227名健康纺织女工肺通气功能测定

在棉纺生产中,棉尘可引起工人肺通气功能不同程度的损害。由于国内对女棉尘作业工人肺通气功能报道较少,故估计纺织女工肺通气功能各项指标的预计值颇有困难。为此,我们去年4—5月对沙市某棉纺厂的227名健康女工进行了一次肺通气功能测定,并分别计算出各项指标预计值的回归方程式,供应用时参考。对象和方法对象为无吸烟嗜好,经体检和心电图检查无呼吸和心血管系统疾患的健康纺织女工     

健康女工肺通气功能的测定

近年来,女工从事粉尘和有毒气体工作者日益增多,迫切需要有关健康女工肺通气功能的正常值资料,作为评价肺功能状态的参考。我们于1981年对健康女工进行了肺通气功能测定。报道如下:     

铸造工人肺通气功能10年前后的对比分析

目的 长期追踪铸造工人的肺通气功能下降情况。方法 调查７０例在职铸造工,分别测定其１０年前后肺通气功能,同时监测作业环境的粉尘浓度。结果 铸造工肺功能各指标及实测值占预计值的百分比１０年后明显下降（除ＦＥＶ１％）,且年下降值也明显高于标化正常人;相关回归分析,肺功能与身高、体重成正相关,而与年龄、吸烟成负相关。结论 铸造行业可致长期作业工人的肺通气功能明显下降。     

棉尘对纺织女工肺通气功能的影响

本文对２３１名棉纺女工的肺通气功能进行了测定分析,结果表明：棉纺女工的肺通气功能较对照相差,肺通气功能急性改变率前纺高于后纺;接尘工龄越长,慢性肺功能改变检出率越高。     

棉纺女工心,肺功能调查分析

对230名棉纺女工心肺功能调查结果表明心电图异常率为76．85％，主要为窦性心律失常与ST－T改变。肺通气功能测定结果显示急性肺功能改变占53％。     

棉毯厂女工棉尘病调查

本文参考陆培廉所提调查方法,对棉毯厂105名接触棉尘女工进行了调查。结果发现棉毯厂女工棉尘病检出率7.87%,肺通气功能急性改变占18.1%,慢性改变占27.6%,肺通气功能除显示大气道阻塞改变外,小气道有较明显损害征象。     

棉尘与矽尘对女工肺通气功能的不同影响

为了解有机和无机粉尘对作业女工肺通气功能的损害程度和损害特点.我们对某棉絮加工厂和汽车修配厂铸造车间的接触棉尘和矽尘的女工进行了肺通气功能的测定.     

氰氨化钙作业工人肺通气功能分析

对氰氨化钙粉尘致肺通气功能的影响进行了分析。结果表明,接触组8项肺通气功能指标均低于对照组,女工明显。以阻塞性损害为主,兼小气道功能损害。接触组肺功能下降的检出率为17.5％,明显高于对照组的6％,且随吸烟量及工龄的增加,肺通气功能呈下降的趋势,吸烟与接尘有协同作用,有剂量-反应关系。     

电焊烟尘对作业女工肺通气功能的影响

用协方差分析方法对某汽车公司女工的肺通气功能进行统计分析 ,结果表明电焊作业女工FVC、FEV1 0 、FEV1 0 %、MMF、V·5 0 、V·2 5 、PEFR等肺通气功能指标均较对照组明显降低 ,差异有显著意义或极显著意义 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1)。     

女工氨气刺激反应50例肺通气功能分析

女工氨气刺激反应５０例肺通气功能分析安徽省蚌埠市职业病防治所（朝阳路，２３３０００）何承玉，朱业仙，陈文，周宏中氨气刺激反应的肺通气功能资料国内未见报道。本文分析了５０例女工氨气刺激反应的肺功能资料，以探讨其对女工呼吸功能的影响。对象和方法蚌埠某化工...     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.