强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折诊断及后路内固定治疗

目的:探讨强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折的临床特点,并应用后路侧块钢板内固定治疗强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折。方法:对本院收治的14例强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折病人行颈椎后路减压侧块内固定术,并根据住院资料及出院后随访,进行回顾性分析,总结其临床特点,观察神经功能恢复、骨折愈合及并发症情况。结果:强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折病人约占所有颈椎骨折病人的3.5％,AS病史平均23年,好发于C_(6～7),其次为C_(5～6)。后路减压侧块固定操作简单,经术后平均23个月随访无神经功能恶化,Frankel分级较术前平均改善1级,骨折愈合良好,愈合时间平均3.5个月,并发症少。结论:强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折好发于下颈椎椎间隙,容易漏诊迟诊,全面的影像学检查是诊断关键。受伤外力较小,脊髓损伤的发生率较高,后路减压侧块钢板内固定术治疗是一种有效的治疗方法。     

Posterior fixation of subaxial cervical spine fractures in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

Cervical spine fractures in patients with ankylosing spondylitis are serious and potentially lethal injuries with high complication rates. Treatment obstacles include long lever arms that generate large forces on any fixation device, osteoporosis, and, usually, kyphotic deformity. The Olerud Cervical Fixation System (OC), with cervical pedicle screws and rods, offers an opportunity to create a biomechanically stable posterior fixation in these complicated cases. The present study is a retrospective chart review and a radiological follow-up of patients with this diagnosis, treated at our department between 1995 and 2000. Nineteen patients (two women) with a mean age of 60 years (32–78 years) were included. The fracture levels were predominantly C5–C6 (five patients) and C6–C7 (five patients). All patients were treated with a long posterior fixation with the OC, and in four patients this was combined with an anterior plate fixation. One patient with severe lordosis also received a short posterior plate fixation. The patients notes and plain radiographs have been reviewed. Five patients died during the post-operative follow-up period; the others had a mean follow-up time of 24 months (10–55 months). Eleven patients had no neurological deficits preoperatively. One of them developed moderate weakness in his right arm, postoperatively, due to a misplaced pedicle screw in the right pedicle of C5. However, after extraction of the screw he almost totally recovered in 6 months. Eight patients had neurological deficits. Two were paraplegic; two had motor weakness combined with sensory deficiency, and four had a sensory deficiency. Two of the patients with neurological deficits improved postoperatively, but the others were unchanged. Peroperative problems were recorded in five patients; one C6 pedicle was perforated, and two patients had pedicles on one or more levels that the surgeon was not able to probe. In one of the latter patients, transfacet screws were chosen, instead, for one of the levels. Extensive peroperative bleeding was encountered in two patients. One deep-wound infection was noted, postoperatively, and required surgical drainage, but no patients have been re-operated due to loosening of the instrument or to healing problems. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that the OC—and possibly other similar long-fixation systems that allow using both pedicle screws and lateral mass screws rigidly connected to a rod—is suited for treating subaxial cervical spine fractures in patients with ankylosing spondylitis, allowing high healing rates.     

强直性脊柱炎脊柱骨折的治疗

目的 了解强且性脊柱炎(AS)脊柱骨折治疗的特点及注意事项。方法对19例AS脊柱骨折病例进行回顾性分析硬随访,19例中颈椎骨折11例,9例发生在C5-7间;胸腰椎骨折8例,7例为应力骨折,均发生存T10-L2间。二柱骨折16例。9例并发脊髓损伤,其中8例为颈椎骨折。所有19例患者均接受了手术治疗。颈椎骨折或脱位采用了4种手术方式,其中9例做了前路间盘切除或椎体次全切除、椎间值骨加钢板内固定术。胸腰椎骨折也做了4种术式,其中5例的术式为后路长节段固定加前、后联合融合,结果术岳18例患者获得了平均46．4个月的随访。并发脊髓损伤的9例患者,术后8例的神经功能有恢复。18例患者的骨折部位均已骨性愈合一术中并发脊髓损伤2例,因脑血管意外死亡1例,并发肺炎2例。结论 AS脊柱骨折好发于下颈椎及胸腰段,大多为三柱骨折,颈椎骨折并发脊髓损伤的发生率较高。胸腰椎多为应力骨折一手术治疗可使大多数患者的骨折愈合良好,神经功能有不同程度的恢复。对颈椎骨折患者,可采用前路椎体问植骨、钢板内固定的术式;而对于胸腰椎骨折,主张后路长节段固定,前、后联合植骨融合,术中及术后均可能出现并发症,应注意预防或避免。     

椎弓根固定治疗强直性脊柱炎合并胸腰椎骨折

目的探讨强直性脊柱炎合并胸腰椎骨折经椎弓根固定治疗效果。方法对5例强直性脊柱炎合并胸腰椎骨折患者行后路复位椎弓钉内固定,在伤椎上下各固定2个椎体。结果 5例均获得随访,时间10～38个月。骨折愈合良好,内固定物无松动和断裂。2例脊髓神经损伤按Frankel分级由C级恢复至E级。结论强直性脊柱炎合并胸腰椎骨折经后路复位椎弓根内固定,在伤椎上下固定2个椎体,可获得坚强内固定,骨折愈合良好。     

Surgical outcome after spinal fractures in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

Background  

Ankylosing spondylitis is a rheumatic disease in which spinal and sacroiliac joints are mainly affected. There is a gradual bone formation in the spinal ligaments and ankylosis of the spinal diarthroses which lead to stiffness of the spine.     

Surgical outcome after spinal fractures in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

Background

Albeit other prospective randomized controlled clinical trials on H-Wave Device Stimulation (HWDS), this is the first randomized double-blind Placebo controlled prospective study that assessed the effects of HWDS on range of motion and strength testing in patients who underwent rotator cuff reconstruction.

Methods

Twenty-two patients were randomly assigned into one of two groups: 1) H-Wave device stimulation (HWDS); 2) Sham-Placebo Device (PLACEBO). All groups received the same postoperative dressing and the same device treatment instructions. Group I was given HWDS which they were to utilize for one hour twice a day for 90 days postoperatively. Group II was given the same instructions with a Placebo device (PLACEBO). Range of motion was assessed by using one-way ANOVA with a Duncan Multiple Range Test for differences between the groups preoperatively, 45 days postoperatively, and 90 days postoperatively by using an active/passive scale for five basic ranges of motions: Forward Elevation, External Rotation (arm at side), External Rotation (arm at 90 degrees abduction), Internal Rotation (arm at side), and Internal Rotation (arm at 90 degrees abduction). The study also evaluated postoperative changes in strength by using the Medical Research Council (MRC) grade assessed strength testing.

Results

Patients who received HWDS compared to PLACEBO demonstrated, on average, significantly improved range of motion. Results confirm a significant difference for external rotation at 45 and 90 days postoperatively; active range at 45 days postoperatively (p = 0.007), active at 90 days postoperatively (p = 0.007). Internal rotation also demonstrated significant improvement compared to PLACEBO at 45 and 90 days postoperatively; active range at 45 days postoperatively (p = 0.007), and active range at 90 days postoperatively (p = 0.006). There was no significant difference between the two groups for strength testing.

Conclusion

HWDS compared to PLACEBO induces a significant increase in range of motion in positive management of rotator cuff reconstruction, supporting other previous research on HWDS and improvement in function. Interpretation of this preliminary investigation while suggestive of significant increases in Range of Motion of Post -Operative Rotator Cuff Reconstruction, warrants further confirmation in a larger double-blinded sham controlled randomized study.     

强直性脊柱炎合并脊柱骨折的手术治疗研究进展

正强直性脊柱炎(AS)是一种常见的累及中轴骨的自身免疫性疾病,其固有的病理特征导致骨质疏松和脊柱生物力学性能下降,使脊柱逐渐硬化、出现后凸畸形,影响脊柱整体的平衡和灵活性,晚期脊柱多节段融合后像一个长臂杠杆,轻微外力即可     

Management of cervical spine injuries in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

Eleven patients with ankylosing spondylitis and traumatic fracture/dislocation of the spine were identified in a retrospective review of all cases of cervical spine injury treated on the neurosurgical service over a 10-year period. Injury was most often secondary to minor trauma or a motor-vehicle accident, and the level of vertebral involvement was most frequently between C-5 and T-1. Neurological symptoms at presentation ranged from neck pain alone to complete loss of function distal to the level of injury. Initial routine treatment consisted of axial traction for realignment with the minimal weight needed to accomplish this, taking into account the flexion deformity. All patients underwent pluridirectional tomography and/or computerized tomography to delineate the exact sites of injury. Three patients died shortly after admission due to pulmonary complications. The remaining eight patients underwent early posterior stabilization and mobilization in a halo or cervicothoracic brace to achieve fusion. Neurological improvement was achieved in six of these eight cases. The experience described here supports the initiation of axial traction as initial therapy for cervical injuries followed by early surgical stabilization in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. The difficulty of maintaining spinal alignment and the devastating pulmonary problems attendant on conservative management may be obviated by early fusion.     

Complications of fractures of the cervical spine in ankylosing spondylitis

Five patients with ankylosing spondylitis who suffered severe neurologic complications after fracture of the cervical spine are presented. All developed delayed neurologic complications, ranging from 2 to 35 days after the initial injury (mean, 15.8 days). The diagnosis was delayed in four, and in three this delay contributed to morbidity. All fractures occurred in the lower cervical spine (C5 to C7). In three patients, the fracture was the result of minor trauma. A high index of suspicion, an appreciation of the extreme instability of these fractures, and prompt rigid immobilization with a halo vest or case in the alignment of preexisting kyphosis are all important factors in preventing neurologic complications.     

强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折的手术治疗

目的研究强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折或骨折脱位手术治疗的疗效、融合率及相关问题。方法回顾性研究1986年4月～2004年4月手术治疗的12例累及颈椎的强直性脊柱炎合并颈椎骨折或骨折脱位患者。采用美国脊柱损伤学会(ASIA)神经功能障碍评分进行神经功能评价,应用图形分析软件(Image-Pro Plus5．1)分别测量屈曲和仰伸位融合节段上下椎成角,计算两个角度的差值(作为椎间的运动参数,α角),按照美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)对脊柱融合的定义,α角≥4°认为假关节形成(不融合)。对与手术有关的其它问题采用描述性研究。结果12例患者获得21～124个月(平均67．5个月)随访。9例神经损伤患者ASIA评分平均改善1．3级,除1例前路手术未行内固定外,所有融合手术均行内固定。前路融合术6例,α角为0°；后路融合术2例,α角为0～2．5°；联合前后路融合术1例,随访时均获骨性融合。3例拟行椎板成形术者,2例因“门轴”侧骨折被迫行椎板切除术。术后并发症：气胸、肺不张1例,经胸腔闭式引流5 d治愈；伤口延迟愈合1例；前路伤口内积血1例,经切开引流治愈。无死亡及严重并发症发生。结论强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折或骨折脱位行手术治疗可以改善神经功能；对不稳定损伤,融合手术应行内固定,可以达到骨性融合；术前由于合并症多导致手术耐受性差,术后并发症多发。     

手术治疗强直性脊柱炎合并颈椎骨折脱位的临床研究

目的探讨强直性脊柱炎（AS）合并外伤性颈椎骨折脱位的病理特点,评价前后路联合手术疗效。方法回顾性分析2000年1月至2006年1月治疗的18例AS合并外伤性颈椎骨折脱位患者。AS平均病程14．5年,3例既往行腰椎截骨矫形手术。术前Frankel分级：A级4例,B级3例,C级9例,D级2例。均为前后路联合手术。结果应用前-后入路4例,前-后-前入路8例,后-前入路6例。一期手术7例,分期11例。术后神经功能除4例A级随访无改善外,其余14例均有不同程度恢复。平均随访21．2个月,术后平均3．6个月植骨获得融合,无内固定失败。围手术期并发症4例,远期1例。结论本研究提示前后路联合手术能取得即刻脊柱三维稳定,有效解除脊髓前后方压迫,是累及三柱的AS合并颈椎骨折脱位的合理外科治疗方式。     

强直性脊柱炎脊柱骨折的特点及诊断

目的：探讨强直性脊柱炎脊柱骨折的特点，为其临床诊断与治疗提供参考。方法：回顾性分析1994年1月～2001年10月收治的19例强直性脊柱炎脊柱骨折病例。结果：所有19例患者均符合强直性脊柱炎的诊断标准，其中17例骨折前有平均20．6年的强直性脊柱炎病史，另2例方确诊有强直性脊柱炎。19例中15例有外伤史，其中9例为平地跌倒或扭伤，另4例无外伤史。损伤机制：过伸伤7例，垂直挤压伤2例，侧屈损伤l例，屈曲伤1例，4例不详。颈椎骨折11例，9例发生在C5～C7；包括剪力骨折lO例，应力骨折1例。胸腰椎骨折8例，7例为应力骨折，均发生在T10～L2，1例为L3剪力骨折。19例中经椎间隙骨折12例，经椎体骨折7例。三柱骨折16例，骨折伴脱位5例。9例并发脊髓损伤，其中8例为颈椎骨折。外伤至诊断为骨折的间隔时间为10h～7个月，平均29．6d。2例曾被误诊为脊柱结核。结论：导致强直性脊柱炎患者发生脊柱骨折的外力往往较轻。损伤机制多为过伸伤。骨折好发于下颈椎及胸腰段。剪力骨折多发生在颈椎，大多为三柱骨折，容易伴发脱位，脊髓损伤的发生率较高；应力骨折多发生在胸腰段，脊髓损伤不多见。此类骨折多为经椎间隙骨折，易发生诊断延误。     

Spinal fractures in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

Thirty-one consecutive patients with ankylosing spondylitis and spinal fractures were reviewed. There were 6 women and 25 men with a mean age of 60±11 years; 19 had cervical and 12 had thoracolumbar injuries. Of the patients with cervical fracture, two had an additional cervical fracture and one had an additional thoracic fracture. Three trauma mechanisms were identified: high-energy trauma in 13 patients, low-energy trauma in 13 and insufficiency fracture in 5. One-third of the patients suffered immediate neurological impairment, a further one-third developed neurological impairment before coming for treatment and only one-third remained intact. Two patients with thoracolumbar fractures had deteriorated neurologically due to displacements during surgery at other hospitals. All patients were treated operatively except the two patients with two-level cervical fractures, who were managed in halo vests. In the cervical spine both anterior and posterior approaches were employed. In the thoracolumbar spine the majority of the patients were initially treated using a posterior approach only. Complications were common. Of the 27 patients with neurological compromise, 10 had remained unchanged; 12 had improved one Frankel grade; 4 had improved by two Frankel grades; 1 had improved by four Frankel grades. We conclude that even minor trauma can cause fracture in an ankylosed spine. A high proportion of patients with spinal fractures and ankylosing spondylitis have neurological damage. The risk of late neurological deterioration is substantial. As the condition is very rare and the treatment is demanding and associated with a very high risk of complications, the treatment of these patients should be centralised in special spinal trauma units. A combined approach that stabilises the spine from both sides is probably beneficial.     

Good outcomes of percutaneous fixation of spinal fractures in ankylosing spinal disorders

Introduction

The ankylosed spine is prone to trauma even with after application of force at low energy levels. Multi-level vertebral bony fusions produce long lever arms, susceptible to fracture, with an increased risk of neurological injury. Additional problems result from delayed presentation and osteoporosis. These patients are also often at high risk of complications, making conventional open spinal surgery less appealing. We present the outcomes of percutaneous fixation and its advantages in this high risk group of patients.

Methods

A retrospective review of a series of 10 patients with a diagnosis of either ankylosing spondylitis or diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). All patients had sustained a spinal fracture between January 2009 and January 2013 and underwent percutaneous fixation using Medtronic longitude system (Minneapolis, USA) with Polyaxial screws. All were followed up with outcomes, complications and functional scores (Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Pain Visual Analogue scores (VAS).

Results

The mean patient age was 68. There was a delayed presentation in seven patients, of which two presented with neurological compromise. The neurological deficit did not change with surgery and there were no neurological complications as a result of surgery. The mean length of stay was 24 days, with no direct surgical complications. The mean drop in haemoglobin level was 2.1, with three patients requiring a blood transfusion. The patients were followed up to a mean of 22 months, with a mean ODI of 16 and pain VAS of 1.1. At the time of follow up, two patients had died with no loss to follow up.

Discussion

Even minor trauma can result in fracture in the ankylosed spine, requiring a high index of suspicion from the physician. The risks of missing such a fracture are significant neurological injury. The biomechanics of the spine are significantly altered, and treatment is demanding. We propose that minimally invasive spinal surgery can achieve good outcomes, low complication rates and high rates of satisfaction.     

强直性脊柱炎患者下颈椎骨折的治疗进展

<正>强直性脊柱炎(ankylosing spondylitis,AS)是一种主要累及中轴骨的与多种因素和多种基因相关的非特异性炎症疾病,该病通常先发于骶髂关节,逐渐沿脊柱中轴向上至椎旁韧带、关节突及外周关节,发展到后期,椎间盘及韧带出现骨化,多节段融合,并逐渐演变成一个类似长骨的杆状结构,导致严重的脊柱畸形及关节强直[1]。随着AS