老年高血压病及脑卒中患者动态血压分析的探讨

目的　探讨老年高血压病及脑卒中患者动态血压的特点。方法　对 30 7例高血压病患者进行动态血压监测 ,并根据年龄分为 :A组 (对照组n =16 1) ,年龄 <6 0岁 ;B组 (观察组n =14 6 ) ,年龄≥ 6 0岁。两组中又根据是否合并脑卒中 ,进一步分为 4个亚组A1 、B1 组 (无脑卒中 ) ,A2 、B2 组 (脑卒中 )。结果　B组老年高血压患者无论有无脑卒中 ,其血压昼夜节律性明显低于A组 (P <0 .0 5 )。B组脉压 [B1 组昼脉压 5 2 .9mmHg(1mmHg =0 .133kPa) ,夜脉压4 9.4mmHg;B2 组昼脉压 5 3.2mmHg ,夜脉压 5 3mmHg]较A组脉压 (A1 组昼脉压 4 3.6mmHg ,夜脉压 4 0 .3mmHg ;A2组昼脉压 4 7.2mmHg ,夜脉压 4 4mmHg)明显增大 (P <0 .0 5 )。B2 组夜间收缩压 (12 8.1mmHg)明显高于其余 3组 (A1组 117.4mmHg、A2 组 12 1.1mmHg、B1 组 12 0 .7mmHg ,P <0 .0 5 )。结论　血压昼夜节律降低、动态脉压增大及夜间收缩压增高是老年高血压患者动态血压的特点     

Arterial distensibility and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in essential hypertension

Arterial distensibility estimated by carotid femoral pulse wave velocity was evaluated in 22 patients with sustained essential hypertension, together with 3 different methods of blood pressure (BP) measurement: mercury sphygmomanometer, semiautomatic BP recording using the Dinamap apparatus and 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring using a Spacelabs monitor. Although pulse wave velocity did not correlate with BP measured by mercury sphygmomanometer, it strongly and positively correlated with BP measurements using the other 2 procedures. The best correlation was observed with ambulatory BP with respect to systolic BP only (r = 0.685, p less than 0.001). Since cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertensive patients is mainly related to lesions of the large arteries, the determination of pulse wave velocity together with ambulatory BP measurements is proposed for the evaluation of cardiovascular risk.     

Verapamil and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in essential hypertension

The antihypertensive effects of oral regular and slow-release verapamil, a calcium-channel blocking agent, were evaluated in 22 patients with mild to moderate hypertension (sitting diastolic blood pressure [DBP] 95 to 112 mm Hg). The dose required to control blood pressure varied from 80 to 120 mg, 3 times a day. All patients received regular verapamil for a further 3 to 4 months, when systolic blood pressure (SBP) and DBP had risen from the end of the open-label phase. During a double-blind phase patients were randomly assigned to continue the same dose of regular verapamil, 3 times a day, or an equivalent daily dose of sustained-release verapamil (240 to 360 mg once a day). Seven of the 11 patients on regular and 3 of the 11 on sustained-release verapamil were also taking diuretics. This antihypertensive program was continued for at least 4 weeks. During the efficacy period, 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was carried out. Mean 24-hour SBP and DBP were 133 +/- 20 and 89 +/- 13 mm Hg, respectively, on regular and 131 +/- 22 and 87 +/- 12 mm Hg, respectively, on sustained-release verapamil. There were no statistically significant differences noted between the 2 groups. Mean SBP and DBP varied similarly during awake and sleep hours with both formulations of verapamil. With regular verapamil, SBP was 139 +/- 18 and 124 +/- 20 mm Hg and DBP 92 +/- 11 and 84 +/- 13 mm Hg during awake and sleep hours, respectively; with sustained release, SBP was 138 +/- 21 and 122 +/- 22 mm Hg and DBP 92 +/- 10 and 80 +/- 10 mm Hg during awake and sleep hours, respectively. Heart rate fell during the entry period and continued during the entire study period. No other adverse effects were noted during the double-blind phase. In summary, verapamil is an effective antihypertensive medication and can be administered once a day as a sustained-release preparation; it is most useful in patients in whom adrenergic blocking drugs are indicated.     

氯沙坦的降压疗效及其对血压谷/峰比值的影响

目的:以动态血压观察氯沙坦片对原发性高血压病患者的疗效及其对血压谷峰比值的影响。方法:60例原发性高血压病患者被随机均分为氯沙坦片组和苯那普利片组(各30例),分别给予氯沙坦片50～100mg和苯那普利片10～20mg,晨服,1次/日,疗程16周。结果:治疗后两组病人的血压均有明显下降,氯沙坦片组,收缩压(SBP)由治疗前的168.2±16.3 mmHg降至138.3±17.2mmHg,舒张压(DBP)由治疗前的99.8±8.1mmHg降至治疗后的85.3±6.4mmHg,SBP、DBP谷/峰比值分别为0.73和0.68;苯那普利组;SBP由治疗前的169.4±16.7mmHg降至139.3±16mmHg,DBP由治疗前的98.7±9.2mmHg降至治疗后的84.6±6.3mmHg,SBP、DBP谷/峰比值分别为0.67、0.63,与治疗前比较,P均<0.01,但组间比较差异不显著(P>0.05)。氯沙坦组无明显副作用,苯那普利组有6例出现咳嗽,2例咳嗽较剧烈,退出观察。结论:氯沙坦片能安全、有效、平稳地降低高血压病人的血压,其疗效与苯那普利疗效相似,但副作用明显少于后者,是高血压治疗的理想用药。     

动态血压监测与高血压病预后的关系

目的 :探讨动态血压 (ABP)及偶测血压 (CBP)与高血压预后的关系。方法 :2 2 0例原发性高血压患者入选时分别测量基础状态下ABP及CBP、并根据白昼舒张压水平分为高、中、低 3个亚组 (HL、ML、LL) ,然后长期随访观察与高血压病相关的心脑血管“事件”。结果 :平均随访 38个月 ,发生各类“事件”者 2 6例 ,单因素分析表明 :“事件”组各项ABP参数明显高于“非事件”组 (P <0 0 5～ 0 0 1) ,而 2组CBP间无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。LL、ML、HL 3个亚组中“事件”发生率分别为 2例 10 0人年、3 4例 10 0人年及 6 3例 10 0人年。多因素分析显示 :SBP节律、夜间SBP水平及总胆固醇 (CT)水平为高血压患者“事件”发生的独立危险因素 ,分别为RR =3 0 8、RR =1.2 6、RR =1.4 9(P <0 0 5～ 0 0 1)。结论 :ABP在判断高血压预后方面较CBP更具有临床意义 ,较高的ABP水平提示不良的预后 ,SBP节律、夜间SBP水平是预测高血压患者心脑血管“事件”及肾脏受损的独立危险因素     

高血压病患者运动血压与动态血压关系的研究

目的　探讨高血压病患者运动血压与动态血压的关系。方法　分别以活动平板运动试验中最大运动量时收缩压 (peakSBP)和舒张压 (peakDBP)过度升高和反应正常分组 ,以运动后收缩压(recSBP)和舒张压 (recDBP)恢复慢和恢复正常分组 ,对比分析 30 3例 1、2级高血压病患者的动态血压变化。结果　peakSBP、peakDBP过度升高组动态血压各检测值均显著高于反应正常组 (P <0 0 5或0 0 1) ;recSBP恢复慢组的夜间平均收缩压、舒张压显著高于恢复正常组 (P <0 0 1) ;recDBP恢复慢组白昼舒张压负荷显著高于恢复正常组 (P <0 0 1)。多元逐步回归分析显示 ,对peakSBP、peakDBP、recSBP最具影响的共同参数为夜间平均舒张压。结论　高血压病患者运动试验中 74 2 6 %～ 81 85 %存在运动中血压过度升高和运动后收缩压恢复慢并与动态血压检测值有显著统计意义。     

原发性高血压患者动态血压与微量白蛋白尿的关系

目的：研究原发性高血压患动态血压与微量白蛋白尿之间的关系。方法：（1）用放免法测定99例高血压患的尿微量白蛋白，根据有无尿微量白蛋白将高血压患分为微量白蛋白尿组和无微量白蛋白尿组；（2）所有研究对象均进行24小时动态血压监测。结果：微量白蛋白尿组与无微量白蛋白尿组相比，其收缩压明显升高，脉压明显增大（P＜0．01）。结论：收缩压升高、脉压增大可能与高血压早期肾脏损害有关。     

动态血压监测指导依那普利抗原发性高血压治疗临床观察

目的根据原发性高血压患者24h血压变化规律决定依那普利给药时间,观察降压疗效。方法对于临床确诊的1~2级原发性高血压患者,服用安慰剂2周后,根据24h动态血压监测夜间血压与白昼相比是否下降≥10%或10mmHg,分为勺型高血压及非勺型高血压,对勺型高血压者6:00及下午血压最高值前3h分别给予依那普利5mg,非勺型者6:00及18:00分别给予依那普利5mg,2周后,若患者坐位舒张压≥90mmHg,依那普利加量至10mg,每日2次。8周后复查24h动态血压。结果完成研究的80例原发性高血压患者中勺型58例,占72.5%,非勺型22例,占27.5%。依那普利对勺型组和非勺型组患者有效率分别为(52/58)89.7%,(19/22)86.4%,勺型组24h平均血压、白昼(6:00~22:00)血压、夜间(22:00~6:00)血压分别下降9.9/6.6mmHg,9.0/6.8mmHg,2.8/2.6mmHg,非勺型组分别下降13.9/7.6mmHg,11.9/6.6mmHg,13.8/10.4mmHg。两组白昼及夜间血压负荷均显著下降。勺型组收缩压与舒张压谷峰比值分别为66.6%,63.5%,非勺型组70.6%,66.5%。结论在时间治疗学理论指导下,依那普利每日给药两次能24h平稳降压,是一种价廉物美的降压药物,值得推广应用。     

原发性高血压与肾性高血压的动态血压特点及其与心肌肥厚的关系

目的：观察原发性高血压与肾性高血压的动态血压特点，以了解其造成心肌肥厚的原因。方法：将未予治疗的高血压患分为原发性高血压组64名，肾性高血压组64名，比较2组的脉压（PP）、血压变异性（BPV）、白天平均收缩压（dSBP)、白天平均舒张压（dDBP),夜间平均收缩压（nSBP)、夜间平均舒张压（nDBP);彩色多普勒测定心肌重量指数（LVMI），统计分析LVMI与各动脉血压指标的相关性。结果：肾性高血压组的PP、BPV、LHVI较原发性高血压组明显增高，2组的dSBP、dDBP、nSBP、nDBP差异无显性；2组的LHVI均与PP、BPV明显相关。结论：原发性高血压与肾性高血压的心肌肥厚均与PP、BPV相关，提示PP、BPV可能是心肌损害的预测因子；而在平均动脉压相同的情况下，肾性高血压比原发性高血压对心肌的损害作用更大。     

原发性高血压24小时动态血压分析

目的：分析原发性高血压24小时动态血压变化。方法：应用美国产动态血压监测仪观察40例原发性高血压24小时动态血压并与96例血压正常进行比较。结果：单纯高血压患白天,夜间,平均收缩压,平均舒张压及24小时血压负荷值均比血压正常组高（P＜0．01）,高血压靶器官损害各组收缩压和舒张压又比单纯高压患高（P＜0．01）,结论：24小时动态血压与高血压靶器官损害有关,血压越高,靶器官损害越多,多脏器损害血压最高,脑,肾损害血压次之。     

高血压病患者动态血压与动脉顺应性的相关性研究

目的:探讨高血压病患者动脉顺应性的变化,及其与动态血压监测(ABPM)各指标间的相互关系。方法:对262例高血压病患者和104例正常人进行动态血压监测(ABPM)和脉搏波速度(PWV)测定。结果:高血压组的颈动脉-桡动脉(G-R)PWV、颈动脉-股动脉(C-F)PWV,24 h、白昼及夜间平均血压,平均脉压,心率,血压负荷均显著高于正常对照组(P<0.05~<0.01)。C-F PWV及C-R PWV与24 h、白昼及夜间平均血压,心率,血压负荷均呈显著正相关(r=0.108~0.406,P<0.05~<0.001)。C-F PWV比C-R PWV与平均收缩压和收缩压负荷的相关性更强。C-F PWV与动态脉压、年龄显著正相关(r=0.205~0.406,P<0.001)。结论:动脉顺应性减退是高血压的重要改变,大动脉顺应性与动态脉压、收缩压和年龄的关系更为密切。     

超声造影联合动态血压评价原发性高血压患者的价值分析

目的：探讨超声造影联合动态血压评价原发性高血压患者的价值。方法：2013年2月到2015年12月选择在我院诊治的单纯原发性高血压患者(对照组,n=125)与原发性高血压肾病患者(高血压肾病组,n=125)作为研究对象,两组都进行动态血压监测和超声造影检测,同时进行相关性分析。结果：高血压肾病组的24 h SBP、24 h DBP和24 h PP值均明显高于对照组,对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。高血压肾病组的达峰时间明显多于对照组(P<0.05),而两组的峰值强度、曲线下面积、曲线尖度对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。Spearman相关分析显示在高血压肾病患者中,24 h SBP、24 h DBP和24 h PP均与超声造影的达峰时间存在显著正相关(r=0.293,0.413,0.433, P<0.05);多因素Logistic 逐步回归分析显示24 h SBP、24 h DBP、达峰时间对高血压肾病有独立的预测价值(P<0.05)。结论：超声造影联合动态血压评价原发性高血压肾病具有良好的相关性,可为高血压肾病早期诊断及防治提供了新思路,具有很好的应用价值。     

Noninvasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in patients with recently detected systemic hypertension

Noninvasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and Doppler echocardiography were used in a recent study evaluating persons aged 18 to 50 years who were initially found to have mild hypertension by casual blood pressure determination. Ambulatory blood pressure recordings were performed on a day of usual activity in 54 subjects; a subgroup of 24 patients had evaluation of left ventricular dimensions and diastolic filling patterns by Doppler echocardiography. Average ambulatory systolic pressures of 42% of subjects were greater than or equal to 130 mm Hg. Only 35% had average diastolic pressures greater than or equal to 85 mm Hg, and 57% had either systolic or diastolic pressures greater than or equal to 130/85 mm Hg. Correlation between casual and ambulatory pressures was not significant. No subject had left ventricular hypertrophy determined by echocardiography. Abnormal left ventricular diastolic filling was noted in 38% of those patients with average ambulatory pressures greater than or equal to 130/85 mm Hg, but in no patients with average pressures less than 130/85 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). These results suggest that ambulatory blood pressure monitoring may be a specific method for detecting those patients with mild hypertension who may have early and potentially reversible cardiac abnormalities.     

Microalbuminuria and casual and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in normotensives and in patients with borderline and mild essential hypertension

Several reports suggest that urinary albumin excretion may be elevated in patients with essential hypertension and that this index may be a good predictor for cardiovascular complications. The aim of this study was to compare 24-hour urinary albumin excretion in a group of normotensives, borderline, and untreated mild hypertertensives and to assess, in a subgroup of them, the possible relations between microalbuminuria and arterial blood pressure. Fifteen normotensives, 16 borderline, and 19 mild hypertensive patients were studied. Slightly but significantly higher values of microalbuminuria were observed in the mild hypertensives compared to the other two groups. In 21 borderline and mild hypertensive patients 24-hour microalbuminuria was related to casual blood pressure and noninvasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. A significant correlation was found between microalbuminuria and average day-time diastolic blood pressure. Our data suggest that albumin excretion is slightly increased in mild arterial essential hypertension; the direct association between microalbuminuria and arterial diastolic blood pressure during daily activities seems to confirm a pathophysiological link between transcapillary protein escape and arterial blood pressure that warrants further studies.     

高原高血压患者的动态血压变化

目的　观察高原高血压患者的昼夜血压变化。方法　采用无创性携带式动态血压监测仪对 51例高原高血压患者及 2 5例正常人进行 2 4 h血压检测 ,分析两组的动态血压变化规律。结果　高原高血压患者中 82 .4 %血压昼夜节律消失或减少 ;其中高血压 2级为 6 9% ,高血压 3级为 96 % ;而正常人仅 8%血压昼夜节律减弱 ( P<0 .0 5)。结论　高原高血压患者血压昼夜节律有明显变化     

Transcranial doppler sonography and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in patients with hypertension.

To appraise the value of transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) for assessment of hypertensive cerebrovascular damage, the relationship between ambulatory blood pressure (BP) and indices of cerebral circulation determined by TCD was investigated. Subjects were 55 inpatients with or without hypertension, including 13 patients with histories of cerebrovascular attacks. Mean flow velocity (MFV) in the middle cerebral artery was measured by TCD, then the cerebrovascular resistance index (CVRI; mean BP/MFV) and the Fourier PI1 (pulsatility index of the first Fourier harmonic of the flow-velocity waveform) were determined as indices of cerebrovascular resistance. CO2 reactivity of MFV was estimated as an index of cerebrovascular flow reserve. CVRI positively correlated with both daytime and nighttime BP as well as with age (p<0.01). Fourier PI1 positively correlated with nighttime BP and age (p<0.01). CO2 reactivity did not correlate with any of the ambulatory BP parameters, but negatively correlated with age (p<0.01). LV mass index significantly correlated with ambulatory BP parameters, CVRI, and Fourier PI1 but did not correlate with CO2 reactivity. Multiple regression analyses showed that nighttime systolic BP was a significant correlate for CVRI and Fourier PI1, but not for CO2 reactivity, and that history of cerebrovascular attack was significant for CVRI and CO2 reactivity. We conclude that cerebrovascular resistance determined by TCD accords with the results of ambulatory BP and LVMI, and thus could be successfully used to detect the early stage of hypertensive cerebrovascular change. Cerebrovascular flow reserve would be relatively preserved in hypertensive patients without cerebrovascular diseases.     

动态血压监测在原发性高血压早期肾损害诊断中的临床研究

目的探讨动态血压均值、动态脉压及昼夜节律变化与微量蛋白尿的关系,为动态血压监测(ABPM)应用于早期诊断和评价高血压性肾损害提供科学依据。方法选择2003年6月至2004年10月昆明市第一人民医院心内科住院的原发性高血压患者125例,测量动态血压各参数:24h平均收缩压(24hSBP)、24h平均舒张压(24hDBP)、24h平均脉压(24hPP)等及尿微量白蛋白(mAlb)、尿N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)。(1)根据动态血压测量的结果将受试者按24hPP≤40mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133kPa)、41~55mm Hg、56~70mm Hg、>70mm Hg分为A、B、C、D组,比较各组的尿mAlb、NAG检测值及其阳性率,行24hSBP、24hDBP、24hPP与尿mAlb、NAG的相关回归分析。(2)根据血压昼夜节律变化,将上述受试者分为"杓型"组和"非杓型"组,比较两组尿mAlb、NAG检测值及其阳性率。结果(1)A组与B组之间,尿mAlb、NAG及微量蛋白尿阳性率差异无显著性意义(P>0.05),B组、C组与D组随24hPP的增高,尿mAlb、NAG及微量蛋白尿阳性率依次明显增高,各组间差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。(2)24hPP与尿mAlb、NAG呈正相关(r=0.79、0.78,P<0.05),24hSBP与尿mAlb、NAG呈正相关(r=0.78、0.76,P<0.05),24hDBP与mAlb、NAG呈负相关(r=-0.64、-0.65,P<0.05);建立多元回归方程得出高血压早期肾损害时对应的24hSBP、24hDBP及24hPP值分别为150mm Hg、91mm Hg、58mm Hg。(3)"非杓型"组尿mAlb、NAG及微量蛋白尿阳性率明显高于"杓型"组,两组间差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论动态血压均值、动态脉压及昼夜节律变化可为原发性高血压患者早期肾损害的检测评价指标,24hSBP高于150mm Hg、24hPP高于58mm Hg,24hDBP过度下降的患者易出现高血压性肾损害,夜间血压下降率<10%的患者为原发性高血压性肾损害的高危患者。     

Assessment of blood pressure in patients with Type 2 diabetes: comparison between home blood pressure monitoring, clinic blood pressure measurement and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.

AIMS: To compare a home blood pressure (BP) monitoring device and clinic BP measurement with 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS: Fifty-five patients with type 2 DM had BP measured at three consecutive visits to the DM clinic by nurses using a stethoscope and mercury sphygmomanometer (CBP). Twenty-four-hour ambulatory BP was measured using a Spacelabs 90207 automatic cuff-oscillometric device (ABPM). Subjects were then instructed in how to use a Boots HEM 732B semiautomatic cuff-oscillometric home BP monitoring device and measured BP at home on three specified occasions on each of 4 consecutive days at varying times (HBPM). RESULTS: Correlations between HBPM and ABPM were r = 0.88, P < 0.001 for systolic BP and r = 0.76, P < 0.001 for diastolic BP, with correlations between CBP and ABPM being systolic r = 0.59, P < 0.001, diastolic r = 0.47, P < 0.001. HBPM agreed with ABPM more closely compared with CBP (CBP +10.9/+3.8 (95% confidence intervals (CI) 6.9, 14.8/1.6, 6.1) vs. HBPM +8.2/+3.7 (95% CI 6.0, 10.3/2.0, 5.4)). The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of HBPM in detecting hypertension were 100%, 79% and 90%, respectively, compared with CBP (85%, 46% and 58%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with Type 2 DM, home BP monitoring is superior to clinic BP measurement, when compared with 24-h ambulatory BP, and allows better detection of hypertension. It would be a rational addition to the annual review process. Diabet. Med. 18, 431-437 (2001)     

24小时动态血压监测在原发性高血压伴靶器官损伤中的诊断价值

目的探讨24小时动态血压监测(ABPM)在原发性高血压伴靶器官(心、脑、肾)损伤诊断方面的敏感性。方法50例原发性高血 压患者均行24小时监测,同时做心脏超声、心电图、经颅多普勒检查及验尿常规、血尿素氮、肌酐。结果合并靶器官损伤者夜间血压均值 及血压负荷值增高,血压变异性增大,呈非勺型昼夜模式。结论ABPM可作为原发性高血压伴靶器官损伤的检查手段之一。