty-two consecutive patients (62 eyes) with involutional lower lid entropion were included. Of the 62, 34 underwent the Jones retractor plication technique, and 28 underwent a modification of this technique that simplifies the procedure. We evaluated horizontal lid laxity, medial canthal tendon laxity and lower lid excursion before and after surgery, and determined the rate of entropion recurrence in the two groups. All measures were obtained before and 1 month, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years and 4 years after surgery. RESULTS: Preoperatively, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in any of the measures studied. Postoperatively, the mean amount of horizontal lid laxity was significantly less in the modified technique group than in the Jones technique group (6.86 mm [standard deviation (SD) 0.41 mm] vs. 7.30 mm [SD 0.64 mm]) (p < 0.05). Similarly, the mean amount of medial canthal tendon laxity in the resting position was significantly less in the modified technique group than in the Jones technique group (1.90 mm [SD 0.56 mm] vs. 1.25 mm [SD 0.43 mm]) (p < 0.05). The rate of entropion recurrence was significantly lower in the modified technique group (7.1%) than in the Jones technique group (14.7%) (p < 0.05). INTERPRETATION: The modified retractor plication technique showed encouraging results in terms of successful and long-lasting lower lid entropion repair.     

退行性下睑内翻眼轮匝肌缩短矫正术欠矫原因及修补△

目的 分析退行性下睑内翻眼轮匝肌缩短矫正术欠矫原因,评估再次手术修补的效果。方法 收集2008~2017年我院退行性眼睑内翻行眼轮匝肌缩短矫正手术欠矫病例27例(27眼)。分析欠矫原因,并根据其原因选择相应手术方式,观察再次矫正的手术效果。结果 退行性眼睑内翻原因和修补方式为:下睑缩肌断裂未修补15例,给予下睑缩肌修复;水平松弛未矫正7例,给予外眦韧带缩短手术;5例同时存在下睑缩肌断裂和水平松弛,行下睑缩肌修复联合外眦韧带缩短手术。再次手术随访时间内[(18.74±12.11)个月]所有患者症状消失,眼睑位置正常。结论 退行性眼睑内翻眼轮匝肌缩短手术欠矫的原因为手术方式选择不完全正确,眼睑退行性改变因素未得到充分矫正。发生欠矫时,应仔细分析其原因,选择合适的手术方式,仍可以获得良好的矫正效果。     

Involutional entropion: a retrospective analysis of the Wies procedure alone or combined with a horizontal shortening procedure.

The surgical management of 95 cases of involutional entropion were reviewed to form this retrospective study. The 66 cases treated with the Wies procedure alone had a recurrence rate of 11%. The 29 cases treated with a combined procedure consisting of a Wies procedure with a lateral canthal horizontal shortening had no recurrences. All patients had a minimum of 6 months postoperative follow-up. The etiologic factors as they relate to the appropriate surgical procedures are discussed.     

Botulinum Toxin for Lower Lid Entropion Correction

This prospective clinical study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin for temporary treatment of senile and congenital lower lid entropion. Seventeen patients with senile entropion and three children with congenital entropion were treated with botulinum toxin injection into the preseptal orbicularis muscle of lower lid. This resulted in transient relieve of the condition, which lasted for a period of 8–26 weeks. This technique is easy and effective for senile entropion as well as certain cases of congenital entropion.     

Botulinum toxin for lower lid entropion correction

This prospective clinical study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin for temporary treatment of senile and congenital lower lid entropion. Seventeen patients with senile entropion and three children with congenital entropion were treated with botulinum toxin injection into the preseptal orbicularis muscle of lower lid. This resulted in transient relieve of the condition, which lasted for a period of 8-26 weeks. This technique is easy and effective for senile entropion as well as certain cases of congenital entropion.     

Full-thickness lid sutures for entropion

Insertion of full-thickness absorbable eyelid sutures was carried out during a four-year period on 34 unselected patients with spastic or senile entropion. Four 5/0 Dexon sutures proved to be the most effective method. The over-all success rate was 50% and thus the operation cannot be recommended as the standard procedure for cases of entropion. Even so, it is useful in cases of spastic entropion due to surgery or corneal ulceration, when 100% success can be expected, and also when minimal surgical trauma or inconvenience is desired for often very elderly patients.     

Involutional entropion surgery: a modified technique

PURPOSE: A study to evaluate the effectiveness of a modified procedure to correct involutional entropion. METHODS: Seventeen cases of involutional entropion underwent surgery and had a postoperative follow-up of 18 months. The authors describe a technique of vertically shortening the anterior lamella (skin and orbicularis muscle), using a blepharoplasty incision and reflection of a skin muscle flap. RESULTS: In 16 of 17 eyelids affected by involutional entropion, this operative procedure showed good functional outcome (good correction of the relation between lower eyelid edge and eyeball) and aesthetic outcome (no hypertrophic scar, dyschromia or unnatural folding of the skin). CONCLUSIONS: A correct approach to entropion surgery needs an accurate preoperative evaluation of the individual physiopathogenic factors. This procedure gives lasting functional and pleasing cosmetic results when preseptal orbicularis muscle override has been identified as the cause of senile entropion.     

同期手术矫正上睑内翻倒睫合并老年性上睑下垂

目的：评价同期手术治疗上睑内翻合并老年性上睑下垂的手术效果。
　　方法：将2010-06/2013-06明确诊断为上睑内翻合并腱膜性上睑下垂的患者30例60眼同期行上睑内翻倒睫矫正合并提上睑肌缩短合并前徙术,观察手术后效果。
　　结果：术中全部矫正良好,分别于1 wk;1,6 mo对参选患者内翻及倒睫矫正情况及上睑遮盖上方角膜缘程度进行观察。上睑内翻倒睫得到完全矫正。上睑遮盖上方角膜缘垂直距离术后1wk 为1.68±0.71mm,1mo 为1.71±0.69mm,6mo为1.70±0.65mm,均较术前相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后无暴露性角膜炎,无过矫发生。
　　结论：多数患有上睑内翻倒睫的老年人同时合并有老年性上睑下垂,眼科医生应该重视上述两种病变的合并存在,并同时矫正。同期行上睑内翻矫正合并提上睑肌缩短的方法治疗上睑内翻倒睫合并老年性上睑下垂,可取得满意疗效。     

改良的下睑内翻矫正术15例

目的探讨老年性痉挛性下睑内翻的手术方法和效果。方法对15例(15眼)下睑内翻施行了经皮肤的部分眼轮匝肌切除、下睑缩肌前移和下睑缩短联合下睑多余的松弛皮肤切除。结果经6月～3a的随访观察,全部患者内翻矫正,自觉症状消失,无1例复发。结论经皮肤的下睑内翻矫正术能有效消除这种内翻的各种成因,手术操作简单,疗效可靠。     

老年低张性下睑内翻的手术治疗方法

目的 探讨低张性下睑内翻的有效治疗方法。方法对11例（16眼）低张性下睑内翻施行眼轮匝肌缩短,睑板楔形切除,下睑缩肌腱膜加固,皮肤除皱手术。结果全部术后睑内翻消失,无外翻,美容效果良好。术后随访1～5年,无复发者。结论对老年低张性下睑内翻的患者采用眼轮匝缩短、睑板楔形切除、下睑缩肌腱膜加固及皮肤除皱治疗,可有效矫正内翻,改善容貌,又能避免睑外翻。     

睑板下睑缩肌缝线加固术联合下睑皮肤定量切除术矫正老年性睑内翻

目的：评价睑板下睑缩肌缝线加固术联合下睑皮脸定量切除术矫正老年性睑内翻的效果,方法：对老年性睑内翻63例（68眼）施行睑板下睑缩肌缝线加固术联合下睑皮肤定量切除术,并观察术后的疗效,结果：本组病例术后睑内翻全部矫正,随访18－24个月仅1眼复发,治愈率为98．5％,睑板下睑缩肌缝线加固术联合下睑皮定量切除术矫正老年性睑内翻效果好,复发率低。     

Orbicularis oculi muscle transposition for repairing involutional lower eyelid entropion

Purpose

To describe a simple technique for involutional entropion correction and to present the findings of a retrospective interventional case series study.

Methods

We studied a consecutive series of 414 patients (609 eyelids). Patients presenting with involutional entropion in the absence of lateral canthal tendon laxity underwent orbicularis oculi muscle (OOM) transposition from pretarsal position to corresponding preseptum without horizontal shortening or resection of the orbicularis muscle.

Results

Immediate resolution of entropion and associated ocular symptoms was achieved in 607 eyelids (99.67 %). An early postoperative complication was localized lid swelling that gradually subsided within one week. Over-correction occurred in six cases and resolved with pressure dressing, mostly one or two days post-operation. At final follow-up, a significant improvement in eyelid position was achieved in 579 eyelids (95.07 % ). There was mild recurrence of entropion in 30 eyelids (4.93 %). The mean follow-up was 6.84 months (range, 6–12 months).

Conclusions

Orbicularis oculi muscle transposition is a reasonably successful procedure with a high success rate, and is particularly suitable for patients for whom there exits overriding of the preseptal OOM over the pretarsal OOM.     

The histopathology of involutional ectropion and entropion

Objective: Involutional ectropion and entropion are characterized by excessive horizontal eyelid length, which is thought to be secondary to laxity of the medial and lateral canthal tendons and to the stretching of the tarsus. Histopathological features of the surgical eyelid specimens from patients with involutional ectropion and entropion were evaluated.Design: Prospective histopathological study.Participants: Eighteen full-thickness eyelid specimens from patients with involutional ectropion and entropion were obtained during horizontal eyelid shortening procedures performed at the Ministry of Health Ankara Training and Research Hospital.Methods: All specimens were fixed in 4% formaldehyde solution and sectioned sagittally. Hematoxylin-eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, and Masson's trichrome staining were done for all specimens. Histopathologic alterations of the tarsal plate, the palpebral portion of the orbicularis muscle, and the conjunctiva were examined.Results: The patients ranged in age from 60 to 80 years. The main histopathologic features of the ectropic eyelids included collagen degeneration and elastosis of the tarsal plate, increased amounts of adipose tissue in the distal tarsus, and subacute inflammation and epidermalization of the tarsal conjunctiva. Specimens from patients with involutional entropion generally had milder degrees of these histopathological features.Conclusions: The causes of the excessive horizontal length of the eyelid, which is thought to be secondary to laxity of the medial and lateral canthal tendons, may be collagen degeneration and elastosis of the tarsal plate and canthal tendons.     

外侧睑板条悬吊联合下睑缩肌前徙术治疗老年性睑内翻

目的:观察和评价外侧睑板条悬吊联合下睑缩肌前徙术治疗老年复杂性睑内翻的方法及疗效。方法:老年性睑内翻患者主要病因有:眼睑松弛、下睑缩肌张力降低、眼轮匝肌变化,根据病因选择患者使用外侧睑板条悬吊联合下睑缩肌前徙术,术中观察眼睑位置不可过度外翻。结果:本组19例31眼诊断老年复杂性睑内翻的患者行外侧睑板条悬吊联合下睑缩肌前徙术,随访8～50mo,疗效确切。结论:外侧睑板条悬吊联合下睑缩肌前徙术是治疗老年复杂性睑内翻的有效方法。     

Congenital combined eyelid imbrication and floppy eyelid syndrome: Case report and review of literature

Congenital eyelid imbrication syndrome (CEIS) is an extremely rare, benign, transient, self-limiting eyelid malposition disorder. The classic triad of signs in patients with a CEIS consists of bilateral upper eyelids overriding the lower eyelids when child was in sleep, bilateral medial and lateral canthal tendon laxity and tarsal conjunctival hyperemia. We report a third case of congenital combined eyelid imbrication and floppy eyelid syndrome in healthy neonate that was resolved within a week with conservative treatment.     

老年性痉挛性下睑内翻的Schimek手术

目的 探讨Schimek术治疗老年性痉挛性下睑内翻的效果、手术中可能发生的问题及其处理方法。方法对61例(70眼)老年性痉挛性下睑内翻施行Schimek术进行治疗。结果70眼中64眼内翻得到良好矫正(64／70，91．4％)，另有6眼术后复发(6／70，8．6％)。这复发的6眼中有2眼进行再次手术后内翻均都得到矫正。结论用Schimek术治疗老年性痉挛性下睑内翻的效果良好、创伤少、恢复快。     

三种不同术式治疗老年性睑内翻的疗效比较

目的:观察比较皮肤眼轮匝肌切除法,眼轮匝肌缩短法(wheeler法),改良式老年性睑内翻矫正术3种不同术式治疗老年性睑内翻的疗效。方法:回顾本医院眼科2000-01/2007-12间治疗的老年性睑内翻患者资料,分析比较皮肤眼轮匝肌切除法,眼轮匝肌缩短法,改良式老年性睑内翻矫正术3种不同术式的疗效,复发率及并发症。结果:皮肤眼轮匝肌切除组,眼轮匝肌缩短组和改良式老年性睑内翻矫正术组治愈率分别为86.2%,94.1%,97.1%,复发率分别为17.2%,8.8%,1.4%。眼轮匝肌缩短组有6例术后发生睑裂不对称或泪小点移位并发症。结论:单纯皮肤眼轮匝肌切除法治疗老年性睑内翻复发率高,而眼轮匝肌缩短法容易产生外观不对称并发症。改良式老年性睑内翻矫正术安全可行,不易复发,对复发性睑内翻亦有效,值得推广。     

Senile (atonic) entropion.

The etiology and surgery of senile entropion are reviewed. Many of the presumptive causes of this clinical entity including the vague neurological etiology which caused it to be labeled "spastic" have been found baseless, and the explanation of the elder Fuchs, later confirmed by Duke-Elder, that the cause of senile entropion is due to degenerative tissue changes has been found to be more logical and more compatible with the anatomic findings. There have always been two methods of surgical repair of senile entropion: (1) unwinding the lid by resection of horizontal strips of skin or skin and muscle, and (2) by resection of vertical spindles and triangles of tissue to tauten the lids horizontally. I prefer the latter technique.     

Senile ectropion and entropion: a comparative histopathological study.

A microscopic histopathological study was done on 500 full-eyelid-thickness surgical specimens: 25 with the diagnosis of senile ectropion and 25 with that of senile entropion. Five different staining techniques were used. There appears to be significantly more orbicularis and Riolan's muscle ischemia, atrophy, and collagen fragmentation with ectropion than with entropion. Entropion shows more septal and tarsal atrophy. In both conditions, the skin and conjunctiva show chronic inflammation and scarring as a constant feature. Statistical significance at the 1% level was present for all six characteristics studied. These histopathological changes, if not etiological, are at least concomitant features differentiating senile ectropion from entropion at the microscopic tissue level.