儿童慢性咳嗽的程序式诊断方法探讨

目的 分析儿童慢性咳嗽的病因分布,并对儿童慢性咳嗽的程序式诊断方法进行探讨。方法 参考Morice的慢性咳嗽诊断程序,对81例慢性咳嗽儿童进行逐步评估。最后的诊断结果分为明确诊断、疑似诊断和病因未明。结果 明确诊断65例（80．3％）,疑似诊断15例（18．5％）,病因未明1例。81例慢性咳嗽中前几位病因依次为气管、支气管异物（16．9％）,咳嗽变异型哮喘／哮喘（15．7％）,肺部感染（后）（14．5％）,鼻后滴注综合征（8．4％）,先天气管、支气管狭窄或其他发育异常（7．2％）。不同的年龄阶段病因分布有一定特征性。结论 儿童慢性咳嗽的病因复杂,应用程序式诊断方法可明确大部分病因,其病因分布具有年龄特点;病史、体检、影像学检查及肺功能测定在儿童慢性咳嗽的病因诊断中发挥重要作用;诊断过程应予动态评价,及时随访。最后对Morice诊断程序作出补充。     

儿童慢性咳嗽的治疗药物

慢性咳嗽是儿童就诊常见原因之一,咳嗽反复、迁延不愈可影响患儿生长发育和家庭生活质量。目前对儿童慢性咳嗽病因构成比及诊断思路的认识逐步成熟,但对儿童慢性咳嗽的管理如药物治疗等仍欠规范。儿童慢性咳嗽的治疗原则是明确病因,对因治疗,在明确病因前应慎用镇咳药物。需重视观察-等待-随访的原则,注重相关病因的诊断性治疗及治疗后的再评估。     

儿童慢性咳嗽诊断治疗进展

咳嗽是各年龄段儿童就诊时最常见的症状之一。它是导致父母焦虑和儿童频繁缺课的主要原因,给患儿及其家庭带来很大苦恼。急性咳嗽多由呼吸道感染引起,诊断较容易,而慢性咳嗽的病因则复杂多样,可由单个病因引起,也可由多个病因所致,不明原因的特发性咳嗽少见。目前对慢性咳嗽诊断的时间定义尚无统一认识,一般认为4周~3个月或以上。通过仔细的病史采集和适当检查,大多数病例能找到原因并得到有效治疗。因此,咳嗽成功治疗的关键是明确诊断,并针对其病因进行治疗。一、咳嗽的神经反射及生理学在生理情况下,咳嗽有利于清除呼吸道内吸入的微粒、气…     

儿童慢性咳嗽诊断中几个值得关注的问题

慢性咳嗽是儿科值得关注的重要临床症候群之一,由于儿童的解剖、生理和免疫功能均未发育成熟,儿童慢性咳嗽的常见病因与成人有较大区别,不同年龄儿童也有不同的病因特点,决定了儿童慢性咳嗽的诊断不能照搬成人的标准,因此在儿童慢性咳嗽诊断中有许多问题值得关注。国内《儿童慢性咳嗽诊断和治疗指南》近期试行,会推动我国儿童慢性咳嗽研究的深入开展。     

儿童慢性咳嗽的病因及诊治进展

咳嗽是机体的保护性反射动作,如果过于严重或反复持续咳嗽,则失去其保护意义.儿章慢性咳嗽的时间定义是反复持续咳嗽>4周.儿童慢性咳嗽是常见又非常棘手的临床问题,其病因复杂多样,同前对儿童慢性咳嗽缺乏一定的研究.治疗成功的关键是寻找引起慢性咳嗽的真正病因并针对病因进行诊断和治疗.     

儿童慢性咳嗽的病因及诊治进展

咳嗽是机体的保护性反射动作,如果过于严重或反复持续咳嗽,则失去其保护意义.儿章慢性咳嗽的时间定义是反复持续咳嗽>4周.儿童慢性咳嗽是常见又非常棘手的临床问题,其病因复杂多样,同前对儿童慢性咳嗽缺乏一定的研究.治疗成功的关键是寻找引起慢性咳嗽的真正病因并针对病因进行诊断和治疗.     

儿童慢性咳嗽的病因及诊治进展

咳嗽是机体的保护性反射动作,如果过于严重或反复持续咳嗽,则失去其保护意义.儿章慢性咳嗽的时间定义是反复持续咳嗽>4周.儿童慢性咳嗽是常见又非常棘手的临床问题,其病因复杂多样,同前对儿童慢性咳嗽缺乏一定的研究.治疗成功的关键是寻找引起慢性咳嗽的真正病因并针对病因进行诊断和治疗.     

儿童慢性咳嗽的病因及诊治进展

咳嗽是机体的保护性反射动作,如果过于严重或反复持续咳嗽,则失去其保护意义.儿章慢性咳嗽的时间定义是反复持续咳嗽>4周.儿童慢性咳嗽是常见又非常棘手的临床问题,其病因复杂多样,同前对儿童慢性咳嗽缺乏一定的研究.治疗成功的关键是寻找引起慢性咳嗽的真正病因并针对病因进行诊断和治疗.     

儿童慢性咳嗽的病因及诊治进展

咳嗽是机体的保护性反射动作,如果过于严重或反复持续咳嗽,则失去其保护意义.儿章慢性咳嗽的时间定义是反复持续咳嗽>4周.儿童慢性咳嗽是常见又非常棘手的临床问题,其病因复杂多样,同前对儿童慢性咳嗽缺乏一定的研究.治疗成功的关键是寻找引起慢性咳嗽的真正病因并针对病因进行诊断和治疗.     

儿童慢性咳嗽的病因及诊治进展

咳嗽是机体的保护性反射动作,如果过于严重或反复持续咳嗽,则失去其保护意义.儿章慢性咳嗽的时间定义是反复持续咳嗽>4周.儿童慢性咳嗽是常见又非常棘手的临床问题,其病因复杂多样,同前对儿童慢性咳嗽缺乏一定的研究.治疗成功的关键是寻找引起慢性咳嗽的真正病因并针对病因进行诊断和治疗.     

重庆地区儿童慢性咳嗽病因构成比及其随访

目的 了解引起重庆地区儿童非特异性慢性咳嗽的病因构成比,分析病因特点.方法 根据中华医学会儿科分会呼吸学组与中华儿科杂志制订的<儿童慢性咳嗽诊断与治疗指南>的标准,对2008年6月至2009年4月重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸中心哮喘专科门诊共266例慢性咳嗽儿童,按照指南的诊断流程询问病史,体格检查,辅助检查,在初步确定病因后,针对病因进行特异性治疗,分别于初诊后半个月,1个月和3个月随访,根据治疗效果确定病因诊断,进而统计病因构成比.结果 随访后266例患儿确诊病因例数及构成比由高到低依次为:咳嗽变异性哮喘(CVA)125例(47.0%),CVA+上气道咳嗽综合征(UACS)58例(21.8%),呼吸道感染和感染后咳嗽44例(16.5%),UACS 35例(13.2%),随访结束时原因仍不明者3例(1.1%),心因性咳嗽1例(0.4%).年龄组病因:≤3岁组CVA 70.0%(35/50),呼吸道感染和感染后咳嗽20.0%(10/50);3～6岁组中CVA占50.7%(71/140);≥6岁组各病因间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).不同年龄组间病因构成比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 引起重庆地区儿童非特异性慢性咳嗽前4位病因依次为CVA,CVA+UACS,呼吸道感染和感染后咳嗽,UACS,不同年龄组儿童慢性咳嗽的病因构成比不同.     

小儿慢性咳嗽诊断与鉴别诊断

慢性咳嗽是指咳嗽症状至少持续3周,以咳嗽为主要表现,胸部X线检查无明显病变。通过临床表现和相关检查可对慢性咳嗽进行诊断和鉴别诊断。引起小儿慢性咳嗽的三大病因是咳嗽变异性哮喘(CVA)、鼻窦炎及鼻后滴流综合征(PNDs)和胃食管反流(GER)性疾病,而在小儿还须注意呼吸道感染因素和先天性肺发育畸形。近年来国内外研究表明,嗜酸细胞性支气管炎(EB)亦是慢性咳嗽的重要原因。此外,还应注意支气管扩张、支气管异物、药物性咳嗽及精神性咳嗽。     

临床特征对儿童慢性咳嗽常见病因诊断的价值

目的 对慢性咳嗽常见病因的临床特征进行研究,分析其对各病因诊断的价值.方法 选取2008年1月 - 2009年12月门诊就诊的慢性咳嗽初诊患儿496例,按慢性咳嗽诊断程序作出慢性咳嗽初步诊断并按时随访,根据随访患儿治疗效果得出最终诊断.结果 496例患儿中感染后咳嗽(PIC)69例,咳嗽变异性哮喘(CVA)和变应性咳嗽(AC)219例,上气道咳嗽综合征(UACS)139例.CVA的临床特征主要为夜间咳嗽、干性咳嗽、特应性体质;UACS的临床特征主要为湿痰咳嗽、晨起咳嗽.结论 儿童慢性咳嗽主要病因为CVA、UACS、AC和PIC.各种病因的慢性咳嗽具有其主要的临床特征,其病因构成及临床特征可为经验性诊治慢性咳嗽提供参考.     

提高儿童慢性咳嗽的诊治水平

儿童慢性咳嗽的病原、咳嗽反射、呼吸控制等与成人不同,套用成人慢性咳嗽指南不适于儿童。咳嗽持续时间超过8周定为慢性。以干咳和咳痰两种不同咳嗽进行区分,对诊断有所裨益。干咳常见于哮喘、咳嗽变异性哮喘、百日咳、上呼吸道感染等疾病后,这些患儿胸片多为阴性,肺功能和支气管舒张试验有助诊断。咳伴痰多为呼吸道感染疾病,胸片多见异常,必要时可做胸部CT、纤维支气管镜检以助诊断。小儿慢性咳嗽明确并去除病因即可治愈。     

儿童间质性肺疾病疾病谱探讨和诊断方法评估

为探讨引起儿童间质性肺疾病(ILD)的疾病谱及评估程序性诊断评估模式在临床的应用价值，对49例长期咳嗽和／或胸部X线有间质性病变的住院病儿，按询问病史、体格检查、非侵入性实验室检查、侵入性检查的程序评估模式进行诊断，其中明确诊断37例，疑似诊断7例，诊断不明5例。结果显示感染是引起儿童ILD的主要原因；HRCT对诊断ILD有很高的价值。表明程序性的诊断评估步骤能较全面、系统地指导临床医师进行正确诊断，同时也减少了不必要的检查对患者的负担。     

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??The cause of chronic cough in children is complicated??which is related to respiratory system and multisystem??and also involves many causes. For lack of characteristic clinical manifestations??pediatricians should set up correct clinical pathway in diagnosis and differential diagnosis during the first visit or follow-up. Pediatricians should pay attention to distinguishing between the specific cough and non-specific cough. Then??a careful clinical history should provide the important signals in the diagnostic clues. The infectious and non-infectious chronic cough could be distinguished by the sputum features. The clinical significances in non-invasive airway information tests should be analyzed systematically. When the new features are found??we should correct the diagnosis of chronic cough in time.     

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??Objective To evaluate the clinical characteristics of children with trachea or bronchus foreign body. Methods The data of 84 children with confirmed diagnosis of trachea or bronchus foreign body was retrospectively analyzed in this study form Jun 2011 to Jun 2016 in Tianjin Children Hospital??including general situation??history of foreign body aspiration??medical history??course of disease??foreign body property??clinical and imaging characteristics. Results The rate for tracheobronchial foreign body occurring in boys and girls were 2.23??1 with the main incidence age of 6 months to 3 years old. The incidence rate in countryside was higher than that in city??69.05% vs. 30.95%????especially boys in countryside. Children who are able to provide an accurate history of foreign body aspiration may be helpful in early diagnosis and treatment of trachea or bronchus foreign body??P??0.05??. The main type of foreign body was food??especially nuts. The proportion of bronchial foreign body which remained in the left or right main bronchial tubes was not different??but the number of cases in right lobe was higher than that in the left. The clinical symptom was different according to the different lesions with block of foreign bodies. The main symptom was cough??98.81%?? and breezing??58.33%????with the imaging characteristics of emphysema ??55.95%??. Conclusion In prevention and control of tracheobronchial foreign bodies??boys under the age of 3 should be paid most attention to in rural areas. The children should be reduced contact with nuts food. The guardian must attach more importance to tracheobronchial foreign body. For children with symptom of cough and wheezing weakening breathing sounds on single side by physical examination??emphysema and pulmonary atelectasis on imaging??health providers should pay attention to the history of foreign body aspiration or cough history??and should actively perform bronchoscopy for early diagnosis and treatment.     

Rationale Diagnostik bei peripheren Lymphknotenvergrößerungen im Kindesalter

Lymphadenopathy in children can be caused by a number of specific and unspecific diseases. The patient’s history, physical examination including palpation of the abnormal lymph nodes and ascertainment of any concomitant symptoms are of particular importance. Sonographic assessment including color Doppler sonography performed by an experienced investigator and additional, targeted laboratory tests complete the diagnostic investigation. If a secure diagnosis still cannot be made, a lymph node biopsy specimen should be taken and subjected to histological and microbiological examination. Since most lymphadenopathies in children are of reactive-infectious origin, the diagnosis can be usually be made after on the basis of a detailed history and clinical examination with no need for further elaborate tests.     

Fever of unknown origin—investigation and management

Fever of unknown origin is defined as fever with documented temperatures of >38.3°C on several occasions, persisting for more than 3 weeks, and uncertain diagnosis after intensive study for at least a week. Over 200 causes are described. The commonest are infections, collagen vascular disease and malignancy. The key to diagnosis is a complete history, which should be repeated if no diagnostic clues emerge from the initial assessment, and a careful physical examination. A limited number of baseline investigations should be performed. Thereafter, further investigations should be determined by diagnostic clues gleaned from the above. Apart from chest X-ray and abdominal ultrasound, imaging should not be performed routinely. The role of nuclear medicine techniques remains unclear. In children with recurrent fever, periodic fever syndromes should be considered. Although the diagnosis remains obscure in most FUOs, the prognosis for children who remain undiagnosed is good. The temptation to over-investigate should therefore be resisted.