Monobloc四段式截骨牵引治疗眶距增宽症合并面中部发育不良

目的 Monobloc四段式截骨及外置式牵引,治疗1例重度眶距增宽症合并面中部发育不良患者,总结手术方法和经验体会.方法 对1例重度眶距增宽症合并面中部发育不良患者行颅内外联合径路手术.额部颅骨开窗,Monobloc截骨游离整个颅面部,颧颌部水平截骨、眶鼻部矢状截骨,将颅面骨分为额部、双侧眶颧部、颧颌部4段完全游离的骨块,额部重塑,双侧眶颧部内收,肋骨隆鼻,颧颌部外置式牵引并固定3个月.结果 手术顺利,拆除牵引器1个月后,影像学测量显示IOD为28.6 mm、面中部前移约9 mm,患者眶距增宽、面中部凹陷、反(牙合)均得到有效纠正,但鼻形态需进一步修整.结论 Monobloc四段式截骨及外置式牵引治疗重度眶距增宽症伴面中部发育不良,能一次性纠正眶距过宽、面中部凹陷、反(牙合),安全有效.     

鼻筛眶骨骨折后继发畸形的二期重建

目的 探讨鼻筛眶骨骨折继发畸形的修复方法。方法 手术采用头皮冠状切口入路或邻近瘢痕切口入路，充分显露额鼻眶区骨折部位，用小裂钻行眶内缘弧形截骨，将突起的骨折块截除并打磨平整，缩窄两眶内缘之间的宽度。根据需要用2～3条自体颅骨外板叠加塑成鼻支架，在鼻根部用微型钛板将支架固定于额骨鼻突。充分松解内眦韧带与邻近组织的瘢痕粘连，避免复位时存在张力，必要时于眶底处充分剥离松解眶骨骨膜并纵行切开减张，使内眦韧带尽量在无张力的情况下牵拉复位至泪囊窝后上方，用钢丝穿经鼻骨固定。采用自体颅骨外板或高密度多孔聚乙烯(Medpor)修复眶内壁及其它眶壁缺损，矫正眼球内陷畸形。结果 1996年12月～2001年12月，共治疗严重鼻筛眶骨骨折晚期继发畸形患者34例，其中同时合并眶颧骨折12例、额骨骨折4例、Le Fort Ⅲ型骨折l例及Le Fort Ⅱ型骨折l例。所有患者术后畸形均获明显改善。结论 鼻筛眶骨骨折后期继发畸形手术的重点在于应用自体骨重建鼻背骨性支架，重塑鼻背轮廓；双侧眶内缘骨折突起截骨缩窄，内眦韧带复位固定和内眦整形矫正创伤性内眦距增宽，恢复鼻根部高度与内眦间距的协调比例关系；同时眶壁植骨矫正眼球内陷畸形。     

手术治疗重度先天性眶距增宽症

目的:总结应用颅内外联合径路手术矫正7例重度先天性眶距增宽症的方法和效果.方法:所有7例患者均采用传统颅内外联合径路手术,通过双侧头皮冠状切口和鼻正中部眉间矢状切口行眶周截骨,眶内移和骨块固定,缩小内眶距.在最后两例患者,我们在术前3周使用了眶周软组织扩张技术.结果:本组7例重度先天性眶距增宽症患者采用颅内外联合径路手术矫正后内眶距缩2.0～3.2cm,均达到正常范围,未出现严重并发症.结论:颅内外联合径路手术可安全有效的矫正重度先天性眶距增宽症,结合术前眶周软组织扩张可明显提高手术效果.     

利用鼻中隔粘骨膜复合瓣修复半侧鼻下部衬里缺损的临床研究

目的:探讨一种半侧鼻下部全层缺损衬里修复的手术方法.方法:根据衬里缺损的面积,设计对侧相应大小鼻中隔粘膜软骨膜复合组织瓣,通过鼻中隔背部跨越鼻中隔软骨,将血运良好的复合组织瓣固定在缺损周边的骨膜上.对8例半侧鼻下部全层缺损患者采用此方法修复衬里,其中3例男性,5例女性,并同时运用局部皮瓣或额部皮瓣修复外层,耳软骨或肋软骨重建支架,随访6～12个月,了解鼻衬里恢复情况.结果:本组8例患者再造鼻衬里均血运良好,鼻腔大小及通气正常,鼻中隔形态正常,供区呼吸性上皮覆盖,无穿孔、感染或偏曲.结论:在半侧鼻下部全层缺损的衬里再造中,应用此方法进行衬里修复,组织性质最接近,血运好且薄,柔软且挛缩程度小,同时为软骨支架提供良好血供,保持了鼻部组织的完整及自然形态,是一种良好的鼻部衬里修复方式.     

自体鼻中隔软骨短鼻延长及鼻尖成形术

目的利用自体鼻中隔软骨,对短鼻畸形的患者行鼻部延长及鼻尖成形术,手术易行,在西方国家得到广泛的应用,但西方人与东方人的解剖结构及审美观有所差异,如何使这一手术方法更适合东方人,这是一些整形外科医生探索的目的之一。方法从1998年以来,韩国大邱S-整形医院、LOGOS整形医院、天主教大学医疗病院整形与重建外科的326例短鼻或鼻尖低矮的病人,女298例,男28例。使用鼻孔侧切口入路、鼻小柱切口入路采集鼻中隔软骨,利用中隔软骨延长鼻部长度并利用部分雕刻成形的软骨延长鼻尖部、采用或不采用硅胶假体对鼻梁部充填。结果效果良好,平均鼻部延长5mm,手术时间平均约为1小时50分钟。平均随访3年,未见明显吸收及变形、感染、排异现象。结论利用自体鼻中隔软骨,对短鼻畸形的患者行鼻部延长及鼻尖成形术是个安全有效的方法。     

结合扩张术的重度眶距增宽症矫正术

目的 在传统颅内外径路眶距增宽矫正手术的基础上,通过术前眶周软组织扩张并改进术中眶间结构的处理,进一步提高术后效果.方法 对2例重度眶距增宽症患者术前3周进行眶周软组织扩张术,双侧颞部各置入100 ml软组织扩张器,于术前获得充足的眶外侧软组织量,然后进行传统颅内外径路眶周截骨两侧眶内移矫正术,术后进行内眶距大体测量和三维CT检查随访.结果 2例患者内眶距分别由术前的4.4 cm和3.2 cm矫正到术后的2.0 cm和1.4 cm;内眦间距分别由术前的6.7 cm和4.8 cm矫正到术后的5.0 cm和3.8 cm.结论 术前眶周软组织扩张和眶间结构的精确重建可以使眶距增宽症术后效果得到明显提高.     

重度鞍鼻综合整形治疗一例报告

1病例介绍 某女,36岁,因重度鞍鼻影响外形美观于2004年8月2日入院.患者自幼鼻部发育不良,鼻梁低平,鼻孔朝天,鼻尖向上后倾斜生长.10年前曾在他院做过隆鼻术,术后外形无明显改善.现要求再次行鼻整形美容术.查体平视下双侧鼻孔可完全显露但对称,鼻尖角93.5°,鼻唇角116°.手术采用L型硅橡胶鼻假体,假体的鼻头处缝垫一块0.5cm×0.8cm的膨体聚四氟乙烯材料,术中双侧鼻孔边缘切口,取出原鼻假体-柳叶形硅橡胶材料,充分分离鼻头、鼻小柱皮下组织,分离鼻背筋膜至鼻骨处行骨膜下剥离至两眉间与两内眦角间连线的中点(黄金点).用160 000U庆大霉素冲洗腔隙,置入已雕刻好的鼻假体.观察鼻外形良好,继而尽可能的下拉鼻头,延长鼻部软组织,纠正朝天畸形.缝合切口,固定,加压包扎,术毕.经随访一年以上效果稳定.     

鼻再造术中衬里组织的修复方法

目的探讨鼻再造术中衬里组织的修复方法。方法根据局部组织条件,应用局部翻转皮瓣、口腔黏膜瓣、鼻唇沟皮瓣和预构皮瓣等方法,对24例鼻缺损患者的鼻衬里进行了修复,并转移额部皮瓣和移植自体肋软骨行鼻再造术。术后通过6-34个月的随访,以了解鼻腔衬里组织的情况,如挛缩、破溃等,评价各方法的疗效。结果本组17例采用局部翻转皮肤、瘢痕作为鼻腔衬里,1例采用口腔黏膜瓣,5例采用局部皮瓣,1例采用预构皮瓣重建衬里。再造鼻额部皮瓣及衬里皮瓣均存活,外形逼真,仅瘢痕瓣通气不良。结论在鼻再造术中,正确评估鼻部缺损范围、程度及鼻周残留组织量,选择适当的衬里修复手术方案,可收到良好的手术效果。预构皮瓣可以很好地修复复杂鼻缺损的衬里。     

面部罕见先天性畸形一例

患者女,维族,16岁,面部畸形伴右侧鼻腔不通气16年。专科检查所见:面部畸形,右侧距眉内端2cm处见2cm×1cm×1cm骨性隆起,无压痛及波动。鼻外观畸形,鼻根部增宽、扁平、轻度凹陷。双侧内眦间距增宽为5·5cm,左眼内眦距鼻正中线为2cm,右眼内眦距鼻正中线为3·5cm;左眼睑裂长为3·5     

运用额部阶梯状皮瓣修复烧伤后鼻部畸形

目的探讨烧伤后鼻部畸形的修复方法。方法选择烧伤后鼻部有多个亚单位存在瘢痕挛缩或缺损的患者,其额部皮肤正常或留有浅表瘢痕。依照鼻部美学亚单位分布或整个鼻部单元,切除鼻部挛缩的瘢痕及部分正常皮肤,以使创面规则完整、移位的鼻翼及外翻的鼻黏膜复位。松解、切除鼻翼软骨与鼻侧软骨之间的瘢痕,以显现鼻翼沟。而鼻尖亚单位区的瘢痕则给予部分保留。若有衬里缺损,可翻转瘢痕瓣或周围正常皮肤制作衬里。以一侧滑车上动脉在眶上的皮支为蒂,形成额部正中或旁正中三叶状皮瓣。分离时,皮瓣大部在额肌表面掀起,近蒂部时达额肌下,呈阶梯状。皮瓣分离后,带蒂转移修复鼻部创面,供区移植皮片。3周后断蒂、修整。结果本组12例,术中均发现滑车上动脉在眶上1.5-2.0cm水平出现皮支走行于皮下。术后皮瓣均成活,随访3-12个月,鼻外形逼真,皮瓣色泽与周围皮肤相近,瘢痕不明显,通气良好。其中5例额部供区移植皮片后皮片色素沉着显著,3个月后行扩张皮瓣修复。结论以滑车上动脉眶上皮支为蒂的额部阶梯状皮瓣是修复烧伤后鼻畸形的一个良好选择。     

自体真皮脂肪复合组织块移植修复鼻背塌陷

目的 探讨自体真皮脂肪复合组织块在鼻背塌陷修复中作为填充材料的可行性、科学性及修复效果.方法 切取自体臀部或腹部真皮脂肪复合组织块（7.0 cm×1.0 cm×1.0 cm）,作为填充材料,对13例鼻背塌陷、鼻形不良者进行修复,酌情配合耳廓软骨加真皮脂肪复合组织块的伞状移植物,重塑鼻背、鼻尖的良好形态.结果 13例鼻背塌陷者,进行鼻背、鼻尖修复后,真皮脂肪复合组织块存活良好,切口均Ⅰ期愈合,且切口痕迹不明显.经1年随访,鼻外形改善、满意.结论 以自体真皮脂肪复合组织块或结合耳廓软骨移植修复鼻背塌陷,效果满意,且取材方便、无排异反应等,患者易于接受.     

Surgical Management of Binder’s Syndrome: Lessons Learned

Maxillonasal dysplasia, commonly known as Binder’s syndrome, is unmistakably characterized by midfacial hypoplasia and a retruded flat nose. The condition is variably expressed, and reconstruction must be tailored to the individual. Controversy still exists over the optimal age for surgery and the ideal treatment strategy. In a review of 24 patients with Binder’s syndrome treated at the Chang Gung Craniofacial Centre over a period of 17 years, the authors examine the evolution of their experience treating patients with this condition. Maxillary osteotomies were rarely required and were reserved only for patients with severe and symptomatic class 3 malocclusion. Effective augmentation of the skeletal deficiencies in the midface was achieved with onlay bone or cartilage grafts. Nasal augmentation was performed with bone or cartilage grafts to the dorsum, columella, and tip. Cartilage is preferred over bone as graft material because it retains its volume and is less prone to resorption. Silastic implants can be a useful adjunct to cartilage in cases for which donor availability is limited. To minimize the risk of infection and extrusion, however, silastic implants are always limited to the nasal dorsum and always used in conjunction with cartilage grafts to the columella and tip. The authors prefer to defer surgery until midfacial growth is nearly complete, when the patient is in his or her mid-teenage years. Earlier surgery is indicated if the condition presents a significant psychological strain to the patient. In such cases, a silastic nasal implant can be used as a temporary corrective measure.     

自体软骨与膨体聚四氟乙烯在鼻整形手术中的应用

目的：通过应用自体鼻中隔软骨和耳软骨及膨体聚四氟乙烯解决鼻部美容整形的问题,以形成较理想的鼻形。方法：以鼻小柱飞鸟形切口加鼻翼软骨缘切口,切开分离鼻背皮肤,显露两侧鼻翼软骨及侧鼻软骨,中线分离弓形取出深部鼻中隔软骨,鼻中隔软骨雕刻塑形后插入两鼻翼软骨之间,并贯穿缝合形成中隔软骨＋鼻翼软骨为新的鼻小柱。将取下的耳软骨雕刻成杏仁状固定缝合于鼻小柱前端,雕刻好的膨体聚四氟乙烯插入鼻背固定,缝合切口。结果：20例美容就医者鼻部整形术后效果良好,自然美观,手感良好,无不良并发症发生,术后恢复时间略长。结论：应用自体鼻中隔软骨和耳软骨及膨体聚四氟乙烯行鼻部美容整形,能从根本上改变外鼻形态,是较理想的手术方法。     

Bone Chips and Diced Cartilage: An Anatomically Adopted Graft for the Nasal Dorsum

Since 1996, cranial bone chips or septal bone chips harvested during septal deviation surgery and small chips of ear or septal cartilage have been used in 67 patients for dorsal nasal augmentation or for smoothing dorsal nasal irregularities. In this study, 59 overresections of ostecartilaginous nose structures during previous aesthetic nose surgeries and 8 primary rhinoplasties occasioned the use of bone or cartilage grafts. For 57 patients both bone and ear cartilage grafts were used for the reconstruction. Bone grafts were used for seven cases and cartilage grafts for three cases.The results from 7 years, of experience with this method of nasal dorsum reconstruction were satisfactory and durable. The most important advantage of this method is that the bony side of the nose is reconstructed with bone and the cartilage side with cartilage. Another advantage is that the bone chips are incorporated with both nasal bones, building a strong dorsal nasal bony monoblack.This technique also is useful for augmenting mild saddle nose deformity and dorsal nasal projection deficiency on the bony part, cartilage part, or both parts.Presented at 16th Congress of ISAPS, Istanbul, Turkey, 26–29 May 2002 and 24th National Meeting of the Turkish Plastic Reconstructive Aesthetic Surgery Society, Ankara, Turkey, 18–20 October 2002.     

Inferior encephalocele: transpalatal repair using paired costal bone grafts with a 14-year follow-up

A 2-year-old girl was referred to our hospital because of a pulsating mass in the roof of the mouth. On examination, a mass measuring 4 × 5 cm was found in the roof of the mouth and nose with a secondary palatal cleft. She had hypertelorism, a bifid nose, and a visible cleft over the dorsum and skin of the nose. In 1 stage, the mass was opened, reduced, and repositioned into the cranial cavity, and the defect was repaired with 2 parallel bridges of split costal bone grafts. The bone grafts were placed between 2 layers of soft tissue and the mucosa repaired over it. Palatal cleft was repaired with the Veau-Wardill-Kilner method 1 year later.Fourteen years later, the bifid nose was corrected using a flying-bird incision and a costal cartilage graft for the dorsum of the nose. On follow-up, minimal scar remained on the tip of the nose. There was neither obliteration nor reduction in the size of the bony defect.There were no operative complications, and the shape of the nose improved. The patient and her parents were highly satisfied with the result.     

Medpor联合鼻中隔软骨移植修复单侧唇裂鼻畸形

目的利用Medpor联合鼻中隔软骨移植修复单侧唇裂鼻畸形。方法利用Medpor假体垫于患侧梨状孔边缘,以抬高鼻基底;切取鼻中隔软骨,用以抬高鼻尖和修复塌陷的鼻翼。结果15例患者鼻畸形得到明显改善,外形基本接近正常。结论Medpor联合鼻中隔软骨移植能较大程度地改善单侧唇裂继发的鼻畸形,值得临床推广应用。     

自体肋软骨移植构建鼻尖软骨复合体在鼻整形中的临床应用

目的：通过应用自体肋软骨重塑鼻尖软骨支架结构,形成稳定的鼻尖软骨复合体,来达到完美、立体的鼻尖外形,同时应用膨体聚四氟乙烯或硅胶假体支架抬高鼻背,从而达到理想的鼻部整形美容效果。方法：以鼻小柱基底部＂几＂字形切口和鼻孔内鼻翼软骨外侧缘切口,彻底分离皮肤达鼻翼基底部,对鼻尖短小朝天者可松解到达梨状孔边缘,显露两侧鼻翼软骨及侧鼻软骨,同时暴露鼻中隔软骨游离端;雕刻自体肋软骨,移植、固定到鼻中隔软骨上,贯穿缝合鼻翼软骨、移植的软骨,形成鼻尖软骨支架结构,构建鼻尖软骨复合体。雕刻膨体聚四氟乙烯或硅胶假体支架放置到鼻背鼻骨骨膜下抬高鼻背。结果：本组96例手术者均采用自体肋软骨移植构建鼻尖软骨复合体行鼻整形,术后7天拆线,切口Ⅰ/甲愈合。随诊6～12个月,95例术后鼻尖表现点明显,鼻形立体、挺拔,自然美观,鼻尖活动度好,效果满意。1例术者感觉鼻小柱下垂,通过修复移植软骨,达到满意效果。结论：应用自体肋软骨重塑鼻尖软骨支架结构,构建鼻尖软骨复合体,同时应用膨体聚四氟乙烯或硅胶假体支架抬高鼻背,可以达到理想的鼻部整形美容效果。     

The use of polytetrafluoroethylene for particular augmentation of the nasal dorsum

In 24 cases scutiform polytetrafluoroethylene patches were implanted to correct saddle malformation and irregularities of the nasal dorsum. For smaller tissue defects of the nasal bone and cartilage, the patches are very suitable in rhinosurgery. One of the advantages of the implant is that it makes the reconstructed area appear as natural as possible.     

Correction of the nasal tip and columella in Koreans by a complete septal extension graft using an extensive harvesting technique.

The nose of most Koreans is characterised by a low nasal dorsum, retracted columella, and an acute columella-labial angle. For the surgical correction of the tip and columella, a complete septal extension graft, along with augmentation rhinoplasty has been developed. However, the use of this type of graft is frequently problematic because the septal cartilage is not large enough. In a study involving 10 cadavers, a complete septal extension graft was achieved in two of them by using septal cartilage harvested according to standard techniques. Therefore, the septal cartilage was harvested, leaving a 5-mm L-shaped strut, and a complete septal extension graft was implanted. The present report describes the results obtained in 34 patients and offers an analysis of the results as judged by the columella-labial angle and three proportional indices (nose height index, nasal bridge length index, and nasal tip projection index), measured by photogrammetry. The postoperative values obtained in these four categories increased significantly compared to the preoperative ones, thus confirming that the projection of tip was augmented, the nose was lengthened, and the columella was advanced caudally. Moreover, these positive outcomes were maintained during long-term follow-up, and no side effects, such as saddle nose deformity, were reported.