关节镜下异体跟腱单双束重建后交叉韧带的随机对照

背景：关节镜下重建后交叉韧带主要有单束重建和双束重建两种方式。 目的：随机对比应用异体跟腱单双束重建后交叉韧带损伤的临床疗效。 方法：选择青岛市市立医院骨科2006-01/2009-01的后交叉韧带损伤患者共70例,随机分为单束重建组和双束重建组,分别行异体跟腱单束重建及双束重建。 结果与结论：术后顺利完成康复计划并获得随访的病例共52例。双束重建组手术时间较单束重建组长,行关节腔穿刺的病例数较单束重建组多(P < 0.05)。手术后18个月随访结果显示,单束组重建及双束重建组的膝关节活动度、Lysholm评分、IKDC评分与术前比较有明显提高(P  < 0.05),两组膝关节屈曲30°和90°时用KNEELAX3测量胫骨端后移距离明显低于术前(P  < 0.05)。两组术后Lysholm评分、 IKDC评分、两组膝关节屈曲30°和90°时用KNEELAX3测量胫骨端后移距离未见明显差别(P > 0.05)。说明与单束重建比较,双束重建后的早期临床疗效无明显提高,且双束重建的手术创伤大,手术时间长,术后关节肿胀重,故不推荐作为首选手术方式,其远期疗效优待进一步观察。     

双骨道与三骨道前交叉韧带双束重建的生物力学比较

背景：关节镜下前交叉韧带重建可以有效地解决前交叉韧带损伤引起的膝关节不稳症状,而双骨道(胫骨单骨道-股骨单骨道)与三骨道(胫骨单骨道-股骨双骨道)前交叉韧带重建是目前较为常用的重建方式。 目的：探讨双骨道与三骨道前交叉韧带双束重建对膝关节稳定性的影响。 方法：选用8具新鲜正常成人尸体膝关节标本,分别进行双骨道与三骨道前交叉韧带双束重建,然后在MTS-809生物力学测试系统上测试膝关节在胫前加载(134 N)以及胫骨旋转加载(5 N•m内旋)下屈曲0°,15°,30°,60 °,90 °时的膝关节稳定性。 结果与结论：①胫前加载：在所测的5个角度下,两重建组的胫前位移较前交叉韧带完整组均增大,但差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);双骨道重建组较三骨道重建组胫前位移增大,但差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。②旋转加载：在所测的5个角度下,前交叉韧带完整组的胫前位移最小,双骨道重建组与三骨道重建组比较,在膝关节屈曲0°,15°和90°时,差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05),在膝关节屈曲30°和60°时,三骨道重建组胫前位移小于双骨道重建组,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05);三骨道重建组与前交叉韧带完整组比较,差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。提示双骨道与三骨道前交叉韧带双束重建均可促进膝关节前后及旋转稳定性的恢复,三骨道前交叉韧带双束重建与双骨道前交叉韧带双束重建相比,显示了更好恢复膝关节旋转稳定性的作用。     

关节镜下自体腘绳肌和异体胫前肌单束重建前交叉韧带的1年随访比较

背景：由于人工韧带存在慢性疲劳,越来越多的人采用异体肌腱重建前后交叉韧带损伤。 目的：比较关节镜下自体腘绳肌和异体胫前肌单束重建前交叉韧带的疗效。 方法：收集关节镜下用自体腘绳肌和异体胫前肌单束重建前交叉韧带随访满1年的病例。自体腘绳肌重建前交叉韧带组28例;异体胫前肌重建前交叉韧带组18例。采用股骨端Endobutten、胫骨端可吸收螺钉固定。采用支具固定并进行功能训练。 结果与结论：前交叉韧带重建后6个月,异体肌腱组lysholm评分高于自体肌腱组(P < 0.05);重建后12个月两组lysholm评分差异无显著性意义。两组重建后6,12个月与重建前比较差异均有显著性意义(P < 0.05),重建后12个月与6个月比较差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。结果表明,自体和异体肌腱重建前交叉韧带随访1年疗效相当。     

关节镜下自体肌腱单双束重建后交叉韧带：前瞻性队列研究

背景：有研究认为后交叉韧带损伤在临床疗效上双束重建法并没有表现出其应有的优势,且较单束重建有一些难以克服的缺陷。双束与单束重建孰优孰劣？目前学界还没有给出一个统一的答案。 目的：应用前瞻性队列研究探讨自体肌腱单双束重建后交叉韧带的疗效和安全性。 方法：后交叉韧带损伤患者81例,按照随机数字表法分为单束重建组41例,双束重建组40例。对比两组患者韧带重建前、重建后24个月关节稳定性、Lysholm及Tegner评分,并比较两组患者住院天数、手术时间、重建后发热天数及需要穿刺的数量。 结果与结论：双束重建组患者移动度显著高于单束重建组(F=4.362,P=0.000);两组患者重建后24个月Lysholm及Tegner评分较重建前均有显著提高(P < 0.05),但重建前及重建后24个月两组之间差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。双束重建组患者手术用时及住院天数及重建后需要行关节腔穿刺的患者数均显著高于单束重建组(P < 0.05)。结果说明关节镜下单双束重建均是治疗后交叉韧带损伤的安全有效的方法,但是双束重建用时长、创伤大,不建议作为首选的修复方式。     

An in vitro biomechanical comparison of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: single bundle versus anatomical double bundle techniques

INTRODUCTION: Anterior cruciate ligament ruptures are frequent, especially in sports. Surgical reconstruction with autologous grafts is widely employed in the international literature. Controversies remain with respect to technique variations as continuous research for improvement takes place. One of these variations is the anatomical double bundle technique, which is performed instead of the conventional single bundle technique. More recently, there has been a tendency towards positioning the two bundles through double bone tunnels in the femur and tibia (anatomical reconstruction). OBJECTIVES: To compare, through biomechanical tests, the practice of anatomical double bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a patellar graft to conventional single bundle reconstruction with the same amount of patellar graft in a paired experimental cadaver study. METHODS: Nine pairs of male cadaver knees ranging in age from 44 to 63 years were randomized into two groups: group A (single bundle) and group B (anatomical reconstruction). Each knee was biomechanically tested under three conditions: intact anterior cruciate ligament, reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament, and injured anterior cruciate ligament. Maximum anterior dislocation, rigidity, and passive internal tibia rotation were recorded with knees submitted to a 100 N horizontal anterior dislocation force applied to the tibia with the knees at 30, 60 and 90 degrees of flexion. RESULTS: There were no differences between the two techniques for any of the measurements by ANOVA tests. CONCLUSION: The technique of anatomical double bundle reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with bone-patellar tendon-bone graft has a similar biomechanical behavior with regard to anterior tibial dislocation, rigidity, and passive internal tibial rotation.     

经前内侧入路单束4股腘绳肌腱移植重建前交叉韧带

背景：国内外对于经膝关节前内侧入路建立前交叉韧带股骨隧道的临床文献尚缺乏。 目的：探讨经膝关节前内侧入路单束4股腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带的可行性。 方法：65例前交叉韧带损伤患者随机分为两组,其中35例接受经前内侧入路单束4股腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带,30例接受经胫骨隧道技术4股腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带,重建后平均随访16个月,分别评估膝关节的前向稳定性、旋转稳定性和膝关节的整体功能。 结果与结论：最后一次随访时,经胫骨隧道组和经前内侧入路组在Lysholm评分、膝关节前向稳定性方面差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。经胫骨隧道组的轴移试验阳性率为23%,经前内侧入路组的阳性率为6%,两组之间差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。结果可见经膝关节前内侧入路制作股骨隧道重建前交叉韧带,不仅可以重建膝关节的前向稳定性,还可以较好地重建膝关节的旋转稳定性。     

自体腘绳肌腱双束与单束重建前交叉韧带效果的Meta分析

背景：选择双束还是单束自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带,目前仍存在很大争议。 目的：系统评价自体腘绳肌腱双束与单束重建前交叉韧带的临床疗效。 方法：计算机检索PubMed、Cochrane library、Springerlink、CNKI、CBM等数据库,收集自体腘绳肌腱双束对比单束重建前交叉韧带的临床随机对照试验,采用Jadad量表对所纳入研究的方法学质量进行评价,并提取数据资料,使用RevMan 5.0软件对数据进行Meta分析。 结果与结论：纳入临床随机对照试验15篇,共1 008例患者符合纳入标准,Meta分析结果显示：双束重建与单束重建后KT测量值的差异有显著性意义[WMD=-0.51,95%CI(-0.74,-0.28),P < 0.000 1];重建后轴移试验阴性的差异有显著性意义[RR=1.27,95%CI(1.11,1.45),P=0.000 3];重建后Lysholm膝关节评分的差异有显著性意义[WMD=-2.10,95%CI(-3.65,-0.55),P=0.008];重建后IKDC分级评分的差异无显著性意义[RR=1.04,95%CI(0.99,1.06),P=0.10]。双束自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带对于恢复膝关节稳定性优于单束重建,而对于恢复膝关节功能两者疗效差异不大。     

自体腘绳肌双束重建膝前交叉韧带21例

背景：传统的前交叉韧带重建为单束重建,不能改善膝关节的旋转不稳定性和本体感觉。 目的：观察关节镜下采用自体腘绳肌腱双束重建前交叉韧带的临床疗效。 方法：选择前交叉韧带损伤患者,重建前磁共振检查均报道有前交叉韧带损伤。采用自体腘绳肌双束4隧道重建前交叉韧带。 结果与结论：前交叉韧带重建后随访≥3个月。KT-2000测量结果显示重建后双侧膝关节前向松弛度差较重建前减小 (P < 0.05),Lachman 试验检测结果显示重建后Lachman 试验和轴移试验阳性率下降(P< 0.05)。国际膝关节功能评分分级评定结果显示,21 例患者恢复至伤前运动水平(P < 0.01),结果证实,采用自体腘绳肌腱双束重建前交叉韧带的临床疗效较好。     

Single-bundle or double-bundle for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A meta-analysis

PurposeTo compare the clinical outcomes of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with double-bundle and single-bundle techniques.Study designMeta-analysisMethodsWe searched electronic databases including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar from 1966 to Jan 2012 to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing clinical outcomes of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with double-bundle and single-bundle techniques. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed trial quality. Meta-analysis was performed to pool results.ResultsNineteen RCTs were included with a total of 1686 patients. The pooled analysis across all studies showed that the double-bundle ACL reconstruction technique could have significantly better outcomes in rotational laxity, as assessed by the pivot-shift test, KT grading and IKDC grading than the single-bundle techniques. We found no evidence of a difference in function measured by IKDC scores, KT arthrometer, Lysholm knee, or Tegner activity scores and complications after operations between single and double-bundle ACL reconstruction groups.ConclusionOur meta-analysis demonstrated the superiority of double-bundle over single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The double-bundle ACL reconstruction technique has better outcomes in rotational laxity (pivot-shift test, KT grading and IKDC grading). However, for functional recovery, there was no significant difference between single-bundle and double-bundle reconstruction techniques.     

前交叉韧带移植物选择及重建中的相关问题

背景：前交叉韧带移植物的选择受到多种因素的影响和制约,目前仍然存在争议。 目的：综述近期前交叉韧带重建移植物的选择及相关进展。 方法：由第一作者检索1995/2009 PubMed数据与维普数据库有关前交叉韧带重建中单、双束重建的比较,移植物选择,前交叉韧带损伤与骨关节炎相关性及前交叉韧带重建与本体感觉功能恢复相关性的文献。 结果与结论：在前交叉韧带重建中,单束与双束重建在临床疗效上目前并无显著差别;在移植物的选择上,目前仍然存在争议,骨-髌腱-骨以及四股腘绳肌自体移植物仍为前交叉韧带重建中的首选,带骨或不带骨的股四头肌肌腱、各种异体移植物和人工肌腱也逐渐被广泛使用于临床。从目前的各种报道分析,发生早期骨关节炎的危险因素中最重要的是半月板损伤,而非前交叉韧带损伤;对于施行前交叉韧带重建的患者,在治疗过程中应同时重视本体感觉功能的恢复。     

3D打印胫骨隧道导航模块辅助前交叉韧带重建的临床研究

目的　探讨3D打印胫骨隧道导航模块辅助前交叉韧带重建的可行性及疗效评价。 方法　选取2015年1月至2016年5月就诊于莆田学院附属医院骨科,符合标准,行前交叉韧带重建的56例患者,随机分为两组：3D打印组和对照组,评估两组手术时间、术中定位的次数、术后6、9个月IKDC膝关节功能评分、术后6、9个月Lysholm评分以及术后9个月膝关节活动度。计数资料采用卡方检验分析,计量资料采用两独立样本t检验分析。 结果　最终52例患者进入统计学分析,对照组27例,3D打印组25例。对照组和3D打印组的手术时间及胫骨隧道的定位次数差异有统计学意义（t=4.186,P<0.05;t=3.069,P<0.05）。术后3个月、术后9个月IKDC膝关节功能评分、Lysholm评分以及术后9个月的膝关节活动度,两组比较差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论　3D打印胫骨隧道导航模块辅助前交叉韧带重建存在可行性。     

关节镜下重建前交叉韧带：单隧道双束与单束隧道重建的比较

背景：膝关节内前交叉韧带损伤后多采用关节镜下单束单隧道重建及双束双隧道重建,目前单隧道双束重建也已应用于临床,但具体疗效尚不明确。 目的：比较单隧道双束和单隧道单束重建前交叉韧带的临床疗效。 方法：在2007-03/2009-06选择21例前交叉韧带完全断裂患者接受关节镜下单隧道双束重建前交叉韧带手术,同期18例前交叉韧带完全断裂患者接受关节镜下单隧道单束重建前交叉韧带手术。两组患者均采用异体胫前肌进行重建前交叉韧带手术。采用国际膝关节文献委员会分级及Lysholm评分等评估两组患者重建疗效。 结果与结论：单隧道双束组随访12~25个月,平均(18.0±3.3)个月;单隧道单束组随访13~27个月,平均(19.8±3.6)个月。末次随访时单隧道双束组与单束组Lysholm评分平均分别为(87.0±2.2)分、(87.5±2.3)分,差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。说明单隧道双束和单隧道单束重建前交叉韧带的临床疗效差异无显著性意义,单隧道双束重建前交叉韧带也是一种可靠的前交叉韧带重建方法。     

自体腘绳肌双束与单束重建膝关节前交叉韧带

背景：前交叉韧带重建的方式是决定修复效果的关键因素。自体腘绳肌双束与单束重建膝关节前交叉韧带是临床上常用的修复方法。 目的：比较自体腘绳肌双束与单束重建膝关节前交叉韧带的临床疗效。 方法：回顾分析了2005-05/2009-06于中南大学湘雅二医院住院的56例急性前交叉韧带Ⅲ度损伤的患者,其中36例行单束自体腘绳肌重建术,20例行双束自体腘绳肌重建术,所有患者前交叉韧带的重建均由同一医师完成,术后随访16~42个月,评估患者的关节活动度、稳定性等指标。 结果与结论：随访期间,所有患者的关节活动度均恢复正常,无伸膝受限。两种重建术后患者的Lysholm-Tegner和IKDC膝关节综合功能评定结果、KT-1000检测结果差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05),术后1年,取出界面螺钉时行关节镜检查,所有患者均未见明显的重建韧带松弛,说明双束与单束自体腘绳肌重建急性前交叉韧带损伤疗效相近。     

自体肌腱移植修复前交叉韧带合并后外侧角损伤

背景：自体半腱和股薄肌腱移植均可重建交叉韧带和膝关节后外侧角。 目的：分析自体半腱和股薄肌腱移植修复膝关节前交叉韧带合并后外侧角损伤的效果。 方法：将20例膝关节前交叉韧带合并后外侧角损伤患者随机分成两组：实验组在关节镜辅助下应用自体半腱肌、股薄肌一期重建前交叉韧带和加强重建后外侧角韧带;对照组仅采用自体组半腱肌、股薄肌一期重建前交叉韧带。  结果与结论：两组术后Lysom评分较术前明显改善(P < 0.01)。实验组患者在站立、行走和上下楼梯时无与膝关节后外侧不稳相关的过伸位膝关节不稳感,未发现行走时膝关节内甩;关节活动度屈曲100°~135°,伸直0°~10°。对照组中3例在站立,行走和上下楼梯时无与膝关节后外侧不稳相关的过伸位膝关节不稳感,4例行走时出现轻微膝关节内甩;关节活动度屈曲104°~130°,伸直0°~10°。说明用自体肌腱移植重建膝关节前交叉韧带和后外侧结构损伤,能够恢复膝关节后外侧与前后方的稳定性,较单纯重建前交叉韧带效果好。     

Biomechanics of single-tunnel double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using fixation with a unique expandable interference screw

BackgroundSingle-tunnel double-bundle (STDB) anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction can restore biomechanical function and anatomic structure, but existing methods of graft fixation are not adequate. The aims of this study are to examine knee biomechanics after STDB reconstruction using a unique expandable interference screw for fixation.MethodsThe biomechanical parameters of six pairs of human cadaveric knee specimens were measured with the ACL intact, after ACL removal, and after STDB reconstruction using the interference screw or single-tunnel single-bundle (STSB) reconstruction. Anterior tibial translation under 134 N anterior tibial load in a neutral position as well as in 15° and 30° internal and external knee rotation and the internal tibial rotation angle under the rotatory load (5 N · m internal tibial rotation) were measured.ResultsAnterior tibial translations at each degree of knee flexion in the STDB group were significantly less than in the STSB group (all, P < 0.05). The internal rotation angles in the STSB group at five flexion angles were significantly higher than in the ACL intact group, whereas there were significantly less than those of the ACL absent group (P < 0.05). Under rotatory loads in the neutral position, the tibial internal rotation angles of the STDB group were significantly lower than in the STSB group at all flexion angles (all, P < 0.05).ConclusionsSTDB ACL reconstruction with the expandable interference screw provides better anteroposterior and rotational stability than STSB reconstruction.Clinical relevanceThe technique provides the advantages of double-bundle reconstruction using a single-tunnel technique.     

Evaluating rotational kinematics of the knee in ACL reconstructed patients using 3.0 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging

IntroductionInjury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is common. While prior studies have shown that surgical reconstruction of the ACL can restore anterior–posterior kinematics, ACL-injured and reconstructed knees have been shown to have significant differences in tibial rotation when compared to uninjured knees. Our laboratory has developed an MR compatible rotational loading device to objectively quantify rotational stability of the knee following ACL injuries and reconstructions. Previous work from our group demonstrated a significant increase in total tibial rotation following ACL injuries. The current study is a prospective study on the same cohort of patients who have now undergone ACL reconstruction. We hypothesize that ACL reconstructed knees will have less tibial rotation relative to the pre-operative ACL deficient condition. We also hypothesize that ACL reconstructed knees will have greater rotational laxity when compared to healthy contralateral knees.MethodsPatients. Six of the ACL injured patients from our initial study who had subsequently undergone ACL reconstruction were evaluated 8.1 ± 2.9  months after surgery. All patients underwent single-bundle ACL reconstruction using anteromedial portal drilling of the femoral tunnel with identical post-operative regimens.Magnetic Resonance (MR) Imaging. Patients were placed in a supine position in the MR scanner on a custom-built loading device. Once secured in the scanner bore, an internal/external torque was applied to the foot. The tibiae were semi-automatically segmented with in-house software. Tibial rotation comparisons were made within subjects (i.e. side-to-side comparison between reconstructed and contralateral knees) and differences were explored using paired sample t-tests with significance set at p = 0.05.ResultsRegarding tibial rotation, in the ACL deficient state, these patients experienced an average of 5.9 ± 4.1° difference in tibial rotation between their ACL deficient and contralateral knees. However, there was a ?0.2 ± 6.1° difference in tibial rotation of the ACL reconstructed knee when compared to the contralateral uninjured knee. Regarding tibial translation, ACL deficient patients showed a difference of 0.75 ± 1.4mm of anterior tibial translation between injured and healthy knees. After ACL reconstruction, there was a 0.2 ± 1.1mm difference in coupled anterior tibial translation of the ACL reconstructed knee compared to the contralateral knee. No significant differences in contact area between the two time points could be discerned.DiscussionThe objective of our study was to assess the rotational laxity present in ACL reconstructed knees using a previously validated MRI-compatible rotational loading device. Our study demonstrated that ACL reconstruction can restore rotational laxity under load. This may speak to the benefit of an anteromedial drilling technique, which allows for a more horizontal and anatomically appropriate graft position.     

Deterioration of Stress Distribution Due to Tunnel Creation in Single-Bundle and Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructions

Bone tunnel enlargement is a common effect associated with knee laxity after anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) reconstruction. Nevertheless, its exact pathomechanism remains controversial. One of the possible reasons could be bone remodeling due to tunnel creation, which changes the stress environment in the joint. The present study aims to characterize the deteriorated stress distribution on the articular surface, which is due to tunnel creation after single-bundle or double-bundle ACL reconstruction. The stress distributions in the knee following ACL reconstruction under the compression, rotation, and valgus torques were calculated using a validated three-dimensional finite element(FE) model. The results indicate that, (a) under compression,von Mises stress is decreased at lateral and posteromedial regions of single/anteromedial (AM) tunnel, whereas it is increased at anterior region of single/AM tunnel in tibial subchondral bone; (b) the concentration of tensile stress is transferred from the articular surface to the location of graft fixation, and tensile stress in subchondral plate is decreased after ACL reconstruction; (c) severe stress concentration occurs between AM and posterolateral tunnels following the double-bundle reconstruction, which may contribute to the tunnel communication after surgery. In summary, the present study affirms that the deterioration of stress distribution occurs near the articular surface, which may cause the collapse of the tunnel wall, and lead to tunnel enlargement.The present study provides an insight into the effect of tunnel creation on articular stress deterioration after single-bundle or double-bundle ACL reconstruction. These findings provide knowledge on the effect of tunnel enlargement after ACL reconstruction in the long term.     

Anterior cruciate ligament repair versus reconstruction: A kinematic analysis

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to compare the biomechanical properties of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) anatomic repair of a true femoral avulsion to an anatomic ACL reconstruction. It was hypothesized that the ACL repair and ACL reconstruction would have comparable biomechanical behavior when compared to the native knee.MethodsTen paired fresh-frozen cadaveric knees (n = 20) were used to investigate knee kinematics when an anterior drawer force, varus, valgus, internal, and external rotational moment were applied at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 degrees of flexion. Displacement and rotation were recorded in the following conditions: ACL-intact, ACL-deficient, and ACL-repaired vs reconstructed.ResultsSectioning of the ACL significantly increased anterior tibial translation (0°, 15°, 30° and 45°) compared to the intact state. The mean anterior displacement difference from intact was lower in the ACL-repaired knees compared to reconstructed knees at 30° and 90°. There were no significant differences between conditions in varus, valgus, internal, or external rotations.ConclusionACL repair and ACL reconstruction procedures restored knee anterior tibial translation in matched paired specimens. There were no differences in valgus, varus, internal, or external rotation. Although, ACL-repaired knees (avulsion model) demonstrated less anterior tibial translation when compared to ACL-reconstructed knees, this difference was less than one millimeter. Based on the findings of this study, repair and reconstruction procedures both restored anterior tibial translation in matched-pair specimens. This suggests that the initial functionality of both techniques is similar and that further clinical studies are needed to compare the long-term stability.     

Biomechanical comparison of anterolateral ligament anatomical reconstruction with a semi-anatomical lateral extra-articular tenodesis. A cadaveric study

BackgroundTo compare the biomechanical behavior of an anterolateral ligament (ALL) anatomical reconstruction and a semianatomical lateral extra-articular tenodesis (LET) in the context of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction combined with an anterolateral lesion.MethodsTwelve cadaveric knees were studied using a testing machine to assess the internal tibial rotation and anterior tibial translation across six surgical states: intact knee, ACL lesion, ACL + ALL lesion, ACL isolated reconstruction, ACL + ALL anatomical reconstruction and ACL + LET procedure. ALL and LET grafts were fixed at full knee extension and neutral rotation.ResultsPresented with combined ACL and ALL lesions, isolated ACL reconstruction failed to restore the internal tibial rotation to intact-knee values (P > 0.05 for all angles). The addition of both an ALL reconstruction and LET procedure significantly reduced the internal rotation, restoring the rotation laxity to intact-knee values at 0° and 30° of flexion (P < 0.05) and with a certain level of overconstraint at 60° and 90° (mean 3° ± 2SD). A higher tendency to overconstraint was observed with the LET, but there was no significant difference when comparing the ALL reconstruction with the LET (P > 0.05 for all angles).ConclusionsResidual rotational laxity was found after isolated ACL reconstruction in the presence of an anterolateral lesion. The combination of ACL reconstruction with anatomical ALL reconstruction or the LET procedure resulted in restoration to intact-knee values but with a certain degree of overconstraint in higher flexion angles. Both techniques showed optimal biomechanical results with no data supporting the advantage of one over the other.     

Morphometric side-to-side differences in human cruciate ligament insertions

Graft placement in cruciate ligament reconstruction is known to significantly influence postoperative knee stability and range of motion. Improvement of bone tunnel positioning has been advocated by computer-assisted surgical procedures that require reliable input and reference data. This study validates the hypothesis that morphometric reference data can be obtained from the uninjured controlateral knee for accurate bone tunnel and graft positioning. Thirty pairs of human cadaver knees were dissected and the femoral and tibial footprints of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (PCL) were radiopaquely marked. Radiographs were taken of the corresponding left- and right-sided femora and tibiae, and digitally processed. Controlateral specimens were mirrored and overlapped precisely, the areas and intersections of ligament insertion were digitally determined. There were no significant differences in the total area of cruciate ligament insertion between left and right knee specimens or between female and male specimens. Intersection areas (IAs) in femoral and tibial anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) insertions averaged 31.3 and 33.4% of the total insertion area, respectively. The center of gravity for the femoral and tibial ACL footprint differed by 4.7 and 4.5 mm between left and right knees, respectively. IAs in femoral and tibial PCL insertions averaged 46.1 and 61.3% of the total insertion area, respectively. The center of gravity for the femoral and tibial PCL footprint differed by 4.5 and 2.4 mm between left and right knees, respectively. Our study does not support the concept of obtaining morphologic reference data from the uninjured controlateral knee for individual bone tunnel placement.