大鼠弥漫性颅脑损伤后脑红蛋白mRNA变化的实验研究

目的研究弥漫性颅脑损伤后大鼠脑组织中脑红蛋白（NGB）mRNA的表达变化情况，初步探讨NGB与颅脑损伤的关系。方法选择Marmarou自由落体打击装置制作弥漫性颅脑损伤模型．采用实时、定量PCR检测伤后不同时间脑组织中NGB mRNA的表达情况，并对所得数据进行统计学分析。结果在伤后30min，脑组织中NGB mRNA的表达出现首个高峰．此后逐渐下降，至6h恢复至正常水平；伤后12h再次升高，于伤后48h达高峰，此后下降，至伤后5d仍高于正常水平。结论弥漫性颅脑损伤后，脑组织中NGB mRNA表达呈“双峰”，提示其可能参与神经元损伤后应激及继发缺血、缺氧性脑损害的应答机制。     

颅脑创伤后脑红蛋白表达变化的实验研究

目的 研究弥漫性颅脑创伤后大鼠脑组织中脑红蛋白的表达变化情况,探究脑红蛋白与颅脑创伤的关系.方法 选择Marmarou自由落体打击装置复制颅脑创伤模型,分别采用实时定量PCR技术及免疫组化技术检测伤后不同时间脑组织中脑红蛋白的核酸、蛋白表达情况,并对所得数据进行统计学分析.结果 (1)核酸表达:在伤后0.5 h,脑组织中脑红蛋白核酸表达出现首个高峰,此后逐渐下降,至6 h恢复至正常水平;伤后12 h再次升高,于伤后48 h达高峰,此后下降,至伤后120 h仍高于正常水平;(2)蛋白表达:致伤区皮层神经元脑红蛋白表达分别于伤后2 h、72 h呈现出两次高峰表达.结论 弥漫性颅脑创伤后脑组织中脑红蛋白表达呈"双峰",提示脑红蛋白可能与创伤后神经元保护相关.     

Nerve growth factor affects focal cerebral cortical neuronal Bcl-2 and Bax expression in a mouse model of oxyhemoglobin-induced subarachnoid hemorrhage★

BACKGROUND:Studies have demonstrated that oxyhemoglobin(OxyHb)can induce brain cell apoptosis in vivo. OBJECTIVE:To observe the effects of exogenous nerve growth factor(NGF)on cerebral cortical neuronal Bcl-2 and Bax expression in mice with OxyHb-induced subarachnoid hemorrhage. DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING:A completely randomized grouping,controlled animal experiment was performed at the Experimental Center for Biomedicine,College of Medicine,Xi’an Jiaotong University between February and April 2005. MATERIALS:...     

大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤后调控基因Bcl-2、Bax的表达及与细胞凋亡的关系

目的:本研究旨在探讨Bcl-2及Bax蛋白在大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤中的变化及与细胞凋亡的关系。方法:雄性Wistar大鼠56只,随机分为假手术组、缺血15分钟再灌注1、6、12、24、48、72小时组。采用大鼠四条血管阻断方法制备大鼠全脑缺血再灌注模型。采用TUNEL法观察不同再灌注时间组海马CAl区细胞凋亡的变化。采用免疫组化法观察Bcl-2及Bax蛋白表达水平的变化。结果:脑缺血损伤后随再灌注时间延长凋亡细胞逐渐增多,至再灌注48小时达到高峰,72小时后减少。Bcl-2表达至再灌注12小时达高峰,再灌注24~72小时组逐渐减弱。Bax表达至48小时达高峰,再灌注72小时减少。结论:Bcl-2于再灌注早期表达增强,Bax于再灌注中期表达增强,Bcl-2/Bax比例失衡可能是大鼠全脑缺血再灌注后神经细胞凋亡的机制之一。     

缺氧复氧大鼠海马星形胶质细胞凋亡及Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达的时间进程变化及异丙酚干预效应

BACKGROUND： Cerebral hippocampal astrocytes are more sensitive.to ischemic injury than neurons. Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury induces profound astrocyte apoptosis, and propofol may protect against astrocyte apoptosis.
OBJECTIVE： To verify the protective effects of propofol against astrocyte apoptosis and to investigate anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and pro-apoptotic Bax expression in primary cultures of rat hippocampal astrocytes exposed to hypoxia-reoxygenation for different periods of time following propofol treatment.
DESIGN, TIME, AND SETTING： In vitro neural immunocytochemistry was performed at the Central Laboratory of Yunyang Medical College between September 2007 and March 2008.
MATERIALS： A total of 30 Wistar rats, aged 1-3 days, wJth equal numbers of males and females, were included for isolation and culture of .hippocampal astrocytes.
METHODS： Hippocampal astrocytes were purified and cultured for 3 weeks and treated with four culture conditions： 50 μL Hank＇s solution （normal control）; 0.2 mL/L Intralipid; 50 μL Hank＇s solution for 10 minutes followed by hypoxic incubation for 4 hours and normoxic incubation for 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 or 72 hours; propofol （250 μmol/L final） for 10 minutes followed by hypoxic incubation for 4 hours and normoxic incubation for 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 hours.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： （1） Morphologic changes in hippocampal astrocytes. （2） Levels of astrocyte apoptosis and Bcl-2 and Bax expression.
RESULTS： Hypoxia and reoxygenation increased apoptosis over time, with Bcl-2 expression peaking at 24 hours and decreasing gradually （P 〈 0.01 ）; Bax expression peaked at 72 hours （P 〈 0.01）; the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax was 1.4, 0.8, and 0.6, respectively, at 24, 48 and 72 hours. Non-apoptotic astrocytes showed significant proliferation and swelling. Propofol treatment decreased apoptosis after hypoxia-reoxygenation （P 〈 0.01）, as well as Bct-2 and Bax expression （P 〈 0.05, P 〈 0.01）, with Bcl-2/Bax ratios of 1.6-1.8. Propofol treatmentalso blocked astrocyte proliferation and swelling. No apoptotic cells or Bcl-2/Bax expression was detected in astrocytes cultured in Hank＇s or Intralipid solution.
CONCLUSION： Propofol protects astrocytes against injury caused by hypoxia and reoxygenation via a mechanism that involves maintaining high ratios of Bcl-2/Bax.     

葛根素对创伤性脑损伤神经细胞Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达影响

目的 对比研究苯甲酸雌二醇和葛根素对成年大鼠创伤性脑损伤神经细胞中Bcl-2、Bax 蛋白表达的影响.方法 改良Feeney法建立创伤性脑损伤大鼠模型,苯甲酸雌二醇、葛根素腹腔注射7d,利用病理学镜检、末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的生物素脱氧尿嘧啶核苷酸缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)及免疫组织化学法检测神经细胞凋亡及Bcl-2、Bax蛋白的表达.结果 与损伤对照组相比,两种雌激素均显著改善创伤性脑损伤神经细胞的病理学改变,减轻细胞凋亡程度,明显增加Bcl-2 蛋白的表达、降低Bax/Bcl-2比率,但对Bax蛋白的表达无影响;两种雌激素相比,上述指标差异无统计学意义.结论 苯甲酸雌二醇和葛根素对创伤性脑损伤细胞均有神经保护作用,其作用机制可能与增加Bcl-2蛋白表达、延缓细胞凋亡有关.     

Evaluation of the apoptosis-related proteins of the BCL-2 family In the traumatic penumbra area of the rat model of cerebral contusion, treated by hyperbaric oxygen therapy: a quantitative immunohistochemical study

The growth and progression of traumatic brain injury (TBI) lesions depend significantly on developments in the traumatic penumbra area, perilesional region, where delayed neuronal death occurs. Recent data supports the important role of apoptosis in delayed cell death in TBI. Previously we demonstrated a significant reduction of apoptosis in traumatic penumbra in animals treated by hyperbaric oxygen (HBO).In this study we evaluate the expression of apoptosis-related proteins of the Bcl-2 family (Bcl-2, Bax and Bcl-xL) in the traumatic penumbra area in correlation with the extent of apoptosis in the rat model of focal cerebral contusion, treated by HBO. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent cortical dynamic deformation, some with subsequent hypoxemia. A group of both hypoxemic and non-hypoxemic animals was treated by HBO. The pathological study was based on immunohistochemical staining of the brain sections for Bcl-2, Bax and Bcl-xL with quantitative evaluation of staining by image analysis. The expression of Bcl-2 in hypoxemic animals was lower than in non-hypoxemic animals, but a significant increase in Bcl-2 expression was seen in both groups after HBO treatment. Bcl-xL also demonstrated an increase after HBO treatment but less significant. Staining for Bax protein did not demonstrate significant change after treatment. These data correlate well with the reduction of TUNEL-positive cells in traumatic penumbra after HBO treatment. We concluded that the apoptotic mechanisms are important in delayed cell death in TBI and that post-traumatic hypoxemia increases the intensity of apoptosis, probably through a decrease in Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL expression which normally repress apoptosis. The beneficial effect of HBO treatment in our model of brain contusion correlates well with the increased expression of anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL) following treatment and the appropriate decrease in the extent of apoptosis. In light of these results, the usage of HBO is justified as neuroprotective treament in TBI.     

依达拉奉对大鼠脑外伤后细胞凋亡率及Bcl-2／Bax表达的影响

目的研究依达拉奉对大鼠脑外伤（TBI）后细胞凋亡率及Bcl-2／Bax表达的影响,探讨其对脑外伤后脑组织损害的保护作用。方法成年SD大鼠36只随机分为假手术组、脑外伤组、依达拉奉组。Allen＇s改良法制作脑外伤的模型;流式细胞仪检测伤侧海马细胞凋亡率的变化,免疫组化法检测海马细胞Bcl-2和Bax蛋白的表达,图象分析仪进行灰度定量分析。结果假手术组没检测到明显的细胞凋亡;脑外伤组检测到较高的细胞凋亡率;依达拉奉组细胞凋亡率较外伤组明显下降。外伤组脑细胞Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达水平均明显高于假手术组;与外伤组相比,依达拉奉组Bcl-2蛋白表达水平显著增高,Bax蛋白表达水平明显下降。结论依达拉奉可有效抑制大鼠外伤后神经细胞凋亡,此作用可能与其有效清除氧自由基、上调Bcl-2和下调Bax蛋白表达水平有关。     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血后Bcl-2、Bax的表达与细胞凋亡的关系

目的探讨缺血性脑损伤中bcl－2基因家族与细胞凋亡的关系。方法用线栓法制成Wistar大鼠大脑中动脉（MCA）阻塞-再通模型，应用免疫组化方法和TUNEL法，分别对大鼠局灶性缺血脑组织Bcl－2、Bax免疫反应阳性细胞和凋亡细胞的分布进行观察。结果大鼠MCA闭塞2h再通48h后，TUNEL阳性细胞主要分布在梗死灶周围的内侧尾壳核和额顶部皮层，与Bcl－2和BaX阳性细胞数在该区域的明显增加基本一致。同时，额顶部皮层Bcl－2／Bax阳性细胞数的比例较其他脑区及对照组明显降低。结论Bcl－2和Bax在缺血后表达的比例对缺血性脑损伤中细胞生存与凋亡可能起重要的调控作用。     

8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin intervenes with neural cell apoptosis following diffuse axonal injury

Previous studies have reported a neuroprotective effect of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) against traumatic brain injury. In accordance with the Marmarou method, rat models of diffuse axonal injury were established. 8-OH-DPAT was intraperitoneally injected into model rats 8-OH-DPAT treated rats maintained at constant temperature served as normal temperature controls TUNEL results revealed that neural cell swelling, brain tissue necrosis and cell apoptosis occurred around the injured tissue. Moreover, the number of Bax-, Bcl-2- and caspase-3-positive cells increased at 6 hours after diffuse axonal injury, and peaked at 24 hours. However, brain injury was attenuated, the number of apoptotic cells reduced, Bax and caspase-3 expression decreased, and Bcl-2 expression increased at 6, 12, 24, 72 and 168 hours after diffuse axonal injury in normal temperature control and in 8-OH-DPAT-intervention rats. The difference was most significant at 24 hours. All indices in 8-OH-DPAT-intervention rats were better than those in the constant temperature group. These results suggest that 8-OH-DPAT inhibits Bax and caspase-3 expression, increases Bcl-2 expression, and reduces neural cell apoptosis, resulting in neuroprotection against diffuse axonal injury. This effect is associated with a decrease in brain temperature.     

大鼠脑创伤后海马CA3区细胞凋亡及相关基因表达研究

目的研究弥漫性脑损伤后不同时间,大鼠海马CA3区细胞凋亡及相关基因Bcl-2、Bax和Caspase-3蛋白的表达情况,探讨脑创伤后神经细胞凋亡的分子生物学机制.方法应用流式细胞仪和免疫组化法,分别检测脑创伤后不同时间海马CA3区细胞凋亡率及Bcl-2,Bax和Caspase-3基因在蛋白质水平的表达情况.结果脑创伤后海马CA3区存在不同程度细胞凋亡,Bcl-2在脑损伤后表达下降,而Bax和Caspase-3在脑创伤后表达升高;Caspase-3表达的峰值时间(72 h)出现在Bax之后(48 h).结论弥漫性脑损伤后,大鼠海马CA3区存在细胞凋亡及Bcl-2,Bax和Caspase-3的表达变化.Bcl-2/Bax表达比值下降早于Caspase-3的上升,Bcl-2/Bax表达比值改变可能与Caspase-3活化有关,进而启动并加重脑损伤后神经细胞凋亡.     

Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase aggravates brain injury in diabetic rats with traumatic brain injury

Studies have shown that hyperglycemia aggravates brain damage by affecting vascular endothelial function. However, the precise mechanism remains unclear. Male Sprague-Dawley rat models of diabetes were established by a high-fat diet combined with an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Rat models of traumatic brain injury were established using the fluid percussion method. Compared with traumatic brain injury rats without diabetic, diabetic rats with traumatic brain injury exhibited more severe brain injury, manifested as increased brain water content and blood-brain barrier permeability, the upregulation of heme oxygenase-1, myeloperoxidase, and Bax, the downregulation of occludin, zona-occludens 1, and Bcl-2 in the penumbra, and reduced modified neurological severity scores. The intraperitoneal injection of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(5)-(1-iminoethyl)-L-ornithine(10 mg/kg) 15 minutes before brain injury aggravated the injury. These findings suggested that nitric oxide synthase plays an important role in the maintenance of cerebral microcirculation, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, and anti-apoptotic activities in diabetic rats with traumatic brain injury. The experimental protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care Committee of Harbin Medical University, China(approval No. ky2017-126) on March 6, 2017.     

大骨瓣减压在重度颅脑损伤中应用的实验研究

目的评价大骨瓣减压对实验性重度颅脑损伤大鼠的作用。方法取90只SD大鼠，制作重度颅脑损伤模型，分为保留骨瓣对照组，常规骨瓣减压组，大骨瓣减压组，观察各组生存率，血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE），凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2，Bax，并用电子显微镜观察脑组织超微结构。结果大骨瓣减压组生存率高于其他两组，NSE降低，Bax，Bcl-2降低，神经元内质网，线粒体肿胀较轻。结论大骨瓣减压能显著降低重度颅脑损伤大鼠的死亡率，减轻脑水肿。     

异丙酚预处理大鼠缺血再灌注脑皮质细胞的凋亡

The present study aimed to observe cortical expression of Bcl-2 and Bax,cysteine-dependent aspartate directed proteases-3 activity and apoptotic cell death in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion pretreated with propofol.Results showed that,propofol pretreatment significantly reduced oxidative stress levels and attenuated neuronal apoptosis in the cortex of rats.Propofol pretreatment upregulated Bcl-2 expression,and downregulated Bax expression and cysteine-dependent aspartate directed proteases-3 activity.These findings indicate that propofol pretreatment inhibits cell apoptosis during focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.This neuroprotective effect is most likely achieved through the Bcl-2/Bax/cysteine-dependent aspartate directed proteases-3 pathway.     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血Bcl-2和Bax的表达与细胞凋亡

目的:研究大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后凋亡相关基因Bcl-2和Bax在缺血皮层表达的变化及其与神经元凋亡的关系。方法:线栓法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,免疫组化法观察Bcl-2和Bax的表达变化,TUNEL法观察神经元凋亡的情况。结果:再灌注2h后皮层神经元Bcl-2表达开始明显上调,6h为高峰,之后开始下降。再灌注早期 Bax在皮层神经元的表达即明显增强,24～48h达高峰。Bcl-2／Bax的比率在再灌注开始时升高,6h达高峰,随后开始下降。TUNEL阳性细胞主要分布在缺血中心的边缘,再灌注48h之内,随时间的延长而不断增加。结论:Bcl-2／Bax的比率改变与缺血再灌注后的神经元存亡相关。     

脑创伤后bcl—2蛋白的神经保护作用

目的 探讨液压脑损伤后凋亡抑制基因bcl—2的变化规律及bcl—2基因在创伤性脑损伤后细胞凋亡中的作用。方法 应用免疫组化观察大鼠中型液压脑损伤伤前及伤后6h、12h、1d、3d、7dbcl—2蛋白表达情况,应用TUNEIL和电镜观察伤后细胞死亡的形态。结果 免疫反应阳性细胞主要位于伤侧大脑半球皮质、皮层下白质、海马CAl、CA3及齿状回的神经元和神经胶质细胞,以海马CA3区最为显。在高倍镜下,表达Bcl—2蛋白的神经细胞胞核形态正常,很少见到凋亡或坏死的形态特征。伤后早期(6h),打击侧海马CA3区Bcl—2蛋白表达显下降;Bcl—2早期改变出现在伤后6h,比细胞凋亡提前表现;伤后l—3h,Bcl—2的表达下降相对缓慢。结论 bcl—2蛋白在抑制脑创伤后细胞凋亡中起重要作用,bcl—2可能是一种可诱导的神经保护因子。     

亚低温3 h可抑制新生大鼠缺氧缺血性脑细胞凋亡的影响

实验建立缺氧缺血性脑损伤新生大鼠模型,于缺血缺氧后立即采用31 ℃亚低温分别持续3,6,15 h进行全身干预,原位末端标记技术标记显示大鼠大脑皮质、海马、室周白质的凋亡细胞数减少,免疫组织化学法检测的细胞凋亡相关蛋白bcl-2和细胞周期调节相关蛋白p16表达降低,综合比较全部结果数据显示,且以亚低温干预3 h细胞凋亡抑制效果最佳,其次是亚低温干预6 h,而亚低温干预15 h可出现大脑皮质神经元细胞数降低的不良反应。结果证实,31 ℃亚低温干预可通过抑制细胞凋亡的方式对缺氧缺血性脑损伤组织起保护作用,3 h为最佳干预时间。     

Dose-dependent neuroprotective effect of enoxaparin on cold-induced traumatic brain injury

Recent evidence exists that enoxaparin can reduce brain injury because of its anticoagulant activity. To investigate the potential therapeutic effect of enoxaparin on cold-induced traumatic brain injury, at 20 minutes after modeling, male BALB/c mouse models of cold-induced traumatic brain injury were intra-peritoneally administered 3 and 10 mg/kg enoxaparin or isotonic saline solution. Twenty-four hours later, enoxaparin at 10 mg/kg greatly reduced infarct volume, decreased cell apoptosis in the cortex and obviously increased serum level of total antioxidant status. By contrast, administration of enoxaparin at 3 mg/kg did not lead to these changes.These findings suggest that enoxaparin exhibits neuroprotective effect on cold-in-duced traumatic brain injury in a dose-dependent manner.