帕利哌酮缓释片与利培酮片对女性首发精神分裂症患者糖脂代谢影响的对比研究

目的 观察对比帕利哌酮缓释片与利培酮片对女性首发精神分裂症患者糖脂代谢影响。方法 将85例在德阳市精神卫生中心治疗的女性首发精神分裂症患者随机分为观察组42例和对照组43例，分别给予帕利哌酮缓释片和利培酮片单药治疗2个月。治疗前后测量体质量指数（BMI）、腰围、三酰甘油（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白（HDLC）、低密度脂蛋白（LDLC）、空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2 h血糖（2 h PG），采用阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）进行疗效评价。结果 治疗前两组PANSS总分及各因子分（阳性症状、阴性症状和精神病性分）及治疗后两组PANSS总分及各因子分分别比较，差异均无统计学意义。与治疗前相比，治疗后两组PANSS总分[观察组（47.94±13.64）分，对照组（49.07±12.56）分]及各因子分均显著低于治疗前PANSS总分[观察组（86.31±9.21）分，对照组（85.95±9.77）分]及各因子分，差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗前两组患者糖、脂各指标比较，差异无统计学意义。治疗后对照组TG、TC、LDLC、BMI和腰围上升，HDLC降低，与治疗前比较，差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）；观察组BMI和腰围与治疗前比较明显变大，差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。观察组治疗后TG、TC、LDLC、BMI和腰围均显著低于对照组，HDLC显著高于对照组，差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两组FPG、2hPG、SBP和DBP比较，差异无统计学意义。观察组患者不良反应发生率明显低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 帕利哌酮缓释片和利培酮对女性首发精神分裂症患者具有相同的疗效，但是帕利哌酮缓释片对女性患者血脂、BMI和腰围的影响较小，要优于利培酮片。     

帕利哌酮与奥氮平对首发精神分裂症患者的疗效及社会功能影响

目的 探讨帕利哌酮缓释片与奥氮平对首发精神分裂症患者的疗效及社会功能的影响.方法 2012年1月至2014年1月北京市房山区精神卫生保健院收治的首发精神分裂症患者100例,随机分为治疗组(帕利哌酮缓释片)与对照组(奥氮平),每组50例,用药12周后以阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)和社会功能量表(PSP)评价疗效.结果 治疗组治疗后的总有效率达90%,显著高于对照组;治疗后第4周末PANSS总分、阳性症状均显著低于对照组;治疗后第12周末PANSS总分、阳性症状、阴性症状、思维混乱各因子评分均显著低于对照组(P <0.05).治疗后第2、4、12周末均治疗组PSP评分显著高于对照组(P <0.05).结论 帕利哌酮缓释片与奥氮平治疗首发精神分裂症均具有较好的疗效,但帕利哌酮较奥氮平可以明显改善患者的社会功能.     

帕利哌酮与利培酮治疗首发精神分裂症疗效及对患者机体代谢影响比较

摘 要 目的：对比帕利哌酮与利培酮治疗首发精神分裂症的临床疗效及对患者代谢的影响,为临床用药提供依据。方法：首发精神分裂症门诊患者86例随机分为观察组及对照组各43例。观察组口服帕利哌酮缓释片,对照组口服利培酮片,疗程均为8周。对比两组患者治疗前后阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）评分和疗效,以及患者体重、空腹血糖（FBS）、总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）及血清催乳素（PRL）的差异。结果：两组患者治疗1、2、4、8周末后,PANSS阳性症状积分、阴性症状积分和总分均较治疗前明显降低（P<0.05）;且观察组各时点PANSS各项积分与总分均明显低于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组总有效率为81.4%,对照组总有效率为76.74%,两组比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。治疗后对照组TC、TG、PRL、体重等指标均较治疗前明显增加（P<0.05）,而观察组仅PRL、体重较治疗前明显增加（P<0.05）,且治疗后观察组体重、PRL明显低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：帕利哌酮治疗精神分裂症的临床有效率与利培酮相当,但是其对阳性症状、阴性症状的改善明显优于利培酮,且其对糖脂代谢、体重、催乳素的影响均低于利培酮。     

礞石滚痰丸联合哌罗匹隆对精神分裂症患者血清生化指标的影响

目的 研究礞石滚痰丸联合哌罗匹隆对精神分裂症患者血清生化指标的影响。方法 选择2015年1月-2017年12月南阳市第四人民医院收治的300例精神分裂症患者,随机分为两组。对照组单纯口服哌罗匹隆,观察组联合口服礞石滚痰丸。两组均治疗6周。比较两组治疗前后的阳性和阴性症状量表评分（PANSS）和血清生化指标改变情况。结果 与对照组临床有效率78.00%比较,观察组临床有效率92.67%显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组PANSS评分均显著降低（P<0.05）;且观察组PANSS评分显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组血清皮质醇（Cor）、神经生长因子（NGF）、脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）水平均显著降低（P<0.05）,血清5-羟色胺（5-HT）水平均显著升高（P<0.05）;且观察组血清Cor、NGF、BDNF水平显著低于对照组,5-HT水平显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。对照组不良反应的发生率为36.0%,观察组为35.3%,对比无明显的差异。结论 礞石滚痰丸联合哌罗匹隆对精神分裂症患者具有较为显著的治疗效果,其作用机制可能与降低血清Cor、NGF、BDNF水平,提高血清5-HT水平有关。     

牛黄宁宫片联合齐拉西酮与奥氮平在精神分裂症治疗中的疗效观察

目的 探讨牛黄宁宫片联合齐拉西酮与奥氮平在精神分裂症治疗中的临床疗效。方法 选取2016年1月-2017年12月南阳市精神病医院71例精神分裂症患者为研究对象,根据硬币投掷法将受试者分为对照组35例和观察组36例,对照组给予齐拉西酮联合奥氮平治疗,观察组患者在对照组的基础上联合牛黄宁宫片治疗,两组均持续治疗6周。比较两组患者的临床疗效、治疗前后阳性和阴性综合征量表（PANSS）评分、临床总体印象-严重度量表（CGI-S）评分、患者的社会功能变化及不良反应发生率。结果 观察组患者治疗总有效率为88.89%,对照组患者治疗总有效率为62.86%,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗前两组患者的PANSS评分、CGI-S评分及患者的社会功能比较无统计学差异,治疗后两组患者CGI-SI及PANSS评分较治疗前均显著降低（P<0.05）,社会功能各指标评分较治疗前均显著升高（P<0.05）;且观察组优于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。观察组不良反应发生率为11.11%,对照组不良反应发生率为42.86%,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 牛黄宁宫片联合齐拉西酮与奥氮平可有效改善患者的临床症状,提高治疗效果及患者的社会功能,减少不良反应,在精神分裂症治疗中具有重要临床意义。     

帕利哌酮缓释片治疗精神分裂症的疗效观察

摘 要 目的：观察帕利哌酮缓释片治疗精神分裂症的疗效和预后。方法: 精神分裂症患者72例按入院先后顺序分为观察组(n=35)和对照组(n=37)。观察组给予帕利哌酮缓释片治疗,对照组给予利培酮片治疗。两组均治疗8周。采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评价两组患者的治疗效果,并比较两组患者社会功能缺陷量表(SDSS)及预后。 结果: 治疗后2周末开始,两组患者的PANSS总分、阳性症状评分、阴性症状评分以及一般病理症状评分均较治疗前明显降低(P<0.05),且观察组各项评分均明显低于同期对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后两组患者的SDSS评分均较治疗前明显降低(P<0.05),且观察组明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组总有效率为94.3%,明显高于对照组的67.6%(P<0.05)。观察组焦虑、静坐不能等不良反应发生率和总药品不良反应发生率均明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:帕利哌酮可有效缓解精神分裂症患者的病情,起效快、不良反应少,值得临床推广使用。     

棕榈酸帕利哌酮长效针剂治疗精神疾病双相障碍近远期效果分析

目的：探讨棕榈酸帕利哌酮长效针剂治疗精神疾病双相障碍的近远期效果。方法：选择2012年9月到2016年6月海南省安宁医院精神科收治的精神疾病双相障碍130例作为研究对象,根据随机信封抽签原则分为观察组与对照组各65例,对照组给予口服阿立哌唑治疗,观察组给予棕榈酸帕利哌酮长效针剂治疗,治疗观察时间为2个月。结果：治疗后的对照组和观察组总有效率分别是90.8%和98.5%,观察组显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后观察组和对照组的PSP评分分别是（75.33±14.29）分和（62.87±16.02）分,都明显高于治疗前的（48.24±15.02）分和（47.11±12.85分）（P<0.05）,且治疗后观察组的PSP评分也明显高于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组的不良反应发生率为40.0%,对照组为36.9%,两组不良反应发生情况对比无明显差异（P>0.05）,且不良反应程度均较轻微。结论：棕榈酸帕利哌酮长效针剂治疗精神疾病双相障碍能提高治疗效果,且应用安全性比较好,有利于改善患者的个人和社会功能,有很好的临床应用价值。     

银杏酮酯分散片对脑卒中患者血清炎症因子水平、神经功能的影响

目的 分析银杏酮酯分散片对脑卒中患者血清炎症因子水平、神经功能改善情况。方法 本研究对象选取92例脑卒中患者,按照随机数字表法分成对照组和观察组各46例。对照组患者给予常规治疗,观察组患者在此基础上辅以银杏酮酯分散片口服治疗。连续治疗14 d,对比两组治疗前后血清炎症因子水平、血脂水平、神经功能缺损程度、认知功能、不良反应的差异。结果 治疗前两组患者血清白介素-8（IL-8）、白介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）水平无统计学差异;治疗后两组IL-8、IL-6、TNF-α水平均明显降低,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;且观察组血清IL-8、IL-6、TNF-α水平低于对照组,组间有显著的统计学差异（P<0.05）。治疗前两组患者血脂水平无统计学差异;治疗后对照组TC明显降低,HDL-C明显升高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;观察组TG、TC、LDL-C低于对照组,HDL-C高于对照组,组间差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗前两组患者NIHSS评分、MMSE评分无统计学差异;治疗后两组NIHSS评分均降低,MMSE评分均升高,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;观察组NIHSS评分低于对照组、MMSE评分高于对照组,组间差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗期间两组均未见不良反应报告。结论 银杏酮酯分散片可降低脑卒中患者血清中促炎症因子水平、调节血脂水平、减轻神经功能缺损程度、改善认知功能,且无明显不良反应,值得临床推广应用。     

舒必利联合奥氮平治疗难治性精神分裂症的疗效观察

目的 观察舒必利片联合奥氮平片治疗难治性精神分裂症的疗效情况。方法 选取2017年6月-2018年7月上海市精神卫生中心治疗的81例难治性精神分裂症患者作为研究对象。根据患者就诊时间的差异，将患者分为对照组（33例）和观察组（48例）对照组患者口服奥氮平片，初始用药剂量为10 mg/次，1次/d。用药剂量在1周内逐渐增至20 mg/次，1次/d。观察组在对照组的基础上口服舒必利片，舒必利片初始用药剂量为100 mg/次，2次/d。用药剂量在1周内逐渐增至300 mg/次，2次/d。两组患者均接受连续3个月的药物治疗。观察两组患者的临床疗效和不良反应发生情况，同时比较两组治疗前后的阳性、阴性症状量表（PANSS）评分、威斯康星卡片分类检测（WCST）评分。结果 治疗后，观察组和对照组的治疗总有效率分别为93.75%、69.70%，两组比较差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后，两组患者PANSS评分均显著降低，同组治疗前后比较差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）；观察组PANSS评分明显低于对照组，两组比较差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后，两组患者持续、非持续错误数评分均显著降低，完成分类数、总正确数评分均显著升高，同组治疗前后比较差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）；治疗后，观察组WCST各维度评分均明显优于对照组，两组比较差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗期间，对照组不良反应发生率为36.36%，与观察组31.25%比较无明显差异。结论 舒必利片联合奥氮平片可以有效改善难治性精神分裂症患者的认知功能，且安全性较高，具有广阔的应用前景，值得进行推广应用。     

丁螺环酮联合阿立哌唑治疗精神分裂症焦虑症状的临床疗效和安全性

目的 探讨丁螺环酮联合阿立哌唑治疗精神分裂症焦虑症状的临床疗效。方法 采用随机、抽样与对照研究方法，选择2014年2月-2017年1月在新乡医学院第二附属医院诊治的精神分裂症患者84例，伴有焦虑症状，根据信封随机分组法分为观察组与对照组各42例，对照组给予阿立哌唑治疗，观察组在对照组治疗的基础上给予丁螺环酮治疗，两组都治疗观察3个月。比较两组的临床疗效及HAMA评分、皮质醇水平变化，观察两组在治疗期间出现的嗜睡、便秘、口干、头晕等不良反应情况。结果 观察组的总有效率（95.2%）显著高于对照组（81.0%），差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后观察组、对照组的HAMA评分分别为（4.86±1.49）分和（7.98±2.10）分，都显著低于治疗前的（22.98±4.52）分和（23.87±3.10）分，同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；观察组也显著低于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后两组的皮质醇水平显著降低，同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；观察组治疗后皮质醇水平也显著低于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗期间两组的嗜睡、便秘、口干、头晕等不良反应发生情况对比无显著差异。结论 丁螺环酮联合阿立哌唑治疗精神分裂症，能改善患者的焦虑症状和临床疗效，安全性也比较好。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.