经颅多普勒超声观察甘露醇对心肺复苏后患儿脑血流的影响

目的　应用经颅多普勒超声 (TCD)观察甘露醇对复苏后患儿脑血流动力学的影响。方法　以大脑中动脉(MCA)和颈内动脉颅外段 (EICA)为靶血管,观察 21例复苏后患儿脑血流变化的趋势及应用首剂甘露醇前后各指标的变化。据舒张期血流将患儿分为 2组:Ⅰ组为舒张期血流消失或反流(9例);Ⅱ组为舒张期血流正向(12例)。结果　Ⅰ组静注甘露醇前后MCA和EICA的收缩期峰流速(Vp)、舒张期流速(Vd)、平均流速(Vm)、脉动指数(PI)无明显改变 (P>0.05), Glasgow评分最高值明显低于Ⅱ组(P<0.05 ),随病程TCD频谱形态无改善,预后极差。Ⅱ组用药后MCA的Vd、Vm、Vp增加,PI降低 (P<0 05 );EICA的Vd增加 (P<0.05 ),Vp、Vm、PI无明显变化 (P>0.05),随病程TCD频谱形态渐趋正常,患儿全部存活。结论　脑损害较轻的患儿应用甘露醇可改善脑灌注,舒张期血流消失或反向频谱提示预后不良,与严重脑损伤密切相关,甘露醇对此类患儿难以发挥调节脑血流作用。     

生脉注射液对缺氧缺血性脑病新生儿脑血流动力学影响

目的利用彩色多普勒超声研究缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)新生儿脑血流动力学变化,观察生脉注射液对HIE新生儿脑血流动力学的影响,探索HIE早期治疗干预措施。方法将50例HIE患儿随机分为生脉组(30例)和胞磷胆碱组(20例),分别于治疗前及治疗1周后进行脑血流动力学参数。包括大脑中动脉和大脑前动脉的收缩期峰值流速(PSFV)、舒张末期血流速度(EDFV)、搏动指数(PI)、阻力指数(RI)检测,并与正常对照组进行对比研究。结果HIE患儿PSFV、PI及RI均低于正常对照组,差异均有显著性(P均<0.05);两组治疗后PSFV、EDFV、RI较治疗前明显提高(P<0.01,0.05),生脉组大脑前动脉血流速度的改善明显高于胞磷胆碱组(P<0.01,0.05)。结论HIE新生儿脑血流动力学出现明显紊乱,应用无损伤性彩色超声诊断仪监测脑血流动力学变化有助于早期评估其预后,并指导临床治疗;生脉注射液、胞磷胆碱治疗HIE均有效,但生脉注射液优于胞磷胆碱。     

脑功能损害危重患儿经颅多普勒超声监测的临床研究

目的 应用经颅多普勒超声(transcranial Doppler ultrasonography,TCD)观察脑功能损害患儿脑血流动力学变化,探讨TCD在监测与评估脑损害患儿预后中的价值.方法 以大脑中动脉为靶血管,检测脑功能损害组20例及无脑损害组(对照组)20例患儿的脑血流动力学参数[收缩期峰流速(Vs)、平均血流速度(Vm)、舒张期流速(Vd)、搏动指数(PI)、阻力指数(RI),对比两组患儿各参数间的差异.脑功能损害组患儿按Glasgow评分、预后再分组,比较不同Glasgow评分(≤6分组和7~13分组)、不同预后患儿的TCD各参数的差异.每日动态监测脑功能损害组患儿的TCD直至TCD参数正常,将TCD参数达正常时间与Glasgow评分、意识障碍持续时间进行相关分析.对比脑功能损害组不同Glasgow评分、不同预后患儿TCD达正常时间的差异.结果 (1)脑功能损害组大脑中动脉的Vs、PI、RI均较对照组高,Vd较对照组低,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05).(2)脑功能损害组Glasgow评分≤6分患儿的PI(0.91±0.21)高于Glasgow评分7~13分患儿(0.83±0.14),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而Vs、Vd、RI两组比较差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05).脑功能损害组不同预后患儿间的大脑中动脉血流动力学各参数比较差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05).(3)脑功能损害组患儿TCD参数达正常时间与入院当日Glasgow评分呈负相关(r=-0.653,P<0.01);TCD参数达正常时间与意识障碍持续时间呈正相关(r=0.923,P<0.01).不同Glasgow评分、不同预后患儿的TCD参数达正常时间差异均有统计学意义,Glasgow评分≤6分、预后差患儿的TCD达正常时间更长(P均<0.05).结论 脑功能损害患儿的脑血流动力学异常,脑损害程度越重者,PI越高,TCD参数恢复正常的时间越长;动态监测TCD可反映脑血流变化,对评估病情和预后有一定价值.     

经颅多普勒超声观察甘露醇对颅高压患儿脑血流的影响

目的 应用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)观察甘露醇对颅高压患儿脑血流动力学的影响.方法 对深圳市儿童医院重症监护室2008年1月至2009年7月收治的颅高压危重症患儿应用TCD进行床边检测,以大脑中动脉为靶血管,观察32例颅内压增高患儿应用首剂甘露醇前后脑血流的变化.结果 28例注射甘露醇后收缩期峰流速、舒张期流速、平均流速增加,脉动指数降低(P<0.05).23例TCD频谱改变呈高阻力型,表现为收缩峰尖窄伴舒张期低平.4例注射甘露醇前后均无血流信号.结论 颅高压的患儿使用甘露醇治疗可改善脑灌注,但对于脑损伤严重、TCD频谱明显异常、舒张期血流消失或反向血流甚至无血流信号的患儿,甘露醇则难以发挥治疗作用,预后不良.     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病时脑血流动力学变化

目的 研究新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy:HIE)对脑血流动力学的影响 方 法 应用美国惠普8500-GP型彩色超声诊断仪对新生儿HIE患儿脑血流动力学变化进行有对照组的前瞻性研究 结果 新生儿HIE患儿大脑中动脉收缩期峰值流速(PSFV)、搏动指数(PI)及阻力指数(RI)均显著低于对照组相应值 (P<0.01);患儿舒张末期血流速度(EDFV)低于对照组舒张末期血流速度(P>0.05) 结论 脑血流动力学紊乱是新生 儿窒息致缺氧缺血性脑损伤的重要原因。应用无损伤性彩色超声诊断仪监测大脑中动脉血流动力学变化有助于早期 评估其预后并指导临床治疗。     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病脑血流动力学变化与血浆内皮素-1、一氧化氮的关系

目的　探讨一氧化氮 (NO)、内皮素 1 (ET 1 )在新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病 (HIE)脑血流动力学变化中的作用。方法　HIE各组均在生后 48～ 72h采用经颅多谱勒超声 (TCD)检测双侧大脑前、中、后动脉收缩峰流速 (Vs)、舒张末期流速 (Vd)、搏动指数 (PI)和阻力指数 (RI) ,同时用硝酸还原酶法和放射免疫法分别测定血浆NO和ET 1水平。对照组同期进行上述检测。结果　 1 .脑血流于轻度组Vd、Vs局部降低 ;中、重度组Vd广泛降低 ,Vs呈局部降低 ,重度组尤为显著 (P均 <0 .0 5)。 2 .PI、RI轻度组与对照组无显著性差异 ;中度组局部增高 ;重度组双侧大脑动脉PI、RI普遍增高 (P均 <0 .0 5)。 3 .HIE各组NO、ET 1水平均高于对照组 ,且与病变程度成正比。但NO/ET 1比值低于对照组 (P均 <0 .0 1 ) ,且重度组 <中度组 <轻度组。结论　HIE患儿脑血流灌注减少与NO、ET 1过量合成、功能失调有关。     

正常儿童彩色经颅多普勒检测值研究

目的 应用彩色经颅多普勒(TCD)技术,检测正常儿童各年龄组TCD参数,旨在确立正常值范围.方法 对2004-2006年健康儿童颅内血管TCD检测的、资料数据完整的100例不同年龄段的结果进行统计学分析.结果 不同年龄段各组儿童颅内大脑前动脉(ACA)的平均血流速度(Vm)为(73.13±10.30)cm/s、收缩期流速(Vs)为(96.105±13.00)cm/s、舒张期流速(Vd)为(48.20±10.00)cm/s、血管搏动指数(PI)为0.88±10.10、血管阻力指数(RI)为0.56±0.15;大脑中动脉(MCA)的Vm为(96.10±11.06)cm/s、Vs为(138.00±14.00)cm/s、Vd为(68.00±8.00)cm/s、PI为(0.80±0.15)、RI为(0.53±0.20);大脑后动脉(PCA)的Vm为(53.00±12.20)cm/s、Vs为(85.20±12.10)cm/s、Vd为(42.06±6.00)cm/s、PI为(0.85±0.19)、RI为(0.52±0.12);颈内动脉颅内段(ICA)的Vm为(83.16±16.05)cm/s、Vs为(129.00±13.81)cm/s、Vd为(58.10±11.22)cm/s、PI为0.80±0.26、RI为0.60±0.14;椎动脉(VA)的Vm为(59.00±10.04)cm/s、Vs为(86.00±15.00)cm/s、Vd为(39.00±7.00)cm/s、PI为0.88±0.21、RI为0.57±0.26;基底动脉(BA)的Vm为(60.00±11.00)cm/s、Vs为(73.00±13.00)cm/s、Vd为(38.00±7.00)cm/s、PI为0.72±0.17、RI为0.52±0.22.结论 TCD各参数正常值范围的建立,使儿童TCD检查结果更为客观真实,对提高儿童TCD检查的阳性率、降低假阳性率尤为重要.     

急性脑水肿重症患儿经颅多普勒超声监测的临床研究

目的 观察急性脑水肿患儿经颅多普勒(TCD)各项检测参数及频谱的变化,探讨TCD在监测与评估急性脑水肿患儿颅内压的作用.方法 对广州市儿童医院2004年6月至2007年4月收治的73例符合急性脑水肿诊断的危重症患儿应用TCD进行床边监测,分析各年龄段急性脑水肿患儿以及小儿昏迷量表评分不同分值下TCD的各项参数(Vs、Vd、Vm、PI、RI)和血流频谱特征并与同龄段的正常对照组进行比较.结果 急性脑水肿患儿的TCD显示,Vd及Vm下降,PI、RI升高,与对照组相比有着显著性差异(P＜0.01),Vs与对照组相比无显著性差异(P＞0.05).同时其血流频谱在颅内压升高的不同阶段呈现出不同的特征性改变即急性脑水肿ICP增高初期,血流频谱表现为收缩峰变尖锐,而平均血流速度无明显改变.部分病例表现为收缩期与舒张期血流速度均升高,频窗紊乱,Lindegaard指数(VmMCA/VmICA)＞3,提示脑血管痉挛;随病情发展,脑血流速度进一步下降,频谱表现为收缩峰尖锐高阻波形.当脑血管阻力进一步增加,TCD监测频谱表现为高尖的收缩期正相血流,舒张期逆向负相血流的"振荡波",当颅内压接近舒张压时,舒张期血流消失,频谱表现为"钉子波",病情进展最终血流信号减弱直至消失.结论 TCD可直接提示脑血流灌注的状态,反映脑水肿患儿颅内压力的变化,以及脑血流自动调节功能是否尚存,对于病情判断以及颅内压增高的早期干预均有重要的临床指导意义.当TCD频谱表现为收缩期血流正相而舒张期血流负相的振荡波、收缩期血流钉子波或无血流信号,患儿预后极差.     

血糖异常对轻度窒息新生儿脑血流动力学的影响

目的 探讨血糖异常对轻度窒息新生儿脑血流动力学的影响.方法 2005-2007年本院新生儿重症监护病房收治的的足月轻度窒息新生儿55例,根据入院时血糖值分组,各组患儿均在生后24 h内做脑血流检查,血糖异常者在血糖改善后,再行1次脑血流检查.结果 与窒息血糖正常组相比,窒息伴低血糖组患儿收缩期峰值流速(Vs)、舒张末期血流速度(Vd)、时间平均流速(Vm)增加,搏动指数(PI)和阻力指数(RI=Vs-Vd/Vs)降低,脑血流量(CBF)增加,脑组织呈过度灌注状态.血糖恢复正常后,脑血流的各项参数有所恢复,但与单纯窒息组相比仍存在统计学意义.窒息伴高血糖组患儿,PI、RI较单纯窒息组增加,Vs、Vd、Vm降低,CBF减少,脑组织呈低灌注状态.血糖改善后,脑血流动力学改变恢复较慢,以Vd、PI、RI更明显,脑组织仍呈低灌注状态.结论 血糖异常使轻度窒息新生儿脑血流动力学异常进一步加重.     

健康足月新生儿脑血流速度及搏动指数检测的意义

目的探讨健康足月新生儿脑血流动力学变化。方法应用经颅多普勒(TCD)检测健康足月新生儿50名大脑中动脉、大脑前动脉和颈内动脉血流速及搏动指数。结果生后24h内检测血流速度最低,以后随生后天数的增加呈直线上升,1个月时血流速较出生时增加1倍(t=3.98P<0.01)。大脑中动脉收缩期峰流速与生后天数相关性最好(r=0.88)。搏动指数在新生儿期呈渐增趋势。结论TCD可了解新生儿期脑血流动力学变化,为诊断新生儿脑血管疾病提供可靠的定量依据。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Bibliometric data: a disaster for many non-American biomedical journals

Bibliometric data published by the Institute of Scientific Information in Philadelphia (ISI), and which was previously discussed in Acta Paediatrica , has increasingly been used despite all the relevant and severe criticism that has been raised against this method of evaluating individual research results and grading scientific journals. It is obvious that the present trend regarding the use of bibliometric data as a basis for priorities and funding of research and for the promotion of individual scientists favours American-oriented research projects at the expense of those that are based on concepts of predominantly European relevance.

Conclusion: For the future of non-American research, it is important that no single super-power, i.e. the USA, should dominate scientific priorities. The condition for efficient European competition is that European Centres with high levels of competence for creative research and training of scientists from all over the world are established. In addition, it is important that the results of European research are published in prestigious European journals, as was the situation before World War II.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

alpha -SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN DISTRIBUTION IN THE PULMONARY VASCULATURE COMPARING HYPOPLASTIC AND NORMAL FETAL LUNGS

We investigated the intra-acinar pulmonary vascular muscularization in the developing human fetal lung between the 17th and 24th gestational weeks, that is, during the canalicular phase of lung development. Fifteen hypoplastic and 25 normal developed lungs were included in this study using monoclonal alpha -smooth muscle (sm) actin antibodies for smooth muscle detection. Computer-aided image analysis was performed for morphometrical measurements and statistical evaluation. Alphasm-actin-immunoreactive intra-acinar vessels down to a luminal diameter of less than 10 mu m were detected in hypoplastic as well as in normally developed lungs. Crucial differences presented as follows: significantly higher density of intra-acinar vessels, especially due to alpha -sm-actin-negative vessels less than 30 mu m in luminal diameter, in the control group; significantly higher alpha -sm-actin immunoreactivity per section unit as well as per vessel in the hypoplastic lung group. As suggested by others, alpha-sm-actin-positive cells of the intra-acinar vessel wall in the developing human lung were demonstrated to be smooth muscle cells, their immediate precursors, and pericytes. We conclude that the increased alpha -sm-actin immunoreactivity represents muscularization of the vessel wall in functional terms and may be regarded as one structural cause among others for the establishment of persistent fetal circulation in hypoplastic lungs.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.