山东省10317名学龄前儿童弱视现状调查及疗效评价（第一部分：学龄前儿童弱视调查研究）

对山东省１０３１７名学龄前儿童进行了弱视患病调查。弱视患病率为３．２１％，弱视首次检出率为７３．４１％。男女之间，各年龄组之间弱视患病率差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。在检出弱视儿童中，屈光不正性弱视占５０．１５％，屈光参差性弱视占３１．７２％，斜视性弱视占１３．．６０％，形觉剥夺性弱视占１．８１％，其它占２．７２％。在屈光不正性弱视眼中，远视占８１．３３％，近视占４．２２％，混合散光占１４．４６％；远视程度愈高，弱视程度愈重（Ｐ＜０．００５）；散光程度愈高，弱视程度愈重（Ｐ＜０．００５）。弱视程度随远视性屈光参差程度增高而加重（Ｐ＜０．００５，Ｐｅａｒｓｏｎ相关系数＝０．６１）。在斜视性弱视中，内斜视占７５．５６％，外斜视占２４．４４％，内斜视与外斜视的弱视程度构成比差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。本文资料证明，屈光不正和屈光参差是形成弱视的最常见原因，对其中能引起弱视的最小远视屈光度值及两眼屈光度最小差值进行了探讨。     

学龄前儿童斜视、弱视普查分析

目的:探讨学龄前儿童斜、弱视治疗的关键因素。方法:对银川市新市区18所幼儿园中3～7岁儿童进行视力、眼位、屈光检查。结果:在1531例3062眼中,视力<0.9者,经散瞳验光不能矫正者52例78眼,诊断为弱视。弱视患病率为3.4%。男27例,女25例,弱视与性别无明显差异。按全国儿童弱视斜视防治组(1987-10)标准弱视分为五类,并按程度分为轻、中、重三度。结论:弱视是一种发育性紊乱,常伴有斜视、屈光参差或高度屈光不正。弱视和斜视使得患者不仅视力低下,还缺少完善的立体视,即缺少适应科技高速发展所必备的最高级视觉功能。弱视和斜视的疗效及立体视的建立与治疗年龄密切相关。年龄越小,治疗后效果越好,达成人后基本无望。     

云南省玉溪市多民族地区小瞳检影法在学龄前儿童弱视中的筛查

目的 评价小瞳检影法作为学龄前儿童弱视筛查的客观性、实用性、准确性.方法 用小瞳检影法对玉溪市3所幼儿园2～6岁儿童进行屈光筛查,对在检影时顺影动＞+1.50DS、有逆影动或两个子午线影动不对称的儿童,视为屈光不正可疑,对疑有屈光不正的复诊儿童,给1％盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液点眼麻痹睫状肌,每5min1次,连续2次后休息60min,进行视网膜检影验光.结果 在受检的936名(1872只眼)儿童中,可疑弱视共28只眼,可疑弱视的患病率为1.50％,斜视13人,斜视的患病率为1.39％,通知复诊72人,实际复诊45人,复诊率为62.5％.结论 小瞳检影法适用于学龄前儿童的弱视筛查,尤其是对我省经济欠发达、交通不便、语言不通的少数民族地区儿童和不会指认视力的儿童进行弱视筛查.对筛查异常者再进一步散瞳检影验光,确定弱视诊断.由于该方法客观、快捷、简便、经济适用,基层人员只要经过培训即可开展应用,具有推广价值.     

四川省乐山市夹江县第一小学小儿斜弱视流行病学调查分析

目的：了解小学生斜弱视的流行病学及相关因素,为制定防治策略提供指导。
　　方法：对四川省乐山市夹江县第一小学600例学生进行视力、屈光及眼位等进行筛查,比较不同性别、年龄阶段的斜视患病率、弱视患病率,并统计不同弱视或斜视种类患儿的弱视程度及有无立体视。
　　结果：弱视患病率与斜视患病率分别为4.0%,2.5%;各年龄段、不同性别的学生斜视患病率、弱视患病率对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);屈光不正性是主要的弱视类型,占55.6%,且主要的弱视程度为轻、中度;屈光不正性弱视、屈光不正性弱视及外斜视大多数有立体视,而大部分的斜视性弱视及全部的内斜视均无立体视。
　　结论：屈光不正性弱视是小学生主要的弱视类型,其斜弱视的患病率与性别的关系不明显,但斜弱视的治疗效果、立体视的建立等与年龄、眼位存在密切的关系,应早发现、早治疗。     

天水市儿童视力及斜视调查

目的了解天水市少年儿童屈光不正、斜视、弱视的患病、防治现状。方法对15所学校及幼儿园的7499名儿童进行眼科调查,年龄3-15岁。结果视力低常率为25．70％,弱视患病率3．43％,斜视患病率为 2．20％。弱视首次检出率为88．72％。视力低常者中近视、远视的患病率分别为34．56％和52．21％。结论家庭和学校对少年儿童视力低常及其原因不够重视,需进一步宣传教育,使儿童屈光不正、斜视、弱视能够早发现、早检查、早治疗。     

不同类型弱视的屈光状态分析

对不同类型弱视１７６５例的屈光状态进行分析，斜视弱视占５８．１％，屈光不正性弱视占２８．９％，屈光参差性弱视占１３．５％，斜视弱视中内斜视弱视占全部弱视的４２．３％，其中以调节性内斜视为最多，占内斜视中的８０％。斜视弱视中并有屈光不正者，先天性内斜视占９０％，调节性内斜视占１００％，非调节性内斜视占７２．３％。     

屈光不正性弱视儿童708例屈光状态分析

目的：：分析儿童屈光不正性弱视的屈光状态,了解儿童屈光不正性弱视的流行病学资料。方法：回顾2012-01/2013-12在我院小儿眼科与斜弱视专科确诊为屈光不正性弱视,并进行集中综合训练的弱视儿童708例1416眼,对其屈光状态进行流行病学分析。结果：弱视儿童708例1416眼中,远视190眼(13.42％),远视散光612眼(43.22％),近视18眼(1.27％),近视散光134眼(9.46％),混合散光462眼(32.63％)。不同年龄组的弱视儿童的屈光状态分布不同,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。屈光不正引起的弱视大多为轻到中度弱视(1276眼,90.11％),重度弱视以远视性散光为主(82眼,5.79％),散光以顺规性为多(1046眼,86.59％)。结论：远视性屈光不正及混合散光为造成儿童屈光不正性弱视的主要类型,弱视程度与屈光状态、散光轴向有关。     

儿童弱视的类型与屈光状态分析

目的探讨儿童弱视的类型与屈光状态的关系。方法对1018例2．5～14岁弱视儿童按年龄、类型及屈光状态进行分类统计。结果学龄前与学龄期弱视患儿之比为1∶1．1；斜视性弱视占65．5％，屈光不正性弱视占22．5％，屈光参差性弱视占12．0％；内、外斜视性弱视之比为2．3∶1，屈光不正性与屈光参差性弱视之比为1．9∶1；各类弱视的屈光状态为，远视及远视散光占79．1％．近视及近视散光占16．1％，混合性散光占4．1％，正视眼占0．69％。结论儿童弱视的类型、年龄分布及屈光状态之间的关系有显著意义。     

先天性眼外肌纤维化临床特征分析

目的 对住院行手术治疗的先天性眼外肌纤维化(CFEOM)病历进行临床总结,以加深对此病的认识.方法 回顾性病例分析.对40例(75只眼)CFEOM患者的病历资料进行回顾性总结和分析,包括性别、手术年龄、屈光状态、视力、分型、斜视度、眼部和全身合并症、家族史和手术方法.结果 在40例患者中,男26例,女14例,性别比约为2∶1;手术年龄2～36岁;在有屈光记录的60眼中,单纯远视7只眼,占11.67％;单纯近视2只眼,占3.33％;散光51只眼,占85.00％;在有矫正视力记录(不包括高度近视及视神经病变者)的56只眼中,弱视占94.64％.CFEOM 1型29例,占72.5％;CFEOM 3型10例,占25.0％;CFEOM 2型1例,占2.5％.有家族史者10例,占25％.手术方式:根据斜视方向及肌肉纤维化情况选择肌肉后徙、后徙悬吊或断腱减弱及相应结膜后徙术,相应的拮抗肌若被动牵拉试验没有明显限制,可考虑该肌的加强术;62只眼术后斜视改善,3只眼术后斜视无变化,2只眼垂直斜视改善水平斜视过矫.结论 CFEOM属于少见的先天性颅神经支配异常性疾病(CCDDs),在本资料中,散光性屈光不正者比例较大,弱视发生率较高,CFEOM 1型居多,多数患者手术可使斜视明显改善.     

随州城区学龄前儿童弱视流行病学调查分析

目的:通过对随州城区学龄前儿童弱视流行病学进行调查分析,从而为弱视的防治探索出良好的方法。方法:首先由经医师培训的各幼儿园老师对学龄前儿童作检查前视力表训练,再由园医配合我院眼科医生进行视力检查,经反复检查裸眼视力<0.8和有斜视者列为进一步散瞳验光检查对象,再由专职的小儿眼科医生扩瞳后进行屈光间质及眼底检查以排除眼部器质性病变,再进行视网膜检影验光,并查矫正视力,然后观察弱视与低视力、性别、年龄的关系,各种类型弱视及不同注视性质的分布比例。结果:学龄前儿童视力低下及弱视患病率男女无显著性差异,3～6岁各年龄组视力低下率有显著性差异;在屈光不正性弱视中,轻度弱视占比例最大,中度弱视次之,仅1例重度弱视;在屈光参差和斜视性弱视中,中度弱视比例最大,在形觉剥夺和其他类型弱视中,重度弱视占有比例最大;远视性屈光不正程度愈高,中度弱视所占比例愈大;斜视性弱视多伴有远视性屈光不正;共同性斜视与屈光不正关系密切,一般认为共同性斜视与远视有关系,外斜视与近视关系不大。结论:通过对幼儿园学龄前儿童视力筛查,早发现、早治疗是很有必要的。弱视儿童中,以屈光不正性、轻中度及中心注视性质为主,及时治疗对患儿的痊愈是很有帮助的。弱视治疗普遍采用综合疗法。应加大弱视常识及危害性的宣传,提高家长、社会对弱视的认识和重视。     

Mass screening of children for strabismus or ametropia with two-flash photoskiascopy

169 non-selected 1-5 year-old children (338 eyes) were screened by two-flash photoskiascopy with an autofocus camera for strabismus, high anisometropia and high ametropias without cycloplegia. The photography was performed by nurses or technicians and the photographs were analyzed by an optician. The sensitivity of the method for the refractive errors was tested with an optical demonstration eye. Findings: 5 esotropias, 1 exotropia, 1 straight-eyed hypermetropic anisometropia of 4 diopters; 1 false positive high hyperopia (of +2.5 diopters) of both eyes. The examination of the photographs showed slight refractive errors in 33 cases (66 eyes; 19.5%): two of them of symmetrical myopia of -1.0 and -1.75 diopters and 31 of symmetrical hyperopia of +0.25 to +4.25 diopters in retinoscopy. 128 cases (256 eyes; 76%) were normal on the photographs. Of these, 37 non-selected cases (74 eyes) were checked clinically and were symmetrical cases of -1.0 to +3.25 diopters on retinoscopy. No false negative cases appeared among these control cases. 2,4% of the photographs failed technically or because of noncooperation of the children. Two-flash photoskiascopy, performed by technicians or nurses provides a valuable tool for mass screening of infants for strabismus and/or ametropia causing amblyopia.     

儿童眼睑血管瘤眼屈光状态及其变化规律分析

目的探讨儿童眼睑血管瘤的屈光状态及其变化规律。方法对66例眼睑血管瘤患儿，于治疗前及治疗后第1年和第2年进行双眼散瞳检影验光。结果（1）66只患眼（血管瘤）中，初诊时以远视散光最多（68．2％），3年后远视散光的例数和散光度数明显减少（P〈0．05）；（2）66只健眼中，初诊时以远视最多（57．6％），3年后其屈光状态及屈光度的变化无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论及时治疗儿童眼睑血管瘤，可以减少远视散光、避免弱视和斜视。     

光学药物压抑疗法对儿童单眼弱视的疗效

目的对比分析光学药物压抑疗法与遮盖疗法对儿童斜视性或屈光参差性弱视的疗效。方法前瞻性临床研究。收集2013年1月至2015年3月在我院诊断为斜视性或屈光参差性弱视的儿童患者,根据采用的弱视治疗方法不同分为遮盖疗法组（遮盖组）与光学药物压抑疗法组（压抑组）。根据弱视程度不同又分为轻度、中度、重度弱视进行分析。对随访12个月以上患者的弱视治疗效果进行分析比较。2组弱视程度比较采用Wilcoxon秩和检验,组间的有效率和治愈率比较采用χ²检验。结果共纳入斜视性或屈光参差性弱视患者85例（85眼）,其中遮盖组52例（52眼）,压抑组33例（33眼）。遮盖组治愈率60%,压抑组治愈率64%,2组治愈率差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.137,P=0.711）。遮盖组有效率88%,压抑组有效率85%,2组有效率差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.234,P=0.629）。轻度、中度、重度弱视患者中,遮盖组与压抑组有效率差异均无统计学意义。遮盖组52只弱视眼均转为注视眼,压抑组进行药物压抑治疗3~6个月后,29只弱视眼转为注视眼,4只未转为注视眼,后改为遮盖疗法。结论与传统遮盖疗法相比,光学药物压抑疗法对于儿童斜视性或屈光参差性弱视的治疗效果相近。     

大角度斜视伴弱视早期手术的疗效

目的探讨大角度斜视伴弱视患儿早期手术的疗效。方法35例35眼大角度斜视伴弱视患儿中，24眼斜视度〉20°以上、视力〈0．3者，尽早行斜视矫正术；其余注视性质不良者11眼，先行后像增视或红色滤光片法训练，改善其注视性质后尽早行斜视矫正术。术后均进行强化综合弱视训练。结果术后6个月眼位正位25眼，欠矫8眼，过矫2眼；弱视基本痊愈12眼，进步19眼，无效4眼，总有效率88．6％．1a后眼位正位24眼，欠矫10眼，过矫1眼；弱视基本痊愈16眼，进步19眼，无效0眼。术后6个月和1a的眼位正位率分别为71、4％和68．6％，经统计学处理无显著性差别（P〉0．05），眼位控制稳定。结论大角度斜视伴弱视患儿，早期手术矫正斜视，有利于视力、双眼视功能恢复．且眼位控制稳定。     

儿童弱视愈后转归情况的分析

目的:探讨儿童弱视治愈后的转归情况,寻找脱镜指标及防止弱视复发、发生假性近视和形成真性近视的途径。方法:对治愈的儿童弱视368例678眼进行3～7a的观察,每1～2mo复查1次,均检查裸眼远近视力、眼位、屈光间质、眼底、注视性质、电脑验光、小瞳孔下动态检影或必要时阿托品散瞳验光等。符合以下4项指标可以脱镜:(1)双眼裸视远近视力≥1.0,≥6mo;(2)眼位正常或斜视性弱视的残余斜视度<5。者;(3)远视屈光度≤+1.00DS;(4)远视散光度≤+0.50DC。若发现裸眼远视力≤0.9时,就一定要查清原因给予恰当治疗。结果:本组368例678眼的弱视儿童治愈后,经3～7a的治疗,有205例364眼(53.7%)脱镜,其中轻度弱视244眼脱镜率为70.5%,高于中度114眼(37.4%)和重度6眼(22.2%)。屈光不正性弱视脱镜305眼,脱镜率为59.0%,屈光参差性29眼42.0%,斜视性30眼32.6%,无明显差异。单纯远视性弱视脱镜316眼,脱镜率为62.7%,高于单纯远散11眼(28.2%)和复性远散37眼(30.1%);而单纯近视性弱视和单纯近散、复性近散性弱视均没能脱镜。弱视儿童初戴眼镜属低屈光度(球镜≤3.00D,柱镜≤1.00D)脱镜289眼,脱镜率为58.7%,中度(球镜3.25～4.75D,柱镜1.25～1.50D)58眼48.7%,高于高度(球镜≥5.00D,柱镜≥1.75D)17眼(25.4%)。从就诊时的年龄上看3～8岁者脱镜率高。还发现弱视复发6例9眼,发生率为1.3%;发生假性近视7例10眼,发生率为1.5%;形成真性近视31例62眼,发生率为9.1%;残余斜视4例4眼,发生率为0.6%。还需要继续治疗观察者115例229眼,占治愈眼数的33.8%。结论:分析儿童弱视治愈后病例的追踪观察,对巩固疗效,降低复发率,提高远期疗效是有实际价值和意义的。从转归情况分析:长期定期追踪观察能早期发现弱视复发、假性近视,及时采取正确治疗措施,可防止形成真性近视和提高弱视的治疗效果。同时证明上述4项脱镜指标是可行的;脱镜后仍要坚持追踪观察,最好观察超过视力发育敏感期12岁之后。     

A comparison of laser photocoagulation with cryotherapy for threshold retinopathy of prematurity at 10 years: part 1. Visual function and structural outcome

OBJECTIVE: To assess visual and structural outcomes after laser photocoagulation and transscleral cryotherapy for threshold retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) after 10 years. DESIGN: Extended follow-up of a randomized controlled clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred eighteen eyes from 66 patients were randomly assigned to receive either cryotherapy or laser photocoagulation for threshold ROP. Forty-four eyes from 25 patients were examined for 10-year follow-up evaluations. INTERVENTION: Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) visual acuity, slit-lamp, and fundus examination; fundus photography; and B-scans (eyes with retinal detachments) were performed. Patients' histories were taken to elicit past amblyopia therapy. Based on fundus photographs, independent observers graded the degree of retinal dragging as none, mild, moderate, or severe. MAIN AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Best-corrected ETDRS visual acuity (BCVA). The degree of dragging was determined clinically and photographically. In addition, the presence of strabismus or amblyopia and/or any history of treatment for amblyopia were noted accordingly. RESULTS: Eyes treated with laser had a mean BCVA of 20/66 (Snellen equivalent), whereas cryotherapy-treated eyes had a mean BCVA of 20/182 (Snellen equivalent) (P = 0.015, n = 42). Compared with eyes treated with cryotherapy, eyes treated with laser photocoagulation were 5.2 times more likely to have a 20/50 or better BCVA (95% confidence interval, 1.37-19.8, n = 42). Eyes treated with cryotherapy were 7.2 times (95% confidence interval, 1.54-33.6, n = 33) more likely to develop retinal dragging compared with laser treatment. By linear regression analysis, ETDRS visual acuity was inversely proportionate to the degree of retinal dragging in both laser (r = -0.637, P = 0.006) and cryotherapy (r = -0.517, P = 0.040) treated eyes. Among the 21 patients with favorable outcomes in both eyes, 13 had strabismus (62%) and 6 had received amblyopia therapy (29%). Ptosis, loss of cilia, and cortical cataract were among probable treatment-related complications that were noted in this study. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, laser-treated eyes had better structural and functional outcome compared with eyes treated with cryotherapy.     

昆明市婴幼儿屈光状态的调查

目的　调查和了解婴幼儿的屈光状态,并予以合理矫正,以期尽早治疗和预防弱视、斜视。方法　采用随机整群抽样方法,对1146例（2291只眼）生后1个月至3岁的婴幼儿用托品酰胺眼液麻痹睫状肌后行视网膜检影验光,并对其结果进行统计学分析。结果　正视89只眼（3.88%）;远视2139只眼（93.37%）;近视38只眼（1.66%）;散光560只眼（24.44%）;其中混合散光25只眼（1.09%）;各类型屈光不正均以轻度为主,中、高度屈光不正97只眼（4.23%）;屈光参差34例(2.97%);斜视7例（11只眼,0.48%)。随年龄增长,远视度逐渐减低,散光眼数逐渐减少（χ     

儿童弱视715眼治疗效果的临床分析

目的：探讨儿童弱视临床特点和综合治疗效果。

方法：选取2015-07/2017-07我院确诊收治的弱视儿童393例715眼,建立弱视治疗档案,给予弱视综合疗法治疗,观察其治疗效果,并对其年龄、弱视类型、弱视程度、弱视注视性质和治疗依从性等影响疗效的临床特点进行分析。

结果：患儿393例715眼中,基本治愈者520眼(72.7%),进步者117眼(16.4%),无效者 78眼(10.9%),总有效率为89.1%。年龄、弱视类型、弱视程度、注视性质、治疗依从性等临床特点影响弱视治疗效果。

结论：儿童弱视的总体治疗效果较好。与患儿年龄、弱视类型、弱视程度、弱视注视性质和治疗依从性等临床特点关系密切。年龄偏大,弱视类型为屈光参差性弱视、斜视性弱视,弱视程度重、旁中心注视及依从性差的患儿治疗效果差。     

斜视性弱视伴偏中心注视眼的多焦视网膜电图表现

目的：探究斜视性弱视伴偏中心注视眼的多焦视网膜电图(mfERG)特征性变化。

方法：收集2018-01/2020-12在我院就诊的斜视性弱视伴偏中心注视患者20例作为研究组(4例为外斜视,16例为内斜视),同时收集屈光不正性弱视患者20例作为对照组。散瞳状态下检查mfERG,记录P1波的振幅密度和潜伏期。

结果：斜视组弱视眼多焦视网膜电图P1波振幅密度与対侧眼相比第一环(P=0.001),第二环(P<0.001),第三环(P=0.001),第四环(P=0.009),第五环(P=0.026)明显降低; 与对照组相比第一环(P=0.033),第二环(P=0.002),第三环(P<0.001),第四环(P=0.014)明显降低; 斜视组弱视眼潜伏期与対侧眼相比第一环(P=0.017)、第二环(P=0.001)有明显缩短,与对照组相比第二环(P=0.007)明显缩短。

结论：斜视性弱视伴偏中心注视眼的多焦视网膜电图P1波振幅密度越靠近黄斑中心凹下降越多,且与屈光不正性弱视眼相比下降更多。     

Isoametropic amblyopia due to high hyperopia in children.

PURPOSE: To identify children with isoametropic amblyopia due to moderate to high hyperopia and evaluate associated findings and visual acuity outcome. METHODS: Charts from two university's pediatric ophthalmology clinics were reviewed retrospectively. Healthy children with > or = +4.5 D spherical equivalent who did not have anisometropia > or = 1.5 D were selected for data collection. The charts of qualifying children with bilateral amblyopia (visual acuity of 20/40 or less) were further analyzed. RESULTS: Identified were 418 children with the above set of criteria for hyperopia; 36 of these children had isoametropic amblyopia (bilateral amblyopia). This gives an estimated prevalence of isoametropic amblyopia of 8.6% in children with at least 4.5 D of hyperopia in one or both eyes. The children with isoametropic amblyopia presented at a later age (5 years, 1 month) than the overall group of hyperopes (3 years, 5 months). Strabismus was less prevalent in this group (64%) than in the entire population of children with high hyperopia (81%). These children's amblyopia responded well to treatment with glasses, and patching in 13 (36%) cases. Surgical intervention for residual strabismus was necessary in very few cases (2 of 36, 5.5%). CONCLUSION: Children with hyperopia > or = 4.5 D have an increased risk of amblyopia and strabismus that further threatens their future visual function. Isoametropic amblyopia is a real risk in these children. Based on these results, hyperopic correction should be prescribed for children with > or = 4.5 D of hyperopia even if no strabismus or fixation preference is detected, to reduce this risk. Screening programs should also be in place to identify these children at an early age.