腓骨联合髂骨移植治疗陈旧性股骨颈骨折

目的 对陈旧性股骨颈骨折行吻合血管腓骨部分联合髂骨移植治疗,并观察临床效果.方法 1994年1月-1997年1月,收治76例陈旧性股骨颈骨折患者.男54例,女22例;年龄24～48岁,平均31.5岁.骨折均为外伤所致.根据Garden分型Ⅱ型20例,Ⅲ型41例,Ⅳ型15例.骨折部位头下型26例,经颈型42例,基底型8例.伤后曾行内固定治疗者65例,皮牵引治疗者7例,单纯卧床者4例.Harris评分52～72分,平均65.6分.受伤至该次手术时间2～24个月.术中采用6～8 cm带血管蒂腓骨移植加单侧外固定支架固定骨折,对股骨颈缺损超过5mm者联合3.0 cm×2.0cm×1.5cm的带旋髂深动静脉蒂的髂骨瓣移植. 结果 术后68例获随访,骨折愈合时间4～6个月,平均5.2个月.其中5例因股骨头坏死或髋关节脱位行人工全髋关节置换术;余63例获随访10.1～12.4年,平均10.5年.63例髋关节活动恢复正常.随访10年Harris评分84～94分,平均87.5分.X线片示患者股骨头在术后1年骨密度均增高;术后10年股骨头结构基本正常,植入腓骨和髂骨与股骨头颈部完全融合,无囊变及骨塌陷. 结论 对选择保留股骨颈的陈旧性股骨颈骨折患者,吻合血管腓骨联合髂骨移植是一种较好的方法.     

胚胎颅骨骨膜移植修复髋关节软骨大面积缺损

１９９０年５月～１９９４年４月，对４２例（４７个髋）关节软骨全厚缺损患者采用冷冻保存胚胎颅骨骨膜移植进行修复，其中１４例股骨头骨质Ⅳ期坏死者，同时施行带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨植骨。对３４例（３８个髋）进行了２年～６年（平均４０个月）随访。结果表明，按照吴之康髋关节人工置换术后疗效评定标准，优良２５例，很好５例，好３例，尚可１例。认为，与自体移植物修复关节软骨大面积缺损相比，这种方法无附加损伤，具有移植材料、形态与股骨头相似等特点，是治疗髋关节软骨大面积缺损的一种有效方法。     

吻合血管腓骨联合髂骨移植治疗陈旧性股骨颈骨折

目的 对治疗失败和骨不连的股骨颈骨折病例进行吻合血管联合髂骨移植治疗并观察临床效果。方法通过对1994至1997年76例应用吻合血管联合髂骨移植治疗陈旧性股骨颈骨折患者进行长期随访，了解骨折愈合、髋关节功能和股骨头坏死情况。结果76例中68例获得随访，平均随访时间10．5年，骨折均在4-6个月内愈合。63例髋关节活动恢复接近正常，平均Harris评分87．5分。股骨头结构正常，植入腓骨和髂骨与股骨头颈部完全融合。4例发现骨坏死，1例合并髋关节脱位。结论对选择保留股骨颈的陈旧性股骨颈骨折患者，吻合血管腓骨联合髂骨移植是一种较好的方法。     

Treatment of fibrous dysplasia of the proximal femur by means of pedicled iliac crest bone graft: a case report

In this report, we present a case of treatment of fibrous dysplasia (FD) of the proximal femur with the pedicled iliac crest bone graft. An 18‐year‐old patient presented with hip pain and polyostotic dysplasia with involvement of the proximal femur and a history of pathological fracture. The patient was operated on using vascularized bone graft from the iliac crest and osteosynthesis with Dynamic Hip Screw (DHS®). With vascularized bone graft, we found an improvement on X‐ray with no reabsorption, and with osteosynthesis, we controlled the pain and prevented pathological fracture and progression of the deformity. Several other studies where the pedicled iliac crest bone graft has been successfully used for the management of defects in the proximal femur (osteonecrosis of the femoral head and pseudarthrosis of the femoral head) can be found in the medical literature. However, the pedicled iliac crest bone graft in a patient with FD of the proximal femur is unique. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2011.     

髋臼粉碎性骨折合并压缩性缺损的治疗与对策

目的探讨治疗髋臼粉碎性骨折合并压缩性缺损的手术方法.方法1997年7月～2005年2月,收治髋臼粉碎性骨折合并压缩性缺损43例,其中陈旧性骨折25例,新鲜骨折16例,畸形（大于90 d）2例;复杂骨折与缺损34例,简单骨折与缺损9例.缺损体积3～9 cm^3,平均4.5cm^3.采用改良髋臼入路,应用髋臼三维记忆内固定系统（ATMFS）三维记忆锁定碎骨;髋臼碎骨关节面整复法;自体髂骨髋臼后壁解剖性重建法;自体骨＋人工骨填塞及骨腊隔离法等术后相关措施.结果所有患者随访5～86个月,平均15.7个月.粉碎骨折关节面粉碎＋填补压缩体积至头臼解剖复位31例;自体髂骨后壁“解剖性重建头臼解剖复位”12例;40例患者经过平均5.3个月患侧髋关节功能达到健侧水平,1例股骨头缺血性坏死,2例异位骨化＋股骨头缺血性坏死导致髋关节骨融合.结论本文介绍了治疗髋臼粉碎性骨折合并压缩性缺损的新方法与措施,有效地提高了股骨头与髋臼解剖对应率,为髋关节功能的恢复提供了新的思路.     

人工全髋关节置换术中自体骨重建髋臼骨缺损的临床研究

目的探讨人工全髋关节置换术中用自体结构性植骨重建髋臼骨缺损的疗效。方法患者共26例29髋,自体股骨头植骨23髋、自体髂骨取骨6髋。骨缺损以打磨的髋臼假体骨床半球面积计算,骨缺损最大者有1602mm2,最小390mm2,平均每例缺损874mm2。全部采用非骨水泥型髋臼假体、2～3枚螺钉固定髋臼假体。临床评价采用Harris评分,X线观察移植骨愈合、骨和假体间骨长入和髋臼假体的稳定情况等。结果随访6个月～8年6个月,平均随访时间为（4.2±1.7）年,本组Harris评分平均从（52.2±16.7）分提高到（86.7±6.2）分（P〈0.05）。所有病例髋臼假体稳定、周围无放射透亮影,假体髋臼骨面均有骨长入,移植骨愈合。X线片显示移植骨愈合时间3～6个月,平均为5.1个月。本组尚无术后翻修病例。结论采用自体骨进行结构性植骨或混合少量异体骨重建髋臼顶、前和后侧壁缺损（AAOS）髋臼缺损中Ⅱ、Ⅲ型缺损）,经过近中期随访,移植骨全部愈合良好,获得满意的疗效。     

带阔筋膜张肌髂骨瓣移植治疗股骨头缺血性坏死

目的:探讨带阔筋膜张肌骨瓣移植结合软骨下微骨折技术在促进修复、治疗股骨头缺血性坏死的疗效。方法:股骨头缺血性坏死患者37例,男24例,女13例;年龄17~51岁,平均37岁。FicatⅠ期13例,Ⅱ期15例,Ⅲ期9例。5例为双侧发病。均经非手术治疗6~49个月后采用股骨颈开槽并去除硬化及囊性变之股骨头软骨下骨后嵌入带阔筋膜张肌骨瓣,清理坏死区域,使用2mm克氏针作锥入孔,直至有血液及脂滴自孔中溢出。术后使用CPM机康复训练,3个月内禁负重,3个月后先后经双拐、单拐、手杖辅助行走,1年后正常行走。结果:所有病例随访1~10年,平均3.4年。髋关节Harris评分,优24例,患髋无疼痛;良8例,患髋活动时疼痛明显减轻,偶服用止痛药;可3例,症状有所缓解,但仍需服用止痛药,后期行人工关节置换术后恢复正常活动。结论:应用带阔筋膜张肌骨瓣移植结合软骨下微骨折技术治疗能有效地改善股骨头的血供,促使坏死软骨面的再生修复。     

髋臼后壁重建模型的建立及其生物力学分析

目的 :在尸体上模拟髋臼后壁缺损的模型,评价不同后壁重建方法对髋臼与股骨头接触特性的影响。方法:获取6具成人尸体的骨盆股骨标本,采用随机数字表法分为A组和B组。均采用后壁截骨法建立髋臼后壁60°弧1/2缺损的模型;两侧缺损区分别选用不同的重建方法。其中,A组凿取髂前上棘后方的自体髂骨以制作解剖性自体髂骨;B组于髂后上棘前方凿取髂骨块。将髋关节置于直立位、屈曲位及后伸位,从10~250 N分级加载,使载荷直接作用于髋臼后壁上。采用压敏片检测不同状态下形变位移、载荷、头臼接触面积及接触应力。结果:在不同的髋关节状态下,A组在一定载荷下的形变位移略大于B组,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。与完整髋臼相比,后壁重建使头臼接触面积有所减少;在250 N载荷下,A组(解剖重建组)头臼接触面积与B组(普通重建组)比较的差异无统计学意义(P0.05);其平均接触应力小于B组(P0.05),说明A组应力集中小于B组。结论:后壁截骨法建立的尸体髋臼后壁缺损模型可有效模拟临床实际;解剖重建使后壁头臼接触面积及应力分布恢复比较理想,接近正常髋关节,避免了局部应力集中。     

Strukturelle Femurkopfallografts in der Revisionschirugie von gelockerten Hüftendoprothesenpfannen

BACKGROUND: Treatment of acetabular bone defects presents a great challenge in revision total hip arthroplasty (THA). Many methods of acetabular reconstruction have been described. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the midterm results of structural femoral head allografts for acetabular reconstruction. METHODS: Thirty-six patients (33 females and 3 males) with acetabular defects ranging from type 2C to type 3B according to Paprosky's classification were included in the study. In all cases acetabular defects were closed using allografts from femoral heads. In 13 cases an uncemented press-fit cup, in 17 cases a cemented polyethylene socket, and in 6 cases a Burch-Schneider antiprotrusion cage was implanted. The mean follow-up period was 84.2 months (range: 5-147). RESULTS: Four acetabular components failed. All 36 grafts were osseointegrated radiographically and formed a mechanically stable construction. The mean Harris Hip Score at the most recent follow-up was 79.8 points. The distance from the obturator line to the prosthesis head center was 3.73 cm (1.17-5.80 cm) preoperatively and 2.79 cm (0.85-4.8 cm) postoperatively (p<0.05). The distance from the teardrop figure to the prosthesis head center was 3.02 cm (1.0-5.8 cm) preoperatively and 3.25 cm (1.6-4.8 cm) postoperatively (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Closure of acetabular defects of types 2C to 3B according to Paprosky's classification can be satisfactorily accomplished using femoral head allografts. These allografts may facilitate future revision surgery. Femoral heads are readily available due to widespread primary total hip replacement surgery. However, the use of structural femoral head allografts for acetabular reconstruction is cost intensive. Individual patient-related aspects, such as the function of revision arthroplasty, have to be considered when planning revision arthroplasty using femoral head allografts.     

Total hip arthroplasty with a sliding iliac graft for acetabular dysplasia

We describe a new technique of reconstruction of the deficient acetabulum in cementless total hip arthroplasty. The outer iliac table just above the deficient acetabulum is osteotomised and slid downwards. We have termed this an iliac sliding graft. Between October 1997 and November 2001, cementless total hip arthroplasty with an iliac sliding graft was performed on 19 patients (19 hips) with acetabular dysplasia. The mean follow-up was 3.4 years (2 to 6). The mean pre-operative Harris hip score was 45.1 which improved significantly to 85.3 at the time of the final follow-up. No patient had post-operative abductor dysfunction. Incorporation of the graft was seen after two to three months in all patients. Resorption of the graft and radiolucencies were infrequent. This technique is a useful alternative to femoral head autografting when the patient's own femoral head cannot be used.     

Experience in posterior lumbar interbody fusion: unicortical versus bicortical autologous grafts

Over the past seven years, 96 PLIF operations were performed with the autologous bone graft method. In 44 cases, unicortical bone grafts were obtained from the posterior iliac crest area. In the remaining 52 cases, bicortical bone grafts were obtained from the anterior iliac crest. The failure rate in the patients treated by interbody fusion with the unicortical posterior iliac crest graft was 11.8%. The failure rate in patients treated by interbody fusion with bicortical bone grafts was only 1.9%. The patients were ambulatory three to four days after the operation. In cases of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis, interbody fusion should be coupled with some manner of posterior internal fixation. The extraction of two pieces of bicortical bone from the anterior iliac crest, measuring 1.2 cm or 1.3 cm by 2.5 cm, may cause weakness of the pelvic bone. Therefore, the bicortical grafting in PLIF should be limited to severely disabled patients with complete spinal canal stenosis or very large myelographic defects.     

Total hip arthroplasty with cementless cups and femoral head autografts for patients with hip dysplasia and osteoarthritis

Objective: To evaluate the outcome of total hip arthroplasty (THA) with cementless cups and femoral head autografts for patients with hip dysplasia and osteoarthritis. Methods: Between 1995 and 2002, we implanted 23 cementless cups and femoral head autografts in 20 patients with hip dysplasia and osteoarthritis. In this study, a retrospective study was made on 21 hips in 20 patients (18 females and 2 males, aged 50 years on an average) with developmental hip dysplasia treated by THA with a cementless cup and femoral head autograft. The acetabular cup was placed at the level of the true acetabulum and all the patients required autogenous femoral head grafts due to acetabular deficiency. The average rate of the acetabular cup covered by the femoral head autograft was 31% ( ranging from 10 % to 45 % ). Eight hips had less than 25 % cup coverage and thirteen between 25% and 50%. The average follow-up period was 4.7 years (range, 1-8 years). The replacing outcome was evaluated by modified Harri ship score. Preoperative and follow-up radiographs were made. Results: All the autografts were united to the host bones. No autograft was collapsed or no component from the hip was loosed in all the patients. According to the modified Harris hip score, the average hip score increased from 46 before operation to 89 at the final review. Before operation, the leg-length discrepancy was greater than 2 cm in all the patients except one with bilateral hip dysplasia. After operation, only 2 out of 20 patients had a leg-length discrepancy greater than 1 cm. Three hips showed minor bone resorption in the lateral portion of the graft, which did not support the cup. Three hips developed Grade 1 Brooker heterotopic ossification and one developed Grade 2. Conclusions: THA with a cementless cup and a femoral head autograft for patients with osteoarthritis resulted from hip dysplasia can result in favorable outcomes. This method can provide reliable acetabnlar fixation and restore the aeetabular bone stock in patients with developmental hip dysplasia when the cementless cup covered by the graft does not exceed 50 %.     

Cementless total hip arthroplasty with femoral head bone grafting for hip dysplasia

Femoral head bone grafting was required to augment acetabular bone stock in 19 cases of hip dysplasia treated with cementless total hip arthroplasty. All acetabular grafts provided mechanical support for the cementless acetabular component. Radiographic evaluation of the fixation of the femoral components at an average of 3 years after surgery revealed an optimum appearance in all cases. All porous-coated acetabular components remained stable, but only one of six (17%) nonporous threaded acetabular components maintained stability. One threaded acetabular component has been revised for symptomatic loosening. Acetabular graft healing was suspected in 18 of 19 cases (95%). Significant graft resorption was observed only in the cases with unstable threaded acetabular components. The clinical scores were high. Cementless total hip arthroplasty with structural acetabular grafting and porous acetabular components appears to produce satisfactory short-term results.     

Femoral head autograft in simultaneous primary and revision total hip arthroplasty

Bilateral total hip arthroplasty during one anesthetic procedure can be beneficial in properly selected patients. For patients who have a failed hip arthroplasty requiring revision and a contralateral arthritic hip requiring primary arthroplasty, bilateral surgery permits the resected femoral head from the primary procedure to be used as a fresh autogenous bone—graft during the revision procedure. Four patients underwent combined primary hip arthroplasty and contralateral revision hip arthroplasty during one anesthetic procedure. The femoral head obtained during the primary procedure was used as a structural acetabular bone—graft in three patients, and bone slurry was used to fill cavitary acetabular defects in one patient. A femoral neck autograft was used to reconstruct a calcar defect in one of the patients. After an average follow-up period of 27 months, all hips were functioning well with healed bone—grafts and stable prosthetic components.     

Posterior acetabular wall deficiency in Down syndrome

Trisomy 21 or Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal anomaly and is associated with musculoskeletal abnormalities related to a generalized ligamentous laxity. Approximately 1% to 7% of Down syndrome patients have hip instability. Prior studies on the topic recommend Salter innominate osteotomy, capsular plication, and a varus derotational osteotomy of the proximal femur, which typically is in an anteverted and valgus position. The authors present a previously unreported bilateral finding in two patients noted on three-dimensional reconstruction computed tomography: deficiency of the posterior acetabular wall. Each was treated using a modification of the Pemberton osteotomy in which a wedge of iliac crest graft is placed posteriorly to hinge the posterior wall into a position of better posterior coverage of the femoral head. Both patients' hips have remained stable more than 10 years postoperatively. Follow-up imaging demonstrates well-remodeled osteotomy sites and excellent posterior coverage of the femoral heads.     

Posterior wall reconstruction using iliac crest strut graft in severely comminuted posterior acetabular wall fracture

Osteosynthesis of comminuted posterior acetabular wall fractures is a challenging task for surgeons. We report a series of eight cases of such fractures where the comminuted fragments were excised and the defect in the posterior acetabular wall was reconstructed with iliac crest strut graft. The graft was buttressed with a reconstruction plate on its posterior aspect. The patients were followed up every week until radiological signs of union were seen. Subsequent follow-up was after six months, one year and annually. Patients were evaluated clinically by Merle d’Aubigne and Postel score and radiologically by Matta score at their final follow-up. All fractures united radiologically after an average follow-up of 3.2 months. The clinical outcome after mean follow-up of 3.34 years (minimum two years and maximum five years) was as follows: two (25%) were excellent, two (25%) were very good, three (37.5%) were good and one (12.5%) was fair. Radiological grading at last follow-up showed excellent in one (12.5%), good in four (50%) and fair in three (37.5%) patients. No complication in the form of infection, heterotopic ossification, neurovascular injury or graft resorption was noticed. To conclude, excision of the small comminuted fragments and reconstruction of the wall using iliac crest strut graft is a viable alternative technique for reconstruction of the comminuted posterior acetabular wall fracture. The medium-term clinical and radiological results of this technique are satisfactory.     

非骨水泥臼杯加自体股骨头植骨全髋关节置换术治疗髋臼发育不良伴骨性关节炎

目的：评价非骨水泥臼杯加自体股骨头植骨的全髋关节置换术治疗髋臼发育不良继发骨性关节炎的结果。方法：回顾性分析20例(21髋)患者行全髋关节置换术治疗髋臼发育不良继发骨性关节炎。女性18例,男性2例,平均年龄50岁,采用非骨水泥臼杯加自体股骨头植骨螺钉固定重建髋臼侧。臼杯置于真性髋臼水平,所有病例由于髋臼缺损而需要行自体股骨头植骨。平均植骨块覆盖的臼杯比例为31％(10％～45％)。8髋植骨块覆盖小于25％,13髋位于25％-50％之间。平均随访时间4．7年(1．5—8年)。采用改良Harris评分对结果进行评估。术前及随访时进行摄片观察。结果所有植骨块均获得愈合。无植骨块塌陷和髋假体松动。改良Harris评分由术前平均46分增加到89分。术前除1例双髋发育不良外,下肢不等长均超过2cm,术后只有2例仍有双下肢不等长超过1cm。3髋的植骨块外侧非支撑臼杯部分出现轻微的骨吸收。3髋发现有BrookerⅠ度异位骨化,1髋Ⅱ度异位骨化。结论：使用非骨水泥臼杯加自体股骨头植骨重建髋臼侧的全髋关节置换术治疗髋发育不良继发骨性关节炎可获得良好结果。该方法在植骨块支撑臼杯不超过50％的情况下,髋臼固定可靠,可保留髋臼的骨量。     

Bone graft for revision hip arthroplasty: biology and future applications

Revision total hip arthroplasty often presents surgeons with difficult bone loss problems. The selection of an appropriate bone graft is influenced by the size of the bone defect, the location, the biology of the bone graft site, and whether the graft is required for structural support. Autogenous bone graft remains the gold standard bone graft material but there only is a limited amount available and there is morbidity associated with the harvesting of these grafts. The most frequently used bone graft materials include autogenous iliac crest bone graft, cancellous allograft chips, demineralized bone matrix, and bulk structural allografts (femoral head, distal or proximal femoral allograft, whole acetabuli, and femoral strut grafts). It often is difficult to determine on plain radiographs whether nonstructural grafts actually incorporate into the host bone. Recently, attention has focused on the use of new materials for bone grafting including: new demineralized bone matrices, ceramics, autologous platelet concentrates, recombinant proteins, and stem cells. The purpose of this review was to assess the biologic potential of these nonstructural grafts in revision hip arthroplasty and their limitations. Are these agents actually incorporating into host bone? Future bone graft options, including tissue engineering and gene therapy will be discussed briefly.     

Results of an alternative autogenous iliac crest bone graft harvest method

This article reports the results using a previously described technique of obtaining iliac crest bone graft using an acetabular reamer in a consecutive series of patients with complex acute traumatic injuries and nonunions. A retrospective chart review was conducted on a cohort of 34 consecutive patients who underwent complex orthopedic procedures for the definitive management of acute or reconstructive problem fractures and nonunions using autogenous iliac crest bone graft. All of the patients had autogenous bone graft prepared using a low speed, high torque power source and small acetabular reamers. The inner or outer wall of the ileum or the posterior superior iliac spine was reamed providing a large volume of corticocancellous graft. This material was used to pack defects in established nonunions, to augment plate osteosynthesis in segmental fractures, or to facilitate arthrodesis. Follow-up averaged 10 months (range: 6-18 months). Thirty-three out of 34 patients went on to uneventful union. No patients experienced morbidity from the graft harvest site. Specifically, no patients developed a superficial or deep wound hematoma or infection, nor did they experience persistent donor-site pain or paresthesias. Autogenous iliac crest bone graft harvest using the reaming technique provides a large volume of corticocancellous graft that has proven effective in treating complex acute nd reconstructive trauma cases.     

Fence grafting for acetabular reconstruction with a cementless cup

Acetabular reconstruction is difficult after loss of bone stock and socket remodeling. Several techniques have been proposed ranging from a metal backing to allografting. We propose fence grafting. After explantation, the acetabulum is carefully cleaned of all interface tissue and precisely measured. If the vertical diameter is clearly greater than the anteroposterior diameter, a tricortical graft is harvested from the iliac crest and modeled to perfectly fit between the anterioinferior iliac spine and the residual posterior wall as well as the fundus medially. One or two oblique screws are inserted for stabilization. Any superior bone loss is filled by bone substitute (without mechanical value). The acetabulum is then reamed from the obturator foramen sparing the anterior and posterior columns. Residual bony defects are filled with cancellous bone. A hemispheric cup is then press fit and maintained with two or three screws. We performed this procedure in eight patients with SO.F.C.O.T. stage III acetabular loosening with segmentary bone loss and an oval acetabular cavity. Clinical follow-up was more than four years. The Postel-Merle-d'Aubigné score improved from 9.8 to 15.7 on average. Radiographically, there were no implant mobilization or migration and no circumferential lucent lines were observed. A nearly anatomic position was achieved in all cases except two (technical imperfection). At more than one-year follow-up, the grafts could not be distinguished from adjacent bone. For us, high-positioned or jumbo cups do not offer a satisfactory reconstruction option. There is a risk of compression with allografts from a head bank. We have not used the cemented metal-backed solution nor impacted grafts. The major drawback with fence grafting is the iliac harvesting (possible residual limping because of the extensive disinsertion of the gluteus medius. The reliable acetabular reconstruction is the major advantage. This technique is not simply an acetabular block widened laterally but it decreases the vertical dimension. This is a reliable but minute technique which allows true long-lasting reconstruction of the acetabulum.