广州地区1～12月龄健康婴儿肺功能的测定结果

目的　探讨 1～ 12月龄健康婴儿肺功能的发育情况。方法　将 140名 1～ 12个月的健康婴儿分成 4组 :1～ 2月、～ 4月、～ 7月、～ 12月组。用美国森迪公司 2 6 0 0型儿童肺功能仪测定肺功能值 ,包括用潮气流速容量曲线部分替代最大呼气流速容量曲线检测出的潮气量和反映大小气道功能的指标 ;利用被动流速容量技术测定呼吸系统静态顺应性、总气道阻力 ;用开放式氮冲洗的方法测定功能残气量。结果　本组婴儿各项肺功能测定值男女间差异无显著意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,通气功能、功能残气量、呼吸系统的静态顺应性随月龄增大而增大 ,与身高、月龄、体重密切相关 ,各组间差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1) ,而反映大、小气道功能所有指标都相对稳定。结论　用潮气流速容量曲线部分代替最大呼气流速曲线可反映大小气道功能情况 ,其各项指标相对稳定 ,可作为观察呼吸系统疾患时肺功能变化情况的比较理想的指标。通气功能、功能残气量、呼吸系统静态顺应性、潮气呼气峰流速随月龄增大而增大 ,符合婴儿生长发育的规律 ,1～ 4月婴儿发育最快。     

广州地区1～3岁健康幼儿肺功能测定结果的探讨

目的 探讨广州地区1～3岁健康幼儿肺功能状况。方法 将120名1～3岁健康幼儿分成1～2岁组和～3岁组。用美国森迪公司2600型婴幼儿肺功能仪测定肺功能值，包括用潮气流速-容量(TBFV)环部分替代最大呼气流速容量曲线检测出的潮气量(TV)和反映大、小气道功能的指标；利用被动流速容量技术测定呼吸系统静态顺应性(Crs)、总气道阻力(Rrs)；用开放式氮冲洗法测定功能残气量(FRC)。结果 1～3岁健康幼儿各项肺功能测定值男、女间差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05)。1～2岁组和～3岁组呼吸频率差异无统计学意义（27 vs 26，t＝1.512，P＞0.01）。～3岁组TV水平显著高于1～2岁组（0.123 vs 0.091，t＝8.587，P<0.01），但经体重校正后，差异无统计学意义（0.009 1 vs 0.008 6，t＝1.959，P＞0.01）。～3岁组潮气呼气峰流速（PTEF）水平显著高于1～2岁组（0.159 vs 0.135，t＝3.787，P<0.01）。所测定的TBFV环是不典型椭圆形。呼气时间/总呼吸时间（Ti/Tt）、到达潮气呼气峰流速时的呼出气量/潮气量（%V-PF）、呼出75%潮气量时的呼气流速/潮气呼气峰流速（25/PF）和潮气呼气中期流速/潮气吸气中期流速（ME/MI）等指标，两组间差异均无统计学意义（P均＞0.05），而1～2岁组潮气呼气峰流速/潮气量（PF/Ve）水平显著高于～3岁组（1.257 vs 1.095，t＝2.098，P<0.05）。1～2岁组Rrs水平显著高于～3岁组（2.697 vs 2.071，t＝3.761，P<0.01）；～3岁组Crs水平显著高于1～2岁组（0.352 vs 0.254，t＝4.297，P<0.01），但经体重校正后，差异无统计学意义（0.026 vs 0.024，t＝1.051，P＞0.01）；～3岁组FRC水平显著高于1～2岁组（0.271 vs 0.211，t＝8.468，P<0.01），但经体重校正后，差异无统计学意义（0.019 8 vs 0.019 8，t＝0.000，P＞0.01）。由此可见，TV、FRC、Crs和PTEF随年龄增大而增大，尤与体重密切相关，两组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01＝，而反映大、小气道功能的所有指标相对稳定。结论 用TBFV环部分替代最大呼气流速容量曲线可反映大、小气道功能情况，其各项指标相对稳定，可作为观察呼吸系统疾患时肺功能变化情况较理想的指标。健康幼儿TV、FRC、Crs和PTEF与体重呈正相关，符合幼儿生长发育的规律,1～3岁幼儿体重发育较明显。     

以婴幼儿体积描记仪建立的足月新生儿肺功能参数正常值

目的 测定新生儿肺功能参数正常值,为呼吸系统疾病的诊治和呼吸机参数的设定提供客观依据。方法 采用婴幼儿体积描记（简称体描）仪检测406名符合纳入与排除标准新生儿的功能残气量、有效气道阻力和潮气呼吸参数,体描检测后剔除正常呼吸可能受疾病干扰或不符合质量控制标准者,最终有211名呼吸生理功能正常的新生儿被纳入数据分析。根据日龄,将其分为1~7 d、~14 d、~21 d、~28 d日龄组进行比较。结果 随日龄增加,呼吸生理功能正常的新生儿身长、体重差异有统计学意义（P= 0.004,P<0.000 1）,功能残气量(FRCP)、潮气量（VT）、25%和50%潮气量时的潮气呼气流速（TEF25,50）呈递增趋势,特殊有效气道阻力（sReff）、公斤体重有效气道阻力（Reff/kg）呈递减趋势,达峰时间比（TPTEF/TE） 、达峰容积比（VPTEF/VE） 、FRCP/kg、VT/kg保持相对恒定;新生儿肺容量的增加与流速的增长保持一致,小气道的发育快于大气道;新生儿肺功能的影响因素为身长、BMI、体重和日龄,相关性分析及LMS百分位数曲线图均提示体重对新生儿肺功能的影响最为显著。结论 随日龄增加,新生儿期肺容积增大,气道阻力降低,呼吸效能逐渐提高;本文建立的新生儿肺功能参数正常值可为呼吸机参数的设置、呼吸系统发育评估和疾病诊治提供参考依据。     

婴幼儿呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎和肺炎支原体肺炎患儿肺功能的研究及临床意义

目的探讨呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、肺炎支原体(MP)以及混合感染所致婴幼儿肺炎患儿的肺功能变化及其临床意义。方法选取于2005-10—2006-04因支气管肺炎于苏州大学儿童医院治疗的婴幼儿151例,运用直接免疫荧光法(DFA)和定量酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)分别检测肺炎患儿痰液中呼吸道合胞病毒和血清中肺炎支原体特异性抗体。采用瑞士ECOMEDICS公司的V’max26(EXHALYZER)肺功能仪对151例婴幼儿(根据年龄和病原不同分组)进行肺功能检测,观测患儿潮气呼吸流速容量环形态及其各项指标变化。结果呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎、肺炎支原体肺炎或两者混合感染患儿潮气流速容量环均变窄,呼气曲线升枝陡峭,呼气高峰提前,降枝呈波谷样凹陷。呼气峰流速因年龄不同而有所差异,1岁以内组肺炎患儿呼气峰流速增高(P<0.05),而～3岁组肺炎患儿呼气峰流速略降低(MP感染组P<0.05)。RSV、MP急性感染均表现为呼吸频率(RR)、潮气呼气峰流速/呼气量(PF/Ve)、潮气呼气峰流速/呼气达峰时间(PTEF/TPTEF)增加,每公斤潮气量(VT/kg)、呼气达峰时间比(TPTEF/TE)、呼出75%潮气量时呼气流速(TEF25%)、到达潮气呼气峰流速时呼气量(VPTEF),以及代表小气道功能的指标25/PF、%V-PF下降,与健康对照组比较差异均有显著性。反映大气道功能的指标潮气呼气中期流速/潮气吸气中期流速(ME/MI)差异无显著性。不同病原组间肺功能各指标差异无显著性。潮式呼吸参数用两样本均数t检验和多样本均数的方差分析。结论RSV和MP感染所引起的肺炎均能导致婴幼儿肺功能的损害,主要表现为小气道阻塞性改变。RSV和MP急性期感染之间肺功能损害程度并无显著区别,预后有无差别还有待于进一步的随访研究。TBFV环可作为评价临床上婴幼儿肺功能的损害程度的客观依据。     

毛细支气管炎患儿临床肺功能的评价(附100例临床报告)

目的 研究毛细支气管炎时小气道阻塞的程度及动态变化的情况，并探讨其临床意义。方法 采用德国耶格公司小儿肺功能仪，运用潮气呼吸流速容量环评价100例毛细支气管炎急性期婴儿肺功能，并对其中20例进行临床恢复期肺功能复查。结果 在毛细支气管炎急性期，肺功能大多呈中度以上阻塞性通气功能障碍，主要为小气道阻塞，恢复期有显著好转。结论 潮气呼吸流速容量环检测能较好地反映小婴儿肺功能的情况。     

支气管肺发育不良肺功能变化的初步观察

目的 探讨支气管肺发育不良(BPD)肺功能变化及临床意义.方法 BPD早产儿为观察组,胎龄、体重与观察组无差异、无心肺疾患的非BPD早产儿为对照组,分别进行肺功能检测,比较两组在2月龄和8月龄时潮气呼吸流速容量环形态及主要参数变化.结果 2月龄和8月龄时观察组与对照组比较,潮气流速容量环均变窄,呼气曲线升枝陡峭,呼气高峰提前,降枝呈近似直线或波谷样凹陷.观察组呼吸频率和潮气呼气峰流速增加,潮气量、呼气达峰时间和呼气达峰容积减少,差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.05),剩余25%潮气量时呼气流速/呼气峰流速观察组低于对照组(P＜0.01),潮气吸气和呼气中期流速两组差异无统计学意义.结论 BPD导致的婴幼儿肺功能损害主要表现为小气道阻塞性改变,潮气呼吸流速容量环可作为评价BPD婴儿肺功能损害的客观依据.     

婴幼儿肺功能检测及气道反应性测定

儿童时期的肺功能测定对于临床及科研均非常重要。婴幼儿肺功能检测包括潮气呼吸、阻断、体描以及快速胸腹腔挤压。其中最常用的是潮气呼吸肺功能检测,其主要参数为达峰时间比(TPTEF/TE)、达峰容积比(VPEF/VE),是反映气道阻塞的2个非常重要的参数。支气管激发试验可以协助哮喘的诊断,判断治疗的效果。经典的是6岁以上儿童和成人做的以1秒量FEV1(也可以用呼气峰流速PEF)为判断指标的支气管激发试验。近15年来,出现了以脉冲振荡原理监测平静呼吸时吸入支气管激发剂时气道阻力的变化,以最小激发累积剂量(Dmin)为判断指标的激发试验方法。此方法可应用于4岁以上的儿童,明显扩大了检测范围,为临床提供了更为便捷的手段。     

吸入β2肾上腺素能受体激动剂联合抗胆碱类药物治疗对喘息性支气管炎婴儿肺功能的影响

目的了解吸入β2肾上腺素能受体激动剂联合抗胆碱类药物治疗对喘息性支气管炎婴儿肺功能的影响。方法23例5个月-1岁的喘息性支气管炎患儿，在吸入硫酸沙丁胺醇与异丙托溴铵复合溶液前和吸入后30、60及120min各行1次潮气呼吸流速．容量环（TBFV环）检查，同时以20名健康婴儿作为对照，并进行肺功能各项指标比较，包括TBFV环的形态。反映小气道功能的敏感指标：到达潮气呼气峰流速时的呼气量，潮气量（%V-PFV），呼出75％潮气量时的呼气流速，潮气呼气峰流速（25/PF），潮气呼气峰流速（PTEF）；反映大气道功能的指标：潮气呼气中期流速，潮气吸气中期流速（ME/MI），反映潮气呼吸状态下通气功能的指标：包括呼吸频率和每千克体重潮气量（TV/kg）。结果喘息性支气管炎患儿TBFV环中呼气降支凹陷，呼气峰流速前移，治疗前与吸入药物后30、60及120min患儿的TBFV环形态无明显变化；治疗前与吸入药物后30、60及120min呼吸频率、％V-PF、2．5／PF、ME／MI、PTEF和TV/kg的差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论吸入硫酸沙丁胺醇与异丙托溴铵复合溶液后，喘息性支气管炎患儿大小气道阻力及通气功能的改善并不明显，提示β2肾上腺素能受体激动剂联合抗胆碱类药物吸入治疗对喘息性支气管炎患儿的肺功能无显著改善。     

气管支气管软化患儿潮气呼吸肺功能特征的研究

目的探讨气管支气管软化(TBM)患儿潮气呼吸肺功能的特征,为TBM患儿的诊断、疗效评估、预后判断提供新的思路。方法选取30例经电子支气管镜诊断为TBM的患儿作为研究组,30例健康儿童作为正常对照组。正常对照组和TBM组初诊时以及确诊后3个月、6个月、9个月、12个月进行潮气呼吸肺功能测定。结果 TBM确诊时与对照组在潮气量及吸气时间、呼气时间、吸呼比的差异无统计学意义(P0.05);与对照组比,TBM组确诊时的呼吸频率较快,达峰时间比和达峰容积比较低,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01);TBM患儿初诊时及确诊后3、6、9、12个月的潮气呼吸肺功能达峰时间比、达峰容积比逐渐增大。结论 TBM患儿潮气呼吸肺功能具有特征性改变,而且随着年龄增大,潮气呼吸肺功能逐渐接近正常。     

潮气呼吸分析参数结合胸部CT在评价先天性心脏病患儿肺功能中的应用

目的 探讨潮气呼吸分析参数结合胸部CT在评价先天性心脏病患儿肺功能中的临床应用价值.方法 对44例先天性心脏病儿童进行潮气呼吸肺功能测定,并对其中28例进行胸部螺旋CT三维重建气管、支气管树成像(CTB).同时选取普通肺炎患儿64例进行潮气呼吸肺功能测定作为对照,并对其中49例进行胸部CT检查.结果 44例先天性心脏病患儿呼吸频率(RR)增快,吸气时间(TI)缩短,达峰时间比(TPTEF/TE)、到达潮气呼气峰流速时的呼气量(VPTEF)、达峰容积比(VPEF/VE)明显下降(P<0.01),呼气峰流速(PTEF)和75%潮气量时的潮气呼气流速(TEF 75)升高(P<0.05).28例先天性心脏病患儿胸部CT显示肺部感染、气道狭窄、肺气肿和肺不张,患病率明显高于对照组(P<0.05).结论 潮气呼吸参数中TPTEF/TE、VPTEF、VPTEF/VE能反映先天性心脏病阻塞性通气功能障碍,胸部CT能进一步显示通气功能障碍的原因,两种无创技术相结合,能较全面反映先天性心脏病患儿的肺功能状态.     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.