多种内镜检查方法联合应用对胆管狭窄性疾病的诊断价值

目的评估多种内镜检查方法联合应用对胆管狭窄性疾病的诊疗价值。方法回顾性分析36例胆管狭窄性疾病患者的诊断情况。36例患者均进行了超声内镜检查术（EUS）、经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）、胆管内超声检查术（IDUS）,胆道靶向刷检行细胞学涂片、液基薄层细胞学检查,并结合临床资料及组织学病理检查,综合诊断。结果最终诊断胆管恶性病变21例,其中胆管细胞癌9例、十二指肠乳头癌4例、胰腺癌侵犯胆总管4例、肝癌侵犯胆总管4例;胆管良性病变15例,其中胆总管结石9例、肝吸虫感染所致胆管狭窄4例、单纯胆管炎性狭窄1例、外部压迫所致胆管狭窄1例。EUS、ERCP、IDUS及ERCP＋IDUS对胆管狭窄性疾病鉴别诊断的准确率分别为77．8％、88．9％、91．7％、94．4％,ERCP、IDUS及ERCP＋IDUS均明显高于EUS（P均〈0．05）;ERCP＋IDUS对胆管狭窄性疾病鉴别诊断的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值与阴性预测值分别为95．2％、93．3％、95．2％、93．3％,均高于EUS、ERCP及IDUS单独检查。胆道刷检细胞学、液基薄层细胞学或组织病理学检查,19例诊断为恶性狭窄,17例诊断为良性狭窄,对鉴别胆管狭窄性质诊断的敏感度为90．5％、特异度为100．0％、准确率为94．4％。结论对于胆管狭窄性病变,ERCP＋IDUS可使诊断准确率得到明显提高;联合应用ERCP＋IDUS＋病变胆管的靶向刷检等多种内镜检查方法,诊断准确率更高。     

胆管腔内超声对鉴别胆管狭窄性质的临床价值研究

目的 探讨胆管腔内超声(IDUS)对于判断胆管狭窄性质的临床应用价值.方法 收集2006年至2010年因胆管狭窄行胆管腔内超声检查后手术患者,将IDUS结果与手术结果进行对照.结果 49例患者中良性狭窄6例,恶性狭窄43例;IDUS判断胆管狭窄性质的敏感度为97.7％( 42/43),特异度为83.3％ (5/6),阳性预测值为97.7％(42/43),阴性预测值为83.3％(5/6),准确性为95.9％(47/49);显著高于传统的影像学检查(B超、CT及MRCP).32例患者曾行胆道刷片检查,其中21例诊断为恶性狭窄,准确率为65.6％.所有胆道刷片诊断为恶性狭窄病例均已经被IDUS所诊断.结论 胆管腔内超声可以有效判断胆管狭窄的性质,指导临床治疗.ERCP术中IDUS基础上行胆道刷片对于胆管恶性狭窄诊断价值有限,但是对于明确病理诊断有一定的帮助.     

胆管腔内超声联合胆汁肿瘤标志物对胆管狭窄病因的诊断价值探讨

目的探讨胆管腔内超声（IDUS）联合胆汁肿瘤标志物测定对胆管狭窄良恶性的鉴别诊断价值。方法57例胆管狭窄患者（良性狭窄8例,恶性狭窄49例）行胆管腔内超声检查,同时行血清及胆汁肿瘤标志物[CA19-9、癌胚抗原（CEA）]测定,以手术病理结果为金标准,统计分析腹部超声、CT、磁共振胰胆管成像术（MRCP）、IDUS以及IDUS联合胆汁肿瘤标记物鉴别诊断胆管狭窄良恶性的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及准确度。结果IDUS和IDUS联合胆汁肿瘤标记物（胆管良恶性鉴别诊断的分界值CA19-9值和CEA值分别为107kU／L和66．71斗∥L）鉴别诊断胆管狭窄良恶性的特异度分别为63．6％（7／11）和77．8％（7／9）（P〉0．05）,阳性预测值分别为91．8％（45／49）和95．9％（47／49）（P〉0．05）,准确度分别为91．2％（52／57）和94．7％（54／57）（P〉0．05）,均显著高于腹部超声、CT和MRCP,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。IDUS联合胆汁CEA（远端胆管狭窄良恶性鉴别诊断的分界值为71μg/L）鉴别诊断远端胆管狭窄良恶性的准确度为97．9％（46／47）,明显高于IDUS的87．2％（41／47）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论IDUS联合胆汁肿瘤标记物测定对胆管良恶性狭窄性质的鉴别有较高的价值,联合胆汁CEA测定能够在IDUS基础上进一步提高远端胆管恶性狭窄诊断的准确度。     

经内镜细胞刷检查对胆管恶性狭窄性病变的诊断价值

目的 探讨经内镜细胞刷检查对胆管恶性狭窄性病变的诊断价值,分析影响诊断的因素.方法 对ERCP检查发现可疑胆管恶性狭窄的144例患者行胆管细胞刷检查.2004年-2006年在胆管内来回拉刷10次 2007年-2009年在狭窄部位来回拉刷20次,并重复操作2次.专业病理医师固定阅片,对照术后病理诊断和（或）临床最终诊断,分析细胞刷检查诊断胆管狭窄病变的作用.结果 最终诊断96例为胆管恶性狭窄,48例良性狭窄.恶性狭窄患者中78例细胞刷检查阳性（敏感度81.3%）,18例阴性 良性狭窄患者细胞刷检查均为阴性（特异度100.0%） 总体准确率87.5%.2007年-2009年间恶性狭窄性病变细胞刷检出率为87.7%（50/57）,2004年-2006年间检出率仅为71.8%（28/39）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.细胞刷检查阳性率与肿瘤来源及狭窄部位无明显关系.术后发生4例轻度胰腺炎、3例胆管炎、2例胆管出血,无严重并发症发生.结论 胆管细胞刷检查对恶性胆管狭窄病变具有较高的特异度和敏感度,于狭窄部位反复拉刷和重复操作有助于提高细胞刷检阳性率.     

胆管腔内超声对胆管良恶性狭窄的鉴别诊断

目的: 探讨胆管腔内超声对良恶性胆道狭窄的鉴别诊断价值.方法: 2006-01/2007-01所有在我院行ERCP及IDUS检查的胆道梗阻患者67例(所有患者随访12-36 mo), 对比影像学诊断差异, 计算IDUS的敏感性, 特异性, 阳性预测值, 阴性预测值及准确性.结果: 手术病理或者细胞学刷检证实为恶性胆管狭窄者共37例, 病理阴性且长期随访证实良性胆管狭窄者共30例, IDUS对胆管恶性狭窄判断的敏感性为89.2%(33/37), 特异性为77.4%(24/31), 阳性预测值为82.5%(33/40), 阴性预测值为88.9%(24/27), 准确性为85.1%(57/67).结论: 胆管腔内超声是一项安全可靠的技术,对胆管良恶性狭窄性质的鉴别有较高的价值.     

胰管刷检标本K-ras基因突变检测在胰腺癌诊断中的价值

目的 探讨胰管刷检标本K-ras基因突变检测在胰腺癌诊断中的价值。方法 应用突变富集聚合酶联反应（PCR）－单链构象多态性（SSCP）法，检测胰腺疾病胰管刷检标本K-ras基因第一外显子第12密码子点突变。结果 35例胰管刷检标本PCR扩增均获成功，成功率为100％。20例胰腺癌中14例K-ras突变（70％），7例慢性胰腺炎中1例K-ras突变（14％），两组间差异有显著性（P＜0．05）。胰腺囊腺瘤，十二指肠乳头癌均未见K-ras突变。胰管刷检标本K-ras突变与胰腺癌部位无关。胰管刷检K-ras突变检测诊断胰腺癌的敏感性，特异性和准确性分别为70％，90％和83％。结论 检测胰管刷检标本中K-ras基因突变有助于胰腺癌的诊断，具有良好的临床应用前景。     

胆管癌和良性胆管狭窄的胆管内超声声像学特征比较

目的：通过比较胆管癌和良性胆管狭窄的IDUS声像学特点,总结胆管癌IDUS声像学特征,提高内镜下诊断胆管癌的能力。方法：单中心回顾性病例对照研究,纳入近5年于我院消化内镜中心行ERCP+IDUS检查并明确诊断原发性胆管癌的患者52例,同期行ERCP+IDUS并明确诊断良性胆管狭窄的59例患者作为对照组。收集临床资料、实验室检查、IDUS表现(狭窄长度、回声高低、胆管壁厚度、对称性、胆管壁外膜破坏),比较两组间临床表现、实验室检查结果和IDUS特点。结果：胆管癌和良性胆管狭窄的临床表现和实验室检查结果无明显差异。胆管癌行胆管刷检涂片找到恶性肿瘤细胞占28.9%,胆管内活检确诊胆管癌占40.0%。IDUS显示,胆管癌患者病变胆管壁较良性狭窄者厚(6.8±4.0 VS 4.1±2.3mm,p<0.01)。胆管癌病变胆管壁呈低回声改变、不对称性增厚的比例明显高于良性胆管狭窄组(分别为78.8% VS 44.1%,92.3% VS 50.8%,p<0.01)。此外,胆管癌组有8例(15.4%)IDUS显示胆管壁破坏,良性胆管狭窄组未看到此现象。结论：胆管IDUS声像学改变呈低回声不对称性增厚提示胆管癌,出现胆管壁完整性破坏时应高度怀疑胆管癌。     

非小细胞肺癌患者外周血细胞中p53基因突变的研究

目的探讨非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）患者外周血细胞中p53基因突变检测的临床意义。方法收集32例NSCLC患者和30例健康者的外周血标本,采用PCR结合DNA测序方法检测血标本中p53基因突变,然后进行统计学分析。结果①肺癌组32例患者血标本共有12例检测到p53基因突变,突变率为37．5％;健康组30例血标本没有检出p53基因突变。②肺癌患者血液p53基因突变率在（Ⅰ＋Ⅱ）期为9．1％、（Ⅲ＋Ⅳ）期为52．4％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论检测外周血中p53基因突变对于肺癌的诊断、发现远处转移和估计预后具有重要的意义。     

胰管刷检标本P53蛋白检测在胰腺癌诊断中的价值

目的：探讨胰管刷检标本p53蛋白检测在胰腺癌诊断中的价值。方法：应用免疫组化法检测26例胰腺及壶腹疾病患者胰管刷检标本p53蛋白的表达,并与常规细胞学检查作比较。结果：苏木精－伊红染色常规细胞学检查诊断胰腺癌的敏感性为53％,特异性为100％,准确性为70％。胰管刷检标本p53蛋白检测诊断胰腺癌的敏感性为59％,特异性为100％, 准确性为74％。二者联合诊断胰腺癌的敏感性为71％,特异性为100％,准确性为81％,与单项细胞学检查相比差异有非常显著性（P＜0．01）。结论：胰管刷检标本细胞学检查的同时,进行p53检测可提高胰腺癌的诊断率,有助于胰腺良、恶性疾病的鉴别。     

胆管腔内超声对胆管狭窄的病因诊断价值探讨

目的探讨胆管腔内超声(IDUS)对胆道狭窄病因诊断的价值。方法应用微型超声探头通过ERCP、经皮经肝胆管造影及手术中直接插管3种途径对32例胆管狭窄病变进行IDUS检查。结果32例胆管狭窄患者中IDUS诊断胆总管癌16例,左肝管癌2例,壶腹癌3例,高位胆管癌1例,慢性胆总管炎6例,胆总管结石2例,胆总管囊肿2例。胆总管癌诊断准确率93.8%,慢性胆总管炎、壶腹癌、肝管癌、胆总管囊肿和胆管癌准确率为100%。结论IDUS对胆管狭窄病因诊断有特殊的价值,通过胆管狭窄不同病变声像图的特征,可以鉴别胆管良、恶性病变,并可判断胆管癌、乳头癌的浸润程度以指导治疗。     

The combination of stricture dilation, endoscopic needle aspiration, and biliary brushings significantly improves diagnostic yield from malignant bile duct strictures.

BACKGROUND: Brush cytology, routinely performed at ERCP to assess malignant-appearing biliary strictures, is limited by relatively low sensitivity and negative predictive value. This study assessed whether the combination of stricture dilation, endoscopic needle aspiration, and biliary brushing improves diagnostic yield. METHODS: In a prospective nonrandomized study, 46 consecutive patients were evaluated with malignant-appearing biliary strictures at ERCP. Twenty-four patients (Group A) underwent standard brush cytology alone and 22 patients (Group B) underwent stricture dilatation to 10F, endoscopic needle aspiration, and subsequent biliary brushing by using the Howell biliary system. The diagnostic yields for both techniques were compared. RESULTS: Of the 46 patients, 34 had proven malignant strictures (14 Group A, 20 Group B). Compared with brushing alone, the combination of stricture dilatation, endoscopic needle aspiration, and subsequent biliary brushing significantly increased both the sensitivity (57% vs. 85%, p < 0.02) and specificity (80% vs. 100%, p < 0.02) of cytology with positive brushings in all patients with pancreatic or gallbladder carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of stricture dilation, endoscopic needle aspiration, and biliary brushing significantly improves diagnostic yield for malignant bile duct strictures and may particularly be of benefit for extrinsic strictures caused by pancreatic or gallbladder carcinoma.     

Biliary brush cytology： Factors associated with positive yields on biliary brush cytology

AIM： To evaluate the yield of brushing biliary strictures and the factors associated with a positive result in biliary strictures. METHODS： Data on all consecutive patients （01/02 -10/05） who were identified to have a biliary stricture and who underwent biliary brush cytology were collected. The yield of positive biliary brush cytology was evaluated and compared to results with the gold standard for diagnosis （defined as either definitive surgical histology or clinical course）. Additionally, associated factors of positive results including stricture location, gender, age, mass size, length of stricture, and dilatation prior to brushing cytology were assessed. RESULTS： From 199 patients who had brushing cytology samples （10 patients were excluded due to lack of gold standard diagnosis）, 77 patients had positive brushing cytology （yield 41%）. Variables associated with positive cytology brushing on initial endoscopic retrograde cholangiography were age 1.02 （1.00-1.05）, mass size 〉 1 cm 2.22 （1.01-4.89） and length of stricture 〉 1 cm 3.49 （1.18-10.2）. The sensitivity of biliary brushing was 61%, its specificity 98%, the positive predictive value reached 99%, and the negative predictive value was 57%. CONCLUSION： Our results revealed a 41% positive yield from brushing cytology. The sensitivity of biliary brushing cytology in our center was 61% and the specificity was 98%. Predictors of positive yield include older age, mass size 〉 1 cm, and stricture length of 〉 1 cm.     

Combined brush cytology and stent placement in a single session for presumed malignant biliary stricture

Background and Aim: Biliary stricture may be benign or malignant and causes obstructive jaundice. Brush cytology is a simple technique for diagnosing the cause of biliary stricture; however, its sensitivity has been reported to be low. A technique that comprises diagnosing the cause of stricture with a satisfactory sensitivity and relieving jaundice is required. This study was designed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of brush cytology and the feasibility of the subsequent stent placement in a single endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) session performed for presumed malignant biliary strictures. Methods: Data were collected by reviewing the medical records of 100 consecutive patients with suspected malignant biliary stricture who underwent brush cytology followed by stent placement at our center. Diagnostic performance of brush cytology, completion rate of the whole procedures comprising brush cytology and stent placement, and complications were evaluated. Result: Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and overall accuracy of brush cytology were 83%, 100%, 100%, 33% and 84%, respectively. Biliary stent was successfully inserted for all patients (100%) subsequent to brush cytology in a single ERCP session. Eight patients (8%) had complications. Conclusion: Brush cytology was performed with much higher sensitivity of 83% than those of previous reports and the subsequent stent placement was successfully completed in all cases. For presumed malignant biliary stricture, brush cytology should be selected as an initial attempt because this technique is simple and enables subsequent stent placement in a single ERCP session.     

Influence of stricture dilation and repeat brushing on the cancer detection rate of brush cytology in the evaluation of malignant biliary obstruction

BACKGROUND: The sensitivity for cancer detection of brush cytology at ERCP is relatively low. Manipulation of the stricture and repeated tissue sampling may increase the yield. This study compared the cancer detection rate of brush cytology before and after biliary stricture dilation. METHODS: In patients with a biliary stricture at ERCP of suspected malignant origin, the stricture was sampled with a cytology brush and then dilated with either a graduated dilating catheter or a dilating balloon (4-8 mm). Brushing was then repeated in all patients. Specimens were interpreted as normal, atypical (benign), highly atypical (suspicious for cancer), and malignant. Final diagnoses were based on cytology plus surgery, EUS, percutaneous biopsy, autopsy, or clinical follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 139 patients with suspected malignant obstructive jaundice underwent 143 ERCPs (116 ultimately found to have malignant obstruction, and 27 benign disease). Dilation was performed with a catheter in 68 cases, balloon in 73, and both in 2. Brush cytology had a sensitivity of 34.5% (40/116) before dilation and 31% (36/116) after dilation (p = NS). However, sensitivity with predilation and postdilation brushing specimens combined was 44% (51/116), which was higher than that for either the predilation or postdilation brush cytology (p = 0.001). Cancer detection rates were 34.7% (17/49) after dilation with the catheter and 27.7% (18/65) after balloon dilation (p = NS). CONCLUSIONS: Stricture dilation does not improve the sensitivity of brush cytology for the detection of cancer, which remains relatively low. However, repeat brushing increases the diagnostic yield and should be performed when sampling biliary strictures with a cytology brush at ERCP.     

SpyGlass内镜直视系统在不明原因 胆道狭窄诊断中的价值

目的评估SpyGlass内镜直视系统(以下简称SpyGlass)对不明原因胆道狭窄的诊断价值。方法收集2012年9月至2017年8月期间因不明原因胆道狭窄在杭州市第一人民医院行SpyGlass检查的患者资料,统计分析SpyGlass诊断不明原因胆道狭窄的准确性。结果共有88例不明原因胆道狭窄患者接受了SpyGlass检查,操作成功率97.7%(86/88),SpyGlass视觉诊断不明原因胆道狭窄良恶性的灵敏度为98.1%(52/53),特异度为96.9%(31/32),准确率为97.6%(83/85),阳性预测值为98.1%(52/53),阴性预测值为96.9%(31/32)。3例(3.5%,3/86)患者术后出现相关并发症,均经内科保守治愈。结论SpyGlass对于不明原因胆道狭窄诊断具有很高的灵敏度和准确率,并发症发生率低,安全有效。     

胰腺细针穿刺活检组织K-ras突变检测的诊断价值

目的 检测内镜超声引导下细针穿刺穿刺物中K-ras基因的突变,探讨其对胰腺癌早期诊断的价值.方法 收集27例胰腺癌、9例其他恶性肿瘤及14例良性胰腺占位患者的细针穿刺物,应用肽核酸(PNA)钳制PCR法检测K-ras突变.结果 胰腺癌患者K-ras突变阳性率为88.9%,其他恶性肿瘤为44.4%,良性胰腺占位为35.7%,胰腺癌与其他两种病变差异显著(P=0.013,P=0.001).胰腺癌与其他恶性肿瘤比较,K-ras基因突变的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测率、阴性预测率、准确率分别为88.9%、55.6%、85.7%、62.5%、80.6%,差异显著(P=0.013);与良性胰腺占位病变比较,分别为88.9%、64.3%、82.8%、75.0%、80.5%,差异亦显著(P=0.001).联合穿刺物细胞学检查和K-ras基因突变检测,胰腺癌的阳性率高达96.3%.结论 胰腺组织穿刺物的K-ras基因突变检测可提高胰腺癌诊断的阳性率.