Acute Oxalate Nephropathy Causing Late Renal Transplant Dysfunction Due to Enteric Hyperoxaluria

Calcium oxalate (CaOx) deposition in the renal allograft is an under recognized and important cause of acute tubular injury and early allograft dysfunction.
We present a case of late transplant dysfunction due to acute oxalate nephropathy. The patient presented with diarrhea and deteriorating graft function, and a diagnosis of enteric hyperoxaluria secondary to pancreatic insufficiency was made. This had occurred, as the patient had been noncompliant with his pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy. Treatment to reduce his circulating oxalate load was initiated, including twice-daily hemodialysis, low fat and oxalate diet and appropriate administration of pancreatic enzyme supplements. Graft function subsequently recovered.
The possibility of fat malabsorption leading to enteric hyperoxaluria should be considered in renal graft recipients presenting with loose stools and graft dysfunction.     

表现为急性肾衰竭的IgA肾病11例临床与病理分析

目的：探讨IgA肾病并发急性肾衰竭(ARF)的临床与病理特点。方法：回顾分析11例IgA肾病并发ARF的临床与病理资料。结果：(1)本组11例IgA肾病患者并发ARF，占我院同期IgA肾病的1．28％(11／860)；(2)本组患者7例患者以浮肿、少尿为首发症状，3例以反复肉眼血尿为主诉、1例以恶性高血压为主要症状，6例患者蛋白尿≥2．0g／d；(3)肾活检示系膜增生性肾炎7例、新月体肾炎1例、增生硬化性肾炎伴新月体形成1例，余2例为In肾病的基础上伴发急性肾小管间质性肾炎。(4)本组资料中8例患者行激素加MP／CTX冲击治疗，4例予以单纯对症处理；8例肾功能恢复正常，1例肾功能部分缓解，2例患者肾功能进展行维持性透析治疗，总有效率为81．8％。结论：IgA肾病并发ARF发生率不低，病理可表现为多种病理类型，病理改变轻，预后好，多数患者肾功能可以恢复正常。     

IgA肾病合并急性肾衰竭的临床与病理分析

目的：探讨IgA肾病合并急性肾衰竭（ARF）的临床与病理特点。方法：1992年～2006年经肾活检确诊IgA肾病合并ARF 20例患者的临床与病理资料进行回顾性分析。根据不同病理选择治疗方案并进行随访。结果：本组20例IgA肾病合并ARF,占活检IgA肾病的3.8%（20/527）。其中急性肾炎综合征4例,急性肾炎综合征合并肾病综合征5例,以浮肿、少尿为主8例,以恶性高血压为主3例。病理改变上系膜增生性肾炎5例,新月体肾炎8例,增生硬化性肾炎伴新月体肾炎3例、轻度系膜增生性肾炎合并急性肾小管间质肾炎4例。14例肾功能恢复正常,4例部分缓解,2例无效性透析治疗后行肾移植。结论：IgA肾病合并急性肾衰竭发生率达3.8%,高于目前文献报道。临床表现多样化,病理表现为多种病理类型。病理轻则预后好,新月体肾炎诊断治疗及时预后好,多数患者肾功能可以恢复正常。因此早期及时肾活检对IgA肾病指导治疗、判断预后有非常重要的价值。     

Acute Renal Failure due to Cast Nephropathy in Nonsecretory Myeloma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Multiple myeloma is characterized by marrow plamacytsois, M spike in serum or urine electrophoresis and skeletal lytic lesions. The M spike may be absent in rare instances. We describe a case of myeloma cast nephropathy with acute renal failure who did not exhibit an M spike. λ-chain staining was documented on immunoperoxidase, suggesting paraprotein-related tubular damage.     

Management and Prevention of Acute Renal Failure in Solid Organ Transplantation

The anion gap in myeloma patients had been well studied. IgG myeloma usually has decreased anion gap, whereas IgA myeloma always presents with normal anion gap. We report an unusual presentation of IgA myeloma with decreased anion gap and renal failure due to superimposing of acetazolamide-related bicarbonate loss.     

Risk Factors for Development of Acute Renal Failure After Liver Transplantation

Background.?Acute renal failure (ARF) is a common complication after liver transplantation (LTx). Identification of risk factors may prevent the development and attenuate the impact of ARF on patients outcome after LTX. Methods.?Retrospective analysis of variables in the pre, intra, and postoperative periods of 92 patients submitted to LTx was performed in order to identify risk factors for development of ARF after LTx. ARF was defined as serum creatinine ≥2.0 mg/dL in the first 30 days after LTx. Univariate and multivariate analysis by logistic regression were performed. Results.?ARF group comprised 56 patients (61%). Preoperative serum creatinine was higher in ARF group. During the intraoperative period, ARF group required more blood transfusions, developed more episodes of hypotension and presented longer anesthesia time. In the postoperative period, ARF group presented higher serum bilirubin and more episodes of hypotension. Dialysis was required in 10 patients (11%). The identified risk factors for development of ARF were: preoperative serum creatinine >1.0 mg/dL, more than five blood transfusions in the intraoperative period, hypotension during intra and postoperative periods. The identified mortality risk factors were hypotension in the postoperative period and no recovery of renal function after 30 days. Conclusions.?Several factors are involved in the pathogenesis of ARF after LTx and may influence patients outcome and mortality. Pretransplant renal function and hemodynamic conditions in the operative and postoperative periods were identified as risk factors for development of ARF after LTx. Nonrenal function recovery and postoperative hypotension were identified as mortality risk factors after LTx.     

Enteric Oxalate Nephropathy in the Renal Allograft: An Underrecognized Complication of Bariatric Surgery

Enteric hyperoxalosis is a recognized complication of bariatric surgery, with consequent oxalate nephropathy leading to chronic kidney disease and occasionally end‐stage renal failure. In patients with prior gastrointestinal bypass surgery, renal allografts are also at risk of oxalate nephropathy. Further, transplant recipients may be exposed to additional causes of hyperoxalosis. We report two cases of renal allograft oxalate nephropathy in patients with remote histories of bariatric surgery. Conservative management led to improvement of graft function in one patient, while the other patient returned to dialysis. Interpretation of serologic, urine and biopsy studies is complicated by oxalate accumulation in chronic renal failure, and heightened excretion in the early posttransplant period. A high index of suspicion and careful clinicopathologic correlation on the part of transplant nephrologists and renal pathologists are required to recognize and treat allograft oxalate nephropathy. As the incidence of obesity and pretransplant bariatric surgery increases in the transplant population, allograft oxalate nephropathy is likely to be an increasing cause of allograft dysfunction.     

Renal Transplantation for Chronic Renal Failure in Acute Porphyria

A woman with acute intermittent porphyria and a man with variegateporphyria developed chronic renal failure in middle age. Afterperiods on haemodialysis, both received successful cadavericrenal transplants. On the basis of animal porphyrinogenicitystudies prednisolone and azathioprine were used in preferenceto cyclosporin as immunosuppressive agents. Neither of the patientsshowed any evidence of activation of their porphyria during,or following, transplantation. The findings in these two patientsand a review of two previous reports indicate that acute porphyriais not a contraindication to renal transplantation.     

Acute Renal Failure as a Complication of Acute Pancreatitis

To assess the prevalence of acute renal failure (ARF) inpatients with acute pancreatitis, as well as the factors predictive of a lethal outcome, we retrospectively studied the data of all patients admitted to our hospital over a 5-year period. Between 1989 and 1993, 554 patients presented with acute pancreatitis, of which 24 (4.4%) subsequently developed ARF. Death occurred in 14/24 (58%) of patients with ARF, and was associated with an increased incidence of multiorgan failure. There was no statistically significant difference in the age, admission blood pressure, or admission pulse rate of the patients who survived and those who died. In contrast, death was associated with a higher Ranson score, and the increased prevalence of multiorgan failure. The length of hospitalization of the nonsurviving group was significantly shorter. Acute renal failure is not a common finding in patients with acute pancreatitis. However, when it occurs, it is associated with a poor prognosis, and is predicted by a higher Ranson score and the presence of multiorgan failure.     

伴有慢性肾衰竭的马兜铃酸肾病与IgA肾病的配对研究

目的:了解伴有慢性肾衰竭的马兜铃酸肾病患者与IgA肾病患者的临床病理差异.方法:分析11例马兜铃酸肾病患者的临床病理资料,并与经肾活检确诊的IgA肾病患者进行配对比较.结果:两组患者的年龄、性别、血肌酐水平无明显差异(P>0.05),马兜铃酸肾病患者镜下血尿发生率低于IgA肾病患者(P<0.05).在血肌酐水平无明显差异时,马兜铃酸肾病患者血红蛋白浓度明显低于IgA肾病患者(P<0.01),尿蛋白定量和肾脏的长径少于IgA肾病患者(P<0.05).间质纤维化程度重于IgA肾病患者(P<0.05),而间质炎细胞浸润少(P<0.05).结论:伴有慢性肾衰竭的马兜铃酸肾病患者临床发展隐匿,与IgA肾病比较,肾小管间质损伤是造成肾功能损害的主要原因,因此要重视对马兜铃酸肾病的早期防治.     

568例基层医院急性肾衰竭患者病因及其危险因素分析

目的：分析基层医院急性肾衰竭（ARF）的病因,寻找影响其预后的危险因素,为降低ARF发病率,提高临床疗效,判断预后提供参考。方法：以2007年6月～2009年6月就诊于温岭市第一人民医院等4个基层医院的ARF患者为研究对象,归纳引起ARF的病因;将其分为治愈组、好转组、无效组和死亡组,首先采用单因素分析方法初步筛查出危险因素,然后将初筛的危险因素进一步使用二分类Logistic回归法做多因素分析,判别各因素对死亡危险度的影响。结果：（1）301224例住院患者中,ARF患者568例（占0.19%）;其中男366例（占64.45%）,女202例（占35.56%）,男女之比1.8∶1。（2）568例ARF患者中,按照肾性、肾前性和肾后性分类方法,以肾性ARF最常见,共282例（占49.65%）,肾前性ARF140例（占24.65%）,肾后性ARF146例（占25.70%）。按照引起ARF的原因分类,肾实质损害和梗阻所占比例最大,分别为22.89%和21.65%,其次是感染和药物因素,分别占11.97%和9.15%。（3）多脏器功能衰竭（MODS）、高血钾及贫血是导致ARF预后差的危险因素。结论：ARF发病率为0.19%,男性多于女性,除肾原性原因外,肾后梗阻、感染和药物性肾损害是最常见原因。MODS、贫血、高血钾是影响预后的危险因素。     

Acute Renal Failure Complicating Severe Acute Pancreatitis

The records of 563 patients admitted to the hospital with diagnosis of acute pancreatitis have been studied retrospectively. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of acute renal failure (ARF) in these patients, and to evaluate the most important risk factors for ARF development and mortality. The prevalence of ARF in studied population was 14%, but only 3.8% of ARF patients with acute pancreatitis had isolated renal failure. Other patients had additional failure of other organ systems, 68.4% of whom had multiorgan failure (MOF) before the onset of ARF. In only 8.9% of ARF patients was the renal system the first organ system to fail. Patients with ARF were significantly older, had more preexisting chronic diseases (including chronic renal failure), usually had MOF, and local pancreatic complications relative to these in the group with normal renal function. The development of ARF was directly influenced by severity of acute pancreatitis. The mortality rate in ARF patients was 74.7%, compared to an 7.4% mortality of patients with acute pancreatitis and normal renal function. Preexisting chronic disease, the presence of MOF and their number, local pancreatic complications, and older age of the patients increased mortality in ARF patients. The prognosis of patients with oliguric ARF requiring renal replacement therapy was extremely poor, indicating the importance of prevention of ARF in the patients with acute pancreatitis.     

Decline in Renal Function Following Thoracic Organ Transplantation in Children

Heart and/or lung transplantation are life-saving treatments for end-stage cardiopulmonary disease; however, chronic renal failure may develop. The impact of thoracic organ transplant on renal function in infants and children is not well characterized. This retrospective cohort study evaluated renal function following thoracic organ transplantation in 46 children (32 heart, 9 lung, 5 heart-lung; median age 4.1 years) with at least 12 months of follow-up. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR, ml/min/1.73 m2) was estimated by the Schwartz formula throughout and each GFR estimate was converted to per cent normal for age (GFR%). Changes in renal function following transplantation were analyzed using longitudinal mixed-effects linear regression models. GFR% decreased following thoracic organ transplantation (p <0.001). Younger age at transplant was associated with a greater decline in GFR% (p <0.01). The decline in GFR% persisted after adjustment for nutritional status with body mass index or weight-for-length z-scores. The prevalence of renal insufficiency (GFR% <75) increased from 22% at transplant to 55% and 85% at 1 and 5 years post transplant, respectively, while 15% had a GFR% <50 at 5 years post transplantation. Higher tacrolimus trough levels over the first 6 months correlated with a lower GFR% (p <0.01). Renal function declined significantly following thoracic organ transplantation.     

猪急性肾衰竭并多器官功能障碍模型建立及病理观察

目的：建立一个重症感染后多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）并急性肾衰竭（ARF）复合的猪模型。方法：16只健康杂交家猪随机分成模型组和假手术对照组。模型组行盲肠结扎和穿孔（CLP）,加作肾动脉夹闭（CRA）制作腹腔感染致MODS并ARF模型,对照组行盲肠和双肾探查术。观察生命体征及主要器官功能（MODS相关指标）变化。结果：模型组术后24～72h出现器官功能障碍：（1）ARF：血清肌酐（Scr）、尿素氮（BUN）分别从（92.70±11.05）μmol/L、（4.16±1.02）mmol/L升至（986.37±132.61）μmol/L、（48.13±2.68）mmol/L。（2）肝功能：血清丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）均超过对照值的2倍;（3）凝血功能：血小板数〈80%对照值,且皮肤可见弥漫或散在的出血点;（4）心功能：平均动脉压（MAP）持续≤70%对照值,且呈进行性下降;心率≥130次/min;（5）肺功能：动脉血二氧化碳分压（PaO2）下降,低于69.75mmHg;呼吸频率增快,均值超过照值的2倍;（6）胃肠功能障碍;（7）肾、肝、脾、肺及小肠等器官组织病理上均有不同程度的实质性改变。模型组动物6d内全部死亡,平均存活时间（69.81±22.59）h;对照组全部存活,且器官功能无明显变化。结论：采用CLP＋CRA方法,可以成功地复制出MODS并ARF复合模型,并可见最终均发展为多器官衰竭。     

Mortality in Elderly Patients with Acute Renal Failure

In a retrospective study, we identified 55 elderly patients with acute renal failure (ARF) admitted to our hospital during an 8-year period from 1985 to 1993. Information about the etiology, complications, laboratory data, and treatment course were obtained from the clinical history. Of the 200 patients with ARF admitted to the hospital during this period, 28% were patients more than 60 years old (41 male and 14 female) with an average age of 68.5 ± 7 years. The main causes of ARF were sepsis, volume depletion, low cardiac output, arterial hypotension, nephrotoxicity by antibiotics, and obstructive uropathy. The global mortality of elderly patients with ARF was 53%. The mortality rate of the different types of the ARF were: prerenal 35%, intrinsic 64% (oliguric 76%, nonoliguric 50%), and postrenal 40%. Mortality as a result of sepsis occurred in 18 patients (62%), by cardiovascular disease in 4 patients (13%), by acute respiratory failure in 2 patients (7%), and by other causes in 5 patients (18%). In the cases of sepsis, Pseudomonas was detected in 7 cases (39%), Escherichia coli in 2 cases (11%), Gram-negative nonspecific in 3 cases (17%), Klebsiella in 1 case (5%), and in 5 cases (16%), the hemoculture was negative. The patient survival rate was 47% (26 of 55 patients). Of these patients, 19 recovered their normal renal function (73%), but 7 patients remained with renal failure (27%). In conclusion, the global mortality in the elderly patients without considering the types of ARF was 53%. The oliguric form had the highest mortality rate with 76%. The main causes for mortality were sepsis with 62%, cardiovascular disease with 13%, and other causes 18%.     

输尿管硬镜在急性梗阻性肾功能衰竭中的应用

目的探讨输尿管硬镜在急性梗阻性肾功能衰竭中的价值。方法2005年6月～2008年4月,采用输尿管硬镜对127例急性梗阻性肾功能衰竭者行急诊处理,采用气压弹道碎石机冲击杆或钬激光碎石,将结石粉碎至2mm以下,较大的碎块钳夹取出。解除输尿管结石梗阻并留置双J管。结果2例因输尿管开口狭窄进镜失败改开放手术;125例178侧碎石成功151侧,成功率84.8%（151/178）,解除梗阻并留置双J管169侧。输尿管穿孔2例。手术时间16～57min,平均34min。17例18侧结石返回肾盂,二期行体外冲击波碎石。术后出现肉眼血尿65例（51.2%,65/127）,1～3d消失;出现失血性休克3例。结论输尿管硬镜是急性梗阻性肾功能衰竭的首选治疗方法,具有创伤小、术后恢复快、疗效确切、安全可靠,能同时处理双侧输尿管梗阻病变等优点。     

Scrub Typhus: A Frequently Overlooked Cause of Acute Renal Failure

Acute renal failure associated with scrub typhus infection is not rare as previously thought. The possibility of scrub typhus should be borne in mind when patients present with fever and varying degrees of acute renal failure, particularly if an eschar exists, along with a history of environmental exposure in an area like Taiwan, where scrub typhus is endemic. Prompt diagnosis and the use of appropriate antibiotics can rapidly alter the clinical course of the disease and prevent the development of serious or fatal complications. To illustrate the above point, this study reports 3 cases of scrub typhus associated with acute renal failure. They were seen at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in a 2-year interval. Case 1 was referred from district hospital with clinical features of multiple organ dysfunctions, including shock, fever, acute respiratory failure, acute renal failure, and acute hepatitis. Case 2 was admitted with the chief problems of shock, fever, acute renal failure, and DIC. Case 3 visited our outpatient clinic due to fever, maculopapular rash and acute renal failure. In all these patients, the diagnosis was confirmed using immunofluorescence techniques, which showed that Orientia tsutsugamushi had an IgM titer of 1:80 or greater. Notably, despite having varying degrees of acute renal deterioration, the patients responded very well to doxycycline therapy and recovered completely. Additionally, a total of 4 similar cases of scrub typhus associated with acute renal failure were reviewed from th past literature.     

Donor Calculi Induced Acute Renal Failure

Nephrolithiasis is an infrequent complication following renal transplantation and acquisition of a stone with the donor kidney is rare. Indeed only a few cases of donor stones causing renal failure have been reported. Since the grafted kidney is denervated, stone disease may not present with the classic renal colic but rather with acute renal failure secondary to the obstruction. Identification of the precise cause is critical in order to avoid inappropriate therapy. We present our experience of two renal transplant patients who developed obstructive uropathy by stones originating from the donor kidneys.

Each atom of that stone, each mineral flake of that night filled mountain, in itself forms a world.

—Albert Camus (The myth of Sisyphus)