盐酸乙哌立松颗粒剂人体生物利用度研究

目的比较盐酸乙哌立松颗粒剂与国外同类产品 (妙纳片 )的生物等效性。方法10名志愿者单剂双交叉一次口服盐酸乙哌立松颗粒剂或妙纳片150mg,肘静脉采血,以托哌酮为内标,采用GC_MS法测定各志愿者经时血浓度,计算主要药代动力学参数,并进行制剂间、个体间、阶段间双单侧t检验和(1 -2α)置信区间分析。结果两制剂血药浓度_时间数据经3p87药代动力学计算程序拟合 ,符合二室模型 ,实验制剂和参比制剂AUC0 -8 分别为(17.9±1.2)和(18.6±1.6)ng·h·ml -1 ,AUC0 -∞分别为(19.1±1.2)和(20.2±1.6)ng·h·ml -1,Cmax 分别为(5.2±0.5)和(5.4±0.5)ng·ml-1,Tpeak 分别为(1.05±0.18)和(1.08±0.23)h ,t1/2(α)分别为(0.78±0.13)和(0.82±0.15)h ,t1/2(β)分别为(1.8±0.3)和(1.8±0.3)h。盐酸乙哌立松颗粒剂相对生物利用度为(105±5) %。结论盐酸乙哌立松颗粒剂与妙纳片药代动力学参数剂型间、个体间、阶段间无显著性差异 (P>0.05) ,两制剂具有生物等效性。     

国产罗格列酮胶囊在健康人体的相对生物利用度

目的研究健康受试者口服罗格列酮胶囊的药代动力学。方法20名健康受试者随机服用罗格列酮受试和参比制剂各4mg,用HPLC-MS法测定血浆中罗格列酮的浓度。结果经3P97程序处理,主要药代动力学参数如下。罗格列酮胶囊剂:t1/2为(5.18±0.84)h,AUC0-24h为(2.13±0.21)μg·h·mL-1,Cmax为(305.31±38.21)ng·mL-1,tmax为(1.1±0.4)h;罗格列酮片剂:t1/2为(5.10±0.64)h,AUC0-24h为(2.20±0.20)μg·h·mL-1,Cmax为(318.84±38.38)ng·mL-1,tmax为(1.2±0.3)h。罗格列酮受试和参比制剂的相对生物利用度为(97.6±12.7)%。结论2制剂具有生物等效性。     

2种盐酸非索非那定制剂的人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究盐酸非索非那定口腔崩解片与普通片在正常人体内的生物等效性。方法:采用随机双周期交叉试验设计,20名男性健康志愿者分别单剂量口服盐酸非索非那定口腔崩解片(受试制剂)与普通片(参比制剂)60mg,采用高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法测定非索非那定血药浓度,用DASver2.1软件计算二者药动学参数以考察生物等效性。结果:受试者单剂量口服受试制剂与参比制剂后的Cmax分别为(240.01±77.66)、(237.76±89.97)ng·mL-1,tmax分别为(1.85±1.02)、(2.18±0.81)h,AUC0～72分别为(1309.9±467.7)、(1236.3±433.1)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0～∞分别为(1319.2±468.8)、(1245.9±436.2)ng·h·mL-1。受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为(112±36)%。结论:盐酸非索非那定口腔崩解片与普通片具有生物等效性。     

进口与国产尼扎替丁制剂在中国健康人体的生物等效性

目的　研究进口与国产尼扎替丁在健康人体的药代动力学,并评价2种制剂的生物等效性。方法　用双交叉试验设计, 20名健康志愿者口服国产尼扎替丁片剂和进口胶囊剂,服药后0~8. 5h内间隔取血,用HPLC法测定血药浓度。计算主要药代动力学参数,并以胶囊剂为参比制剂,计算尼扎替丁片剂的相对生物利用度,判断其生物等效性。结果　国产片剂和进口胶囊剂的体内药代动力学参数分别为:tmax为(1. 49±0. 48), (1. 38±0. 58)h;Cmax为(2319±511), (2408±572)ng·mL-1;MRT为(3. 08±0. 44), (2. 97±0. 46)h;t1 /2为(1. 55±0. 33), (1. 51±0. 21)h; AUC0-t为(6625±964), (6725±1078)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞为(6836±973), (6928±1114)ng·h·mL-1。尼扎替丁片剂的相对生物利用度F0-8. 5h为(99. 67±13. 93)%。结论　2种制剂具有生物等效性。     

进口盐酸托烷司琼胶囊在中国人体的药代动力学

目的　研究进口盐酸托烷司琼胶囊的人体药代动力学。方法　采用HPLC 二极管阵列紫外法测定 18名健康志愿者口服剂量为 10mg的盐酸托烷司琼胶囊后受试者血浆中的盐酸托烷司琼的浓度。并应用 3P97软件对盐酸托烷司琼的血药浓度 -时间数据进行了拟合 ,求算其药代动力学参数。结果　进口盐酸托烷司琼胶囊的药代动力学参数为 :达峰时间 (Tmax)为 (2 5 3± 0 5 2 )h ,峰值浓度 (Cmax)为 (10 16± 2 89) μg·L-1,曲线下面积AUC0～ 2 4h分别为 (113 6 1±4 0 34)h·μg-1·L-1。结论　进口盐酸托烷司琼胶囊在志愿者体内分布及消除都很快 ,10mg单次给药安全     

左炔诺孕酮片人体生物等效性研究

目的:比较2种左炔诺孕酮片的人体生物等效性。方法:24名健康受试者随机交叉单剂量口服左炔诺孕酮片受试制剂与参比制剂1.5mg后,以液-质联用(LC-MS)法测定左炔诺孕酮血药浓度,利用BAPP3.0软件计算药动学参数和生物利用度。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂的主要药动学参数分别为Cma(x18.00±4.33)、(18.59±4.77)ng·mL-1,tma(x1.71±0.57)、(1.85±0.62)h,AUC0～7(2229.66±66.15)、(247.33±108.19)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0～∞(257.79±65.23)、(267.77±119.87)ng·h·mL-1。受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为(108.6±36.9)%。结论:2种左炔诺孕酮片具有生物等效性。     

盐酸氟西汀口腔崩解片人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究盐酸氟西汀口腔崩解片在健康人体内的药动学及相对生物利用度。方法:18名健康志愿者分别单剂量交叉口服盐酸氟西汀口腔崩解片(受试制剂)和盐酸氟西汀胶囊(参比制剂)40mg,用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,以3p97程序计算药动学参数并进行生物等效性评价。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂在体内血药浓度药-时曲线呈一室模型,tmax分别为(5·17±1·10)、(5·11±1·02)h,Cmax分别为(76·24±38·42)、(77·92±34·97)ng·mL-1,AUC0～150分别为(3216·21±899·69)、(3220·62±1275·57)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0～∞分别为(3570·60±1299·29)、(3662·49±1444·69)ng·h·mL-1。经组间t检验,受试制剂与参比制剂药动学参数无显著性差异(P>0·05),受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(96·47±10·43)%。结论:盐酸氟西汀口腔崩解片与盐酸氟西汀胶囊具有生物等效性。     

国产与进口托烷司琼胶囊的人体生物等效性

目的:评价国产和进口托烷司琼胶囊的生物等效性。方法:采用双周期两制剂交叉试验设计,用LC-MS/MS法对国产和进口托烷司琼胶囊在20名中国健康男性受试者中的血药浓度进行测定。药动学参数用ANOVA处理。结果:国产与进口托烷司琼胶囊的AUC0-→t分别为:(543.61±415.55),(547.04±455.59)μg·h·L-1;AUC0→∞分别为(573.30±439.11),(591.77±513.15)μg·h·L-1;cmax为分别(39.13±14.45),(37.44±14.30)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(1.61±0.71),(1.85±0.79)h;T1／2分别为(9.69±4.81),(9.77±5.51)h。国产托烷司琼胶囊的相对生物利用度为(106.47±24.07)％(n=20)。2组参数cmax,AUC0→t经对数转换后,行方差分析和双单侧t检验,均未见统计学意义。结论:托烷司琼国产的制剂与进口制剂具有生物等效性。     

2种盐酸氨溴索制剂的人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究盐酸氨溴索颗粒与盐酸氨溴索片的人体生物等效性。方法:18名男性健康志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服盐酸氨溴索颗粒(受试制剂)或盐酸氨溴索片(参比制剂)60mg后,采用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,用3p97软件计算二者的药动学参数,并评价其生物等效性。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂的药-时曲线符合口服吸收一室模型。二者药动学参数分别为:t1/2Ke(4.05±1.89)、(4.39±2.14)h;tma(x2.00±0.48)、(1.75±0.71)h;cma(x154.59±65.64)、(153.95±70.21)ng·mL-1;AUC0～2(4954.96±419.86)、(951.63±463.38)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0～∞(1098.64±469.63)、(1158.98±505.57)ng·h·mL-1。盐酸氨溴索颗粒的相对生物利用度为(100.35±14.82)%,经方差分析、双单侧t检验及(1-2α)置信区间法统计分析,各药动学参数无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:盐酸氨溴索颗粒与盐酸氨溴索片具有生物等效性。     

2种头孢地尼制剂在健康人体内的生物等效性研究

目的:研究国产头孢地尼分散片和进口头孢地尼胶囊在健康人体内的药动学和生物利用度,评价二者的生物等效性。方法:20名男性健康志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服受试制剂(国产)或参比制剂(进口)200mg后,采用高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中头孢地尼的浓度,以DAS3.0程序计算药物的药动学参数。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂的主要药动学参数分别为:cmax(1.818±0.544)、(1.900±0.560)ng·mL-1,tmax(3.800±0.750)、(3.925±0.766)h,AUC0～12h(9279.7±2650.3)、(9977.9±2949.3)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0～∞(9639.9±2768.0)、(10304.4±3077.4)ng·h·mL-1。受试制剂相对生物利用度为(95.5±24.3)%。结论:受试制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.