CYP 2E1 5''''侧翼区基因多态性与职业性锰中毒易感性病例对照研究

[目的]探讨CYP2E1 5'侧翼区基因多态性与职业性慢性锰中毒易感性的关系.[方法]本研究以51例职业性锰中毒患者为病例,以相同环境锰暴露而未发病、匹配条件相当者为对照,进行11配对病例-对照研究,应用PCR-RFLP方法进行CYP2E1 5'侧翼区基因Pst Ⅰ/Rsa Ⅰ位点和DraⅠ位点多态性分析.[结果]CYP2E1基因Rsa Ⅰ位点基因型及等位基因的分布在病例组和对照组之间差异无统计学意义.CYP2E1 Dra Ⅰ位点基因型分布在病例组和对照组有差别.CYP2E1基因Dra Ⅰ位点野生型纯合子(DD)在病例组的分布明显高于对照组,突变型纯合子(CC)在病例组的分布明显低于对照组.[结论]携带野生型CYP2E1基因者,其Dra Ⅰ位点更易突变,对锰的神经毒性可能更敏感,推测CYP2E1基因的多态性可能与锰中毒的易感性有关.     

慢性苯中毒遗传易感性与细胞色素P4502E1基因多态性关系的初步探讨

为探讨细胞色素P45 0 2E1(CYP2E1)基因多态性与苯中毒遗传易感性的关系 ,应用PCR RFLP方法对 35例苯中毒病例、44例苯作业工人及 2 6例正常对照组的细胞色素P45 0 2E1(CYP2E1)基因RsaⅠ和DraⅠ多态进行检测。结果显示 ,CYP2E1基因RsaⅠ位点基因型 (c1 c1、c1 c2和c2 c2 )及等位基因 (c1、c2 )和DraⅠ位点基因型 (DD、CD和CC)及等位基因 (D、C)在三组间的分布频率均无统计学意义。提示CYP2E1基因RsaⅠ和DraⅠ多态位点与苯中毒遗传易感性可能无关     

中国居民细胞色素P450 2E1基因多态性与食管癌易感性关系的Meta分析

[目的]探讨中国居民CYP2E1基因多态性与食管癌易感性的关系。[方法]检索中国生物医学文献数据库（CBM）和PubMed,并收集相关文献进行Meta分析。以病例组和对照组CYP2E1基因型分布的比值比（OR）为效应指标,对文献进行评价筛选、异质性检验,应用Meta分析软件RevMan5对各研究原始数据进行统计。[结果]最终纳入系统评价进行Meta分析的共有8个病例对照研究,其中食管癌患者879例,对照1155例。Meta分析结果合并OR=2．07,95％CI=1．18～3．64。[结论]对目前相关研究结果的Meta分析显示中国居民CYP2E1基因多态性与食管癌易感性之间有关联,CYP2E1基因纯合子野生型C1／C1是食管癌的易感性基因。     

CYP1A1和CYP2E1基因多态性与燃煤型砷中毒发病风险关系

目的探讨CYP1A1基因和CYP2E1基因多态性与燃煤型砷中毒发病风险的关系。方法以130例燃煤型砷中毒患者为病例组, 以140名健康居民为对照组, 应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)法检测CYP1A1 Msp I、CYP2E1 Dra I和 CYP2E1 Pst I位点基因多态性, 并进行基因联合作用分析。结果CYP1A1基因 Msp I位点 m1/m1(纯合野生型) 基因型和m1/m2+m2/m2(杂合型+纯合突变型)基因型在病例组和对照组的分布频率分别为34.2%、65.8%和30.9%、69.1%; CYP2E1基因 Pst I位点 c1/c1(纯合野生型) 基因型和c1/c2+c2/c2(杂合型+纯合突变型)基因型在病例组和对照组的分布频率分别为62.6%、37.4%和57.4%、42.6%;CYP2E1基因 Dra I位点 DD(纯合野生型) 和DC+CC(杂合型+纯合突变型) 基因型在病例组和对照组的分布频率分别为58.7%、41.3%和61.4%、42.6%;上述3个多态位点各基因型在两组间的分布差异无统计学意义(P=0.341、0.574、0.972)。未发现CYP1A1 Msp I、CYP2E1 Pst I和 CYP2E1 Dra I多态位点与燃煤型砷中毒的发病风险存在统计学关联(P_校正= 0.433、0.219、0.832);上述多态位点各基因型之间未发现存在联合作用。结论CYP1A1和CYP2E1基因多态性与燃煤型砷中毒的发病风险无关。     

CYP 2E15＇侧翼区基因多态性与职业性锰中毒易感性病例对照研究

[目的]探讨CYP2E15’侧翼区基因多态性与职业性慢性锰中毒易感性的关系。[方法]本研究以51例职业性锰中毒患者为病例，以相同环境锰暴露而未发病、匹配条件相当者为对照，进行1：1配对病例-对照研究，应用PCR-RFLP方法进行CYP2E15’侧翼区基因PstI／RsaI位点和DraI位点多态性分析。[结果]CYP2E1基因RsaI位点基因型及等位基因的分布在病例组和对照组之间差异无统计学意义。CYP2E1DraI位点基因型分布在病例组和对照组有差别。CYP2E1基因DraI位点野生型纯合子（DD）在病例组的分布明显高于对照组，突变型纯合子（CC）在病例组的分布明显低于对照组。[结论]携带野生型CYP2E1基因者，其DraI位点更易突变，对锰的神经毒性可能更敏感，推测CYP2E1基因的多态性可能与锰中毒的易感性有关。     

细胞色素P450 2E1基因多态性与胃癌易患性

目的研究与前致癌物亚硝胺类代谢活化有关的细胞色素P450 2E1(cytochromeP450 2E1,CYP2E1)基因多态性与胃癌易患性的关系,探讨环境因素与遗传因素在胃癌发病中的作用.方法采用病例-对照分子流行病学方法,调查原发性胃癌患者和对照各48例,以聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态(PCR-RFLP)检测被调查者的CYP2E1基因RsaⅠ位点的多态性,条件Logistic回归模型进行资料分析.结果 CYP2E1 A、B和C 3种基因型在病例组中的构成比分别为68.8%,29.2%和2.1%,对照组分别为45.83%,47.92%和6.25%,2组差异无统计学意义(x2=5.389,P=0.068).而病例和对照组CYP2E1基因Rsa Ⅰ位点等位基因c1和c2频率分别为83.3%,16.7%和69.8%,30.2%,差异有统计学意义(x2=5.241,P＜0.05).环境因素中食盐、香肠和熟食的过多摄入以及肿瘤家庭史和c1等位基因作为胃癌的危险因素进入回归模型,而经常喝茶作为保护性因子可能降低胃癌的发生危险.结论 CYP2E1基因Rsa Ⅰ位点等位基因c1与胃癌易感性相关联;某些饮食因素与胃癌的发生有关.     

细胞色素P450 2E1基因Rsa Ⅰ/Pst Ⅰ位点多态性与中国人肺癌易感性关系的Meta分析

肺癌是一种由环境与遗传因素相互作用引起的多因素疾病[1].暴露相同的环境因素,其结局不尽相同,说明不同个体对环境致癌物具有不同的易感性.代谢酶的多态性影响个体对肺癌的易感性,有报道称细胞色素P450 2E1(CYP 2E1)基因CYP2E1 Rsa Ⅰ/Pst Ⅰ变异对中国人肺癌发生起保护作用,携带c1/c2或c2/c2的个体发生肺癌的危险性与c1/c1个体相比明显降低[2-4].     

细胞色素P450 2E1基因PstⅠ多态、腌制品与大肠癌关系的病例对照研究

目的：研究代谢酶细胞色素P450 2E1基因(CYP2E1)Pst Ⅰ多态性和腌制品与大肠癌易感性的关系。方法：采用人群基础的病例对照分子流行病学研究和PCR—RFLP技术,对126例大肠癌和343名健康对照Pst Ⅰ识别的CYP2E1基因型进行检测。结果：健康对照组CYP2E1基因野生型(C1／C1)为61．8％,杂合子(C1／C2)为35．8％,突变纯合子(C2／C2)为2．4％。调整年龄性别后,结肠癌病例中突变基因型频率54．9％(52．9％ C1／C2和2．0％ C2／C2)高于对照(OR 1．979,95％ CI 1．090—3．595),但直肠癌病例与对照比较,无统计学意义。分层分析发现,突变基因型、每周1或2次和隔天或每天吃腌制品单因素作用的大肠癌OR值分别1．935、2．122和2．315,而每周1或2次 突变型、隔天或每天吃 突变型联合作用后大肠癌OR值分别为2．272和3．127。分别分析结、直肠癌,腌制品对直肠癌的危险性在食用频率为每周1或2次时,差异有统计学意义,野生型和突变型的OR值分别为2．646和2．297,两者差异无统计学意义;而结肠癌危险性只有在Pst Ⅰ突变者隔天或每天吃腌制品时才剧增,OR值4．262(1．395～13．017),为野生型的2．69倍,差异有统计学意义。结论：CYP2E1 PstⅠG→C点突变是大肠癌的遗传易感性因素,与腌制品有协同作用,该作用在结肠癌尤为明显。     

1，3-丁二烯致染色体损伤的遗传易感性与CYP2E1和GSTs基因多态性关系

[目的]探讨代谢酶基因CYP2E1和GSTs的基因多态性与1,3-丁二烯致外周血淋巴细胞染色体损伤易感性的关系。[方法]采用胞质分裂阻滞微核试验方法（CBMN）评价166名丁二烯接触工人和41名对照组染色体损伤水平,应用PCR-RFLP测CYP2E1 clc2基因多态,PCR法测GSTT1和GSTM1缺失情况。[结果]接触组和对照组的微核发生率分别为（3．23±2．49）％。和（1．22±1．19）％。,差别有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。多因素Poisson回归分析发现CYP2E1 c1c2／c2c2基因型和GSTMl非缺失型与染色体损伤相关（分别为矿=14．39,P〈0．01和χ^2=4．23,P〈0．05）。没有发现年龄、工龄、性别、吸烟和饮酒等与微核率之间的关系。[结论]双核淋巴细胞微核数可以作为1,3．丁二烯接触早期健康损害的指标。CYP2E1 c1c2／c2c2基因型、GSTM1非缺失型与1,3-丁二烯诱导的染色体损伤有关。     

细胞色素P450 1A1和2D6基因多态性与慢性苯中毒的危险性

目的 探讨细胞色素P450 1A1和2D6基因多态性与慢性苯中毒易感性的关系.方法 采用病例-对照研究,选择152名苯中毒工人为病例组,152名接触苯而无中毒表现的工人为对照组.采用限制性片段聚合酶链反应（PCR-RFLP）技术检测CYP1A1基因3＇端非编码区MspⅠ和CYP2D6第1外显子c.188位点、g.212位点多态性.结果 携带CYP1A1 MspⅠT/T基因型的个体发生苯中毒的危险性是携带有CYP1A1 Msp Ⅰ T/C或C/C基因型的个体的1.32倍（95%CI：1.05～1.65,P=0.02）;在不吸烟的人群中,携带CYP1A1 MspⅠ T/T基因型的个体发生苯中毒的风险性是携带T/C或C/C基因型的个体的1.56倍（95%CI：1.15～2.12,P=0.003）;携带有CYP2D6 c.188 C/C或C/T基因型个体发生苯中毒的危险性是携带有CYP2D6 c.188 T/T基因型的个体的1.23倍（95%CI：1.05～1.42,P=0.01）,在不吸烟的人群中,携带CYP2D6 c.188 C/C或C/T基因型个体发生苯中毒的危险性是携带有CYP2D6 c.188 T/T基因型的个体的1.23倍（95%CI：1.04～1.47,P=0.01）.未发现研究对象的CYP2D6g.212位点存在多态性.结论 携带CYP1A1 Msp ⅠT/T基因型、CYP2D6 c.188 C/C和C/T基因型个体对苯中毒可能易感.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.