右心室流入道室性心动过速的心电图特点及射频消融治疗

特发性室性心动过速 (室速 )常起源于右心室流出道及左心室间隔部 ,少见于左心室游离壁、左心室流出道[1] ;而起源于右心室流入道的室速则更少报道。在共 5 0例消融手术中遇到 5例起源于右心室流入道的室速 ,其中特发性室速 4例 ,另 1例为致心律失常性右心室心肌病 (ＡＲＶＣ)。本文就其心电图特点及射频消融治疗的体会进行总结。临床资料　 5例患者 ,男性 4例 ,女性 1例 ,年龄 2 2～ 38岁 ,均有阵发性室速病史 ,呈突发突止 ,发作间期无室性早搏 ,曾用多种抗心律失常药物治疗无效或效果不佳。超声心动图和Ｘ线检查 ,4例未发现有器质性心脏病…     

特发性左心室流出道心外膜侧室性心动过速

目的报道9例经电生理检查证实的特发性左心室流出道心外膜侧室性心动过速(室速)的体表心电图及电生理检查特点.方法男性5例,女性4例,年龄15～58岁,6例为运动诱发的持续性室速,3例为运动诱发的非持续性室速.结果室速时,9例体表心电图QRS波全部呈现右束支阻滞图形(8例胸前导联V1-V6呈现高R波),Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联为高R波,Ⅰ、aVL导联为QS波.电生理检查,右心室和左心室心内膜标测未发现最早心室激动点,在较早心室心内膜激动处的心内电图多呈现起始部低幅电位,提示远场电位.心室内起搏标测未发现与室速体表心电图12导联QRS波形态相同的起搏点.8例通过心脏静脉系统标测发现最早的心室激动点[体表心电图最早QRS波前15～50ms,平均(32±12)ms]和完全或近乎完全的起搏标测位于心大静脉的远端1例、心前间隔静脉的近端7例.1例患者在左心室流出道消融成功,1例患者在心大静脉远端血管内消融成功.其他患者在右心室和/或左心室内消融失败.结论心脏静脉标测可以鉴别出特发性左心室流出道心外膜侧室速.     

特发性室性心动过速12例的电磁解剖标测系统标测和消融

目的评价电磁解剖标测系统(Carto)标测和指导射频消融在治疗特发性室性心动过速的临床应用价值。方法入选12例特发性室性心动过速患者,年龄(33±12)岁。心动过速周期(370±95)ms。室性心动过速持续发作时,7FNavi-Star在相关心室标测,实时重建心腔三维电解剖图,右心室室性心动过速在右心室流出道详细标测,根据激动图上最红色区域为较早激动部位,结合大头导管记录心室波最早、且起搏时体表12导联图形与心动过速一致处,作为消融靶点。左心室室性心动过速在间隔部细标,标识较体表QRS波及His束电位提前的P电位处,作为靶点。温控60℃放电消融。以基础态及静脉滴注异丙肾上腺素反复电生理检查.不可诱发室性心动过速作为成功消融终点。结果12例均成功消融,其中右心室室性心动过速7例,均位于右心室流出道前中间隔部,左心室室性心动过速5例,起源于左心室后中间隔4例、中下间隔近心尖部1例。1例左心室室性心动过速于心动过速在左心室后中间隔处标测时,室性心动过速终止,后标志此处作为靶点,放电消融成功。手术时间为(102±25)分钟,曝光时间为(11±7)分钟。随访6～18个月,无复发病例。结论Carto系统通过磁场标测定位,结合心内电图重建室性心动过速时心室电激动图,可有效快速寻找最早激动点或P电位处作为消融靶点,进行电解剖标测,并可在标测导管机械损伤终止室性心动过速处标志,结合起搏标测,作消融参考点指导消融,治疗特发性室性心动过速安全有效。     

起源于左冠窦的室性期前收缩经右心室流出道优先传导1例

心室流出道室性心律失常是常见的心律失常类型,其中右心室流出道（RVOT）室性心律失常最为常见（约占特发性室性心律失常的60％～70％）,左心室流出道较少见（约占特发性室性心律失常的10％）,射频导管消融（下称消融）均安全有效。近来我们发现1例起源于左冠状动脉窦的室性期前收缩经右心室流出道优先传导并消融成功,现报道如下。     

特发性左室流出道室性心律失常的心电图特点

探讨特发性左室流出道室性心律失常患者的心电图特点。对 7例特发性左室流出道室性早搏 (简称室早 )、室性心动过速 (简称室速 )患者进行心电图分析 ,并行心内电生理检查及射频消融治疗 ,同时对 10例预激综合征患者成功消融房室旁道后行主动脉瓣上及瓣下起搏 ,记录同步 12导联起搏心电图。对比分析两组病例体表心电图QRS波图形特点。结果 :7例左室流出道室早、室速患者经心内电生理检查证实 6例起源于冠状动脉窦内 ,1例起源于左室流出道主动脉瓣右瓣下方 ,所有患者经射频消融成功治疗室性心律失常。对照组 10例在主动脉瓣下起搏(其中 6例同时在主动脉瓣上起搏 )获得同步 12导联起搏心电图。两组病例体表心电图共同特点为 :QRS波额面电轴向下 ,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联主波向上 ,QRS波在V2 或V3 前移行为Rs或R型。结论 :左室流出道为特发性室早、室速发生部位之一 ,体表心电图有其独特性 ,导管射频消融治疗安全有效。     

以心室高频电位和以激动标测法消融室性心律失常的比较

目的探讨窦性心律下射频消融延迟的高频电位(HFP)防治室性心律失常的可行性、安全性及有效性。方法 36例住院的室性心律失常患者,17例在窦性心律下以延迟的HFP为指导实施消融(HFP组),其中遗传性心脏病5例,冠心病1例;19例在激动标测指导下实施消融(激动标测组),其中冠心病1例,心肌炎1例。比较两组手术效果、X线曝光时间、手术总时间及安全性。结果 HFP组消融靶点10例位于左室间隔面、2例左室乳头肌周围、2例右室流出道、1例左室后间隔及右室流出道偏间隔部、2例位于右室流出道肺动脉瓣上;激动标测组消融靶点6例位于左室间隔面、10例位于右室流出道、2例位于左冠窦及右室流出道、1例位于右室游离壁。HFP组的即刻成功率为94.1%(16/17),激动标测组为84.2%(16/19)。两组即刻成功率、X线曝光时间、手术总时间均无明显差异(P0.05),均无并发症。随访14.6±5.8个月,6例复发,其中HFP组3例,复发率17.6%(3/17),一直服药治疗;激动标测组3例,复发率15.8%(3/19)。结论在窦性心律下射频消融延迟的HFP,在较长的随访期内可有效防止室性心动过速/心室颤动的复发。     

射频消融治疗特发性室性心动过速疗效观察

目的 :评价射频消融术治疗特发性室性心动过速 (室速 )临床疗效。方法 :5 6例特发性室速患者中 ,34例左室特发性室速采用EPT小、中弯大头导管 (或Webstr小弯大头 ) ,在左室行激动顺序标测和消融 ,以P电位较QRS起点提前 2 0ms以上作为消融靶点。 2 2例右室流出道室速采用Webster加硬导管在右室流出道行起搏标测 ,以起搏时与心动过速时体表 12导联QRS形态完全相同或最接近处为消融靶点 ,成功标准为放电过程中心动过速终止且不能诱发。结果 :5 1例患者消融成功 ,成功率 91.1%。 34例左室特发性室速中 30例靶点位于左室间隔中下部 ,2例近左室心尖 ,1例左室流出道 ,1例位于间隔高位。 31例消融成功 ,1例失败 ,2例因导管到达间隔处机械刺激终止室速而不能再诱发 ,于终止室速处作为靶点射频消融 ,1例于术后第 2天、另 1例半年后室速复发。 2 2例右室流出道室速 ,16例位于流出道间隔侧 ,6例位于流出道游离侧壁。 19例起搏标测到与心动过速 12导联QRS形态完全相同靶点 ,1例形态接近 ,消融获成功。 2例未能诱发室速 ,射频消融 1个月心动过速重新出现 ,所有患者无并发症出现。结论 :射频消融术对特发性室速是一种安全有效的治疗方法 ,可作为首选治疗。电生理未诱发室速或机械刺激终止室速不宜尝试射频消融治疗。     

起源于二尖瓣环的室性心动过速/室性早搏体表心电图特点及射频消融治疗

特发性室性心动过速(室速)和/或室性早搏(室早)主要起源于右心室流出道和左心室中后间隔部位,新近发现部分特发性室速还可以起源于二尖瓣环附近,本文报道14例特发性室速的心电图特点和射频消融结果.     

Aglilis NxT鞘支撑下消融左前分支室性期前收缩1例

大部分特发性室性期前收缩起源于右心室流出道,少数起源于左心室流出道及二尖瓣、三尖瓣环、左心室间隔部附近。起源于左心室前间隔左前分支室性期前收缩的QRS形态与左前分支折返性特发性室性心动过速相似,绝大多数患者采用经股动脉逆行途径常规导管标测及射频导管消融（下称消融）安全有效,但少数患者由于心脏的解剖关系,消融导管在此处无法贴靠而消融失败。近期我院1例左心室前间隔左前分支室性期前收缩患者采用股动脉逆行途径普通消融导管消融失败,     

单导管射频消融治疗右心室流出道源性心律失常

目的探讨单导管射频消融治疗右心室流出道源性心律失常的疗效与安全性。方法选择107例右心室流出道源性室性心律失常患者,其中室性心动过速12例,室性期前收缩95例。单点穿刺股静脉后,将单根消融导管按需放置于右心室心尖部、流入道或流出道。行电生理检查、起搏与激动顺序标测和消融治疗。结果消融成功101例,成功率94．39％。有效靶点电图较体表心电图QRS波群起始点提早（36．1±5．8）ms。成功靶点位于右心室流出道游离壁27例、后间隔26例、前间隔48例。操作时间（55．2±26．2）min,X线曝光时间（9．9±53）min,放电时间（418．2±163．6）s,术中无并发症发生。术后随访3月～3．5年,复发3例。结论单导管射频消融治疗右心室流出道源性室性心律失常安全、有效,操作简便,且节省费用。     

经房间隔穿刺途径消融左室顶部室性心律失常五例

目的分析在三维标测系统指导下,通过经房间隔穿刺途径消融起源于左室顶部的室性早搏、室性心动过速的方法、电生理特点及消融结果。方法对5例体表心电图符合左室流出道附近起源特点的患者,术中在左室流出道未标测到理想靶点,行房间隔穿刺将消融导管跨二尖瓣环倒钩至左室顶部,采用三维电解剖标测法,用冷盐水灌注消融导管以35～40w,43℃,流速17ml／min在该区域进行片状基质消融治疗。结果5例术中在左室顶部均可标测到低电压区,窦性心律时可记录到心室晚电位或室性心动过速发作时可记录到心室舒张中期电位,通过房间隔穿刺途径的即刻消融成功率为100％,随访3个月,有I例复发并出现晕厥。结论对于起源于左室顶部的室性心律失常,经房间隔穿刺途径进行射频消融治疗是有效的、安全的。     

室性心动过速合并室上性心动过速的射频消融

目的报道7例室性心动过速（VT）合并室上性心动过速（sVT）的射频消融。方法7例患者男6例,女1例,平均年龄（21±9）岁。阵发性心动过速病史（3．7±2．0）年。术中心房和心室刺激诱发VT和SVT,并进行消融。结果7例患者心房或心室刺激能反复诱发和终止VT合并SVT。法洛四联症矫治术后右心室VT合并三尖瓣环峡部依赖性心房扑动（AFL）1例,其余6例均为维拉帕米敏感性左心室特发性室速（ILVT）,分别合并AFL1例,左后间隔旁路参与的顺向型房室折返性心动过速（AVRT）1例,冠状静脉窦口慢旁路参与的顺向型AVRT1例,慢慢型房室结折返性心动过速（AVNRT）1例,左侧游离壁旁路参与的顺向型AVRT2例。7例患者的两种心动过速均成功消融,所有患者消融术后随访2年,无一例VT或SVT复发。结论VT合并SVT并不少见,消融术中应放置必需的心腔内电极导管,完成详细电生理检查,避免漏诊。一次消融应根除两种疾病。     

Short-term results of substrate mapping and radiofrequency ablation of ischemic ventricular tachycardia using a saline-irrigated catheter

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the safety and acute procedural efficacy of a combined electrophysiologic and anatomic approach to ablation of all inducible ventricular tachycardias (VT) during sinus rhythm using an irrigated radiofrequency (RF) ablation catheter. BACKGROUND: Ventricular tachycardia associated with chronic myocardial infarction (MI) is frequently hemodynamically intolerable and associated with multiple electrocardiographic morphologies. Because traditional mapping techniques are contingent on hemodynamic stability for adequate VT mapping, VT ablation therapy for many patients has been disappointing. METHODS: High-density electroanatomic mapping was performed during either sinus rhythm in 11 consecutive patients with a history of MI and ventricular arrhythmias. The RF ablation was performed using an irrigated-tip ablation catheter. All inducible VTs were targeted for catheter ablation during sinus rhythm. RESULTS: The RF ablation lesions were placed in a linear fashion traversing the border zones of infarcted and normal tissue (mean of 3.4 linear lesions/patient). With this strategy, the target VT was eliminated in 9 of 11 patients (82%). Furthermore, when targeting all inducible monomorphic VTs, complete procedural success was achieved in 7 of 11 patients (64%). During the follow-up period (mean 13.1 +/- 1.9 weeks), spontaneous VT was only noted in the two patients with no acute procedural benefit. CONCLUSIONS: By identifying potentially arrhythmogenic tissue during sinus rhythm, substrate mapping can guide the ablation of a majority of inducible VTs using an irrigated RF ablation catheter. This emerging therapeutic paradigm may be considered in the management of patients with multiple hemodynamically unstable monomorphic VTs.     

短QT综合征的诊断与治疗

目的 报道4例短QT综合征诊断和治疗的初步经验.方法 回顾总结4例短QT综合征的诊治过程,其中2例患者成功地实施电生理检杳和射频消融治疗.结果 1例住院期间猝死,1例药物治疗,2例行射频消融治疗.射频消融治疗的患者分别随访3年和4个月,无症状,未用抗心律失常药物,未见室性心律失常发作.结论 短QT综合征QT问期动态变化大,猝死风险高,射频消融可消除快速心律失常,可能是有效预防短QT综合征心脏性猝死的方法之一.     

Substrate in the interventricular septum for left ventricular and right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia: ablation from the right side of the septum

Simultaneous epicardial and endocardial mapping demonstrated that in a substantial number of ventricular tachycardias (VTs) endocardial, intramural, and epicardial structures are involved in the substrate of the reentrant circuits. Both right and left ventricular breakthrough has also been described during VT originating in the interventricular septum. We report the case of a patient with a nonischemic left ventricular aneurysm presenting with a left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) tachycardia and a right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) tachycardia. Mapping from the anterior interventricular vein and the endocardium of the RVOT revealed mid-diastolic potentials at the epicardium of the LVOT and the endocardium of RVOT, where the criteria of central isthmus sites could be demonstrated. Ablation targeting an isolated late potential during sinus rhythm in RVOT eliminated both the LVOT tachycardia and the RVOT tachycardia. In this patient with a nonischemic left ventricular aneurysm, the substrate of a LVOT tachycardia and RVOT tachycardia is described, and successful catheter ablation of the right and left ventricular tachycardia from the septal wall of RVOT is reported.     

Complete elimination of incessant polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in an infant with MIDAS syndrome: use of endocardial mapping and radiofrequency catheter ablation

Experience with radiofrequency catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) in pediatric patients is limited. A 5-month-old white female infant (body weight 5.5 kg) with MIDAS syndrome who suffered from incessant polymorphic VT (ventricular rates 250 to 300 beats/min) and was unresponsive to medical treatment resulting in significantly depressed left ventricular (LV) function underwent a total of four catheter ablation procedures during a 5-month period. Each of the procedures reduced the number of morphologies and the rate of the tachycardia, but VT returned after each of the first three procedures, despite concomitant medical therapy. Activation mapping and pace mapping were used to identify the anatomic substrates, which were found at different locations at the LV septum and LV free wall. All forms of VT finally were ablated successfully. There were no significant complications. After the fourth procedure, the patient was in continuous sinus rhythm. Follow-up examination 29 months after the last procedure while the child was not taking any medication showed normal sinus rhythm and normal LV function. This report demonstrates the usefulness and safety of radiofrequency catheter ablation in an infant with polymorphic VT who was unresponsive to medical therapy.     

Double tachyarrhythmia: left anterior fascicular ventricular tachycardia associated with atrial flutter and fibrillation. Report of a case

A patient with episodes of palpitation in whom the electrocardiogram showed a right bundle branch (RBBB) configuration and right axis deviation underwent electrophysiologic study and radiofrequency ablation. Left ventricular endocardial mapping during ventricular tachycardia (VT) identified the earliest ventricular activation in the anterolateral wall of the left ventricle. The fused Purkinje potential was recorded at that site, and preceded the QRS complex by 47 mseg, with pace mapping showing an optimal match between the paced rhythm and the clinical VT. The stimulus to QRS time was equal to the Purkinje potential-QRS time. Several radiofrequency lesions were applied in this region, one of them resulted with termination of the tachycardia. Following delivery of this lesion the ventricular tachycardia couldn't be induced either at baseline or during isoproterenol infusion. During VT, atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter were observed, cardioversion was performed reverting to sinus rhythm.     

Substrate mapping vs. tachycardia mapping using CARTO in patients with coronary artery disease and ventricular tachycardia: impact on outcome of catheter ablation.

AIMS: For ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients after myocardial infarction, a three-dimensional mapping system is often used. We report on our overall success rate of VT ablation using CARTO in 47 patients, with a subgroup analysis comparing VT mapping with the results of mapping that had to be performed during sinus rhythm or pacing (substrate mapping). METHODS AND RESULTS: A CARTO map was performed and VT ablation attempted using two strategies: Patients in the VT-mapping group had incessant VT (four patients) or inducible stable VT (18 patients) such that the circuit of the clinical VT could be reconstructed using CARTO. During VT, the critical area of slow conduction was identified using diastolic potentials and conventional concealed entrainment pacing. In contrast, patients in the substrate-mapping group had initially inducible VT. However, a complete VT map was not possible because of catheter-induced mechanical block (six patients) or because haemodynamics deteriorated during the ongoing VT (19 patients). Therefore, pathological myocardium was identified by fragmented, late- and/or low-amplitude (<1.5 mV) bipolar potentials during sinus rhythm or pacing, and the ablation site was primarily determined by pace mapping inside or at the border of this pathological myocardium. Acute ablation success in all patients with regard to non-inducibility of the clinical VT or any slower VT was 79% after a single ablation procedure, but increased to 95% after a mean of 1.2 ablation procedures. However, chronic success was 75%, when it was defined as freedom from any ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VT or VF) during a follow-up of 25+/-13 months. In the subgroup analysis, patients in the VT-mapping group were not significantly different from patients in the substrate-mapping group with regard to age (65+/-7 vs. 65+/-9 years), ejection fraction (30+/-7 vs. 30+/-8%), VT cycle length (448+/-81 vs. 429+/-82 ms), number of radiofrequency applications (17+/-9 vs. 14+/-6 applications), use of an irrigated tip catheter (23 vs. 32%), and ablation results. CONCLUSION: When using a CARTO-guided approach for VT ablation in patients with coronary artery disease, the freedom from any ventricular arrhythmia is high (75%), but leaves the patient at a 23% risk of developing fast VT/VF during follow-up. Mapping during sinus rhythm or pacing is as successful as mapping during VT.     

Rhythm and conduction disorders immediately after ventricular fulguration

Forty-four patients with ventricular tachycardias (VT) refractory to medical treatment underwent 73 sessions of endocavitary electrode catheter ablation. The clinical series included 16 cases of post-infarction VT, 14 cases of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, 6 cases of dilated cardiomyopathy, 6 cases of idiopathic VT, 1 case of sequela of myocarditis and 1 case of VT consecutive to surgical repair of a congenital cardiopathy. Cardiomegaly was present in 30 patients, and 16 patients had an ejection fraction of less than 30 p. 100. None of the patients were receiving digitalis or class I antiarrhythmic drugs when ablation was performed. A total of 235 shocks of 100 to 320 J (mean 221 +/- 42 J) were delivered. 115 shocks (49 p. 100) were complicated by dysrhythmia and/or disorders of conduction; 29 shocks (12 p. 100) induced 13 ventricular fibrillations and 16 ventricular tachycardias. No relation was found between energy delivered, shock synchronization, haemodynamic status, heart cavity treated, underlying heart disease, CK MB levels and these arrhythmias. On the other hand, ablations performed while the patients were experiencing VT increased the risk of arrhythmia (p less than 0.02). 36 AV blocks, 21 left bundle branch blocks, 12 right bundle branch blocks and 11 sinus bradycardia were observed. With the exception of one right bundle branch block and one left posterior hemi-block, all blocks were transient. In practice: (1) electrode catheter ablation may be complicated by disorders of cardiac rhythm or conduction in 50 p. 100 of the cases; (2) these disorders can easily be corrected by stimulation or defibrillation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)