看护人营养行为对农村留守儿童膳食摄入的影响的调查

目的了解看护人营养行为现况及其对农村留守儿童膳食摄入的影响,为农村留守儿童膳食营养干预提供科学依据。方法对随机选择的1261名2～7岁农村留守儿童及其看护人进行调查,调查方法包括问卷调查和食物摄入频率调查。结果看护人中几乎每天为儿童准备早餐者占56.4%;准备牛奶/豆浆者占14.5%;注意提供含钙丰富的食物者占1.5%;吃饭时提醒儿童不偏食、挑食者占9.9%;注意改变儿童食谱以加强营养者占2.7%。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示:看护人的营养行为对农村留守儿童肉禽水产类、蛋类及其制品、乳类及其制品、水果类食物的摄入有一定的影响。结论看护人营养行为对农村留守儿童膳食摄入产生影响。     

中国部分农村地区2～7岁留守儿童膳食营养现况研究

目的 了解中国农村留守儿童膳食营养状况,为农村留守儿童营养干预提供科学依据.方法 采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,随机选择农村2～7岁留守儿童1278名和对照儿童1273名作为调查对象.采用3日膳食称重法和食物摄人频率法进行膳食调查,并以中国营养学会推荐的膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)为依据,评价农村留守儿童膳食能量和各种营养素的摄人状况.结果 农村留守儿童膳食以粮谷类和蔬菜类为主,留守儿童肉禽水产类、水果类及零食类等食物的摄入量低于对照儿童,差异有统计学意义.农村留守儿童能量、三大产热营养素及部分矿物质(钙、锌、硒、钾)和维生素(维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2)的摄入量均低于推荐摄入量.农村留守儿童能量及主要营养素普遍摄入不足,能量摄入不足率在50%以上,蛋白质摄人不足率达80%以上,而钙、锌等矿物质和维生素B1、维生素B1等维生素的摄入不足率达90%以上.蛋白质来源中,优质蛋白质摄入量仅占总蛋白质摄入量的35%,而植物蛋白质占65%.此外植物性铁的摄入比例明显偏高,达到87%.结论 中国农村留守儿童的膳食结构不尽合理,能量和多种营养素摄入不足,能量、蛋白质及铁的来源不合理,膳食营养状况有待改善.     

吉林省农村居民食物摄入频率及摄人量调查

目的：调查吉林省农村居民食物摄人频率及摄入量,为今后在农村地区开展营养教育和营养改善工作提供科学依据。方法：采用多阶段分层随机抽样,在吉林省选取了674名农村居民作为调查对象,运用半定量食物频率法调查居民过去1年内各类食物摄入频率和摄人量。结果：吉林省农村居民膳食结构尚不合理,谷薯类、蔬菜类、水果类、蛋类摄入频率相对较高,畜禽肉类、鱼虾类、大豆类及奶制品摄人频率较低。谷薯类摄入量超过推荐标准,畜禽肉类、蛋类、大豆类摄入量基本达到标准,蔬菜类、水果类、鱼虾类、奶及奶制品摄人量均低于膳食宝塔推荐标准,且每类食物中各种食物摄人不均衡。结论：目前吉林省农村居民的膳食状况以谷薯类摄入过多、蔬菜水果类、鱼虾类、奶类摄入不足为主要问题,应针对性制定营养宣教方案,引导居民合理膳食。     

石河子郊区团场小学生膳食营养水平分析研究

目的了解石河子郊区团场学龄儿童膳食营养素摄入量与体格营养状况。方法采用膳食调查等方法调查学龄儿童膳食营养素撮入量水平；同期测量其身高、体重，计算体质指数（BMI）并与参考值比较。结果受检儿童膳食钙、锌、视黄醇与核黄素均分别低于RNI的70％，钙摄入严重不足。蛋白质主要来源于粮谷类食物，脂肪供能偏低。食物频率调查显示，食物构成比较单调；最常摄入的是谷类和蔬菜，而鱼类、肉类、肝、豆制品等很少摄入。结论石河子郊区团场学龄儿童膳食是以植物性食物为主，缺少动物性食物、豆类及其制品，膳食结构不合理，某些营养素摄入不足。     

凉山彝族自治州学龄儿童营养不良现状及其影响因素研究

目的 了解凉山彝族自治州学龄儿童营养不良现状并分析其影响因素。方法 采用分层整群随机抽样选取凉山地区291名7～12岁学龄儿童作为研究对象,通过问卷调查收集儿童的基本信息及生活方式信息,采用食物频率法获得研究对象过去1年内的膳食数据,并对研究对象进行体格测量,依据《WS/T 456—2014 学龄儿童青少年营养不良筛查》判断其营养不良情况。采用卡方检验比较不同年龄组学龄儿童的营养不良分布差异,通过多因素logistic回归模型探究学龄儿童营养不良的影响因素。结果 凉山彝族自治州学龄儿童营养不良检出率为13.06%,且以消瘦为主（8.59%）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,经常进行体力活动（OR=0.994,95%CI:0.990～0.999,P＜0.05）和增加菌藻类食物摄入（OR=0.986,95%CI:0.931～0.996,P＜0.05）是凉山地区学龄儿童营养不良的保护因素,而油炸食品（OR=1.056,95%CI:1.020～1.100,P＜0.05）和零食类（OR=1.041,95%CI:1.014～1.072,P＜0.05）食物摄入过多是营养不良发生的危险因素。结论 凉山彝族自治州学龄儿童营养不良情况突出,且受到体力活动、菌藻类食物摄入、油炸食品类食物摄入和零食类食物摄入的影响。     

中国十二省市儿童青少年三餐及零食消费状况研究

目的了解中国儿童青少年三餐及零食消费状况及对膳食营养素摄入的贡献。方法采用分层多阶段整群随机抽样方法,选取参加2011年"中国健康与营养调查"数据中的4~17岁儿童青少年为研究对象,共纳入1905人。利用入户3天24 h膳食回顾调查和家庭调味品称重的方法,结合《中国食物成分表》计算每日膳食营养素摄入。将三餐分为早餐、中餐和晚餐,零食分为上午零食、下午零食和晚上零食,对儿童青少年不同餐次的分布情况、三餐及零食提供的能量和主要宏量营养素占全天整体摄入的比例、以及不同制作来源的食物在不同餐次中的能量构成比分布情况,进行分年龄组的描述性分析。结果儿童青少年三餐的就餐情况较为规律,零食消费率高达65%~76%。三餐食物(不含烹调油)提供的能量、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物占各自总摄入量的比例分别为71%~76%、88%~92%、50%~53%、83%~89%;三餐中以家庭制作(包括生吃)食物为主,但是餐馆加工食物和其他加工食品提供的能量占三餐摄入能量的比例也分别高达14.0%~20.5%和14.5%~19.2%。零食对于儿童青少年来说,以提供碳水化合物为主,蛋白质贡献较小,对小年龄儿童的膳食影响大于高年龄儿童青少年;零食消费以其他加工食品为主,提供的能量占所有零食能量的40.6%~47.7%。结论应加强营养教育,鼓励儿童青少年规律食用正餐,尽量选择新鲜、低能量、低盐、低脂的零食。     

浙江省贫困地区学龄前儿童膳食结构分析与趋势探讨

目的　浙江省贫困地区学龄前儿童的膳食结构及发展趋势 ,以对此类人群通过营养教育的方法进行有效的干预。方法　 1 990年、 1 993年、 1 995年在浙江省贫困地区云和县、青田县 4 0个行政村对 2 4 9名 3～4岁儿童开展了 3次膳食调查。结果　通过包括营养教育等干预措施 ,5年间浙江省贫困地区的膳食结构虽然有了一定程度的改善 ,但仍存在许多不合理之处 :动物性食品仅占 6 1 %～ 1 0 9% ,尤其是乳类、鱼类摄入过少。豆类仅占 1 3%～ 4 0 % ,并逐年下降。蛋白质、热量摄入量仅为供给量标准的 5 0 %左右。维生素普遍缺乏 ,尤其是视黄醇当量、核黄素仅分别占供给量标准的 37 2 %、 36 1 %。钙摄入明显不足。食物属高谷物膳食类型 ,优质蛋白质过低 ,脂肪食物来源中动物性食物所占比例过高。结论　浙江省贫困地区学龄前儿童膳食结构不合理。需进一步通过营养教育 ,改善膳食结构。     

食育对改善农村小学生饮食相关健康素养的效果

目的评价食育对改善农村小学生的饮食相关健康素养的效果。方法整群抽取河南省信阳市某农村村级小学学校,对所有在校生216人进行食育干预,比较干预前后饮食相关健康素养的变化,评价食育干预的效果。结果食育干预后,学生对奶制品主要功能、富含维生素C食物和食物中毒知晓率由干预前的9.1%、14.9%、14.9%提高至26.6%、26.6%、29.4%(P0.05);干预后食品标签中色素知晓率为45.9%;干预后经常吃零食、喝饮料的比例由干预前的75.5%、44.9%降至63.9%、35.2%(P0.05);干预后对几类常见零食(方便面、豆制品零食、薯片、糖果、饼干)和饮料(碳酸饮料、果汁饮料、乳味饮料)摄入频率均低于干预前(P0.05);食育干预对农村小学生的膳食摄入结构的影响不显著;干预后学生仍对畜禽肉类、乳制品摄入显著不足,经常摄入者仅占50%左右。92.6%的学生表示喜欢食育课。结论食育对提高农村小学生的饮食相关的健康素养有所帮助,是改善我国农村小学生营养状况的有效途径之一。     

安徽部分农村地区3～6岁留守儿童膳食模式与缺铁性贫血、肥胖的关系

目的了解安徽省部分农村地区3～6岁儿童的膳食模式,探讨其与体格指标及营养缺乏病之间的关系。方法 2018年9—12月,从安徽省蚌埠市(皖北)和六安市(皖南)各方便抽取1个县(怀远县和舒城县),每个县随机抽取2个乡共10个农村幼儿园。使用自编儿童营养状况问卷进行调查,测量儿童的身高和体重,检测其血红蛋白和血锌含量。结果共调查904名3～6岁的农村儿童,其中留守儿童306名,非留守儿童598名;男童475名,女童429名。该地区3～6岁儿童的膳食模式分为传统型、动物蛋白型、高钙型和零食型4种,留守儿童组在动物蛋白型和高钙型2个维度的高因子得分所占比例低于非留守儿童组(P0.01)。传统型模式的高因子得分组缺铁性贫血检出率高于低因子得分组(P0.01),动物蛋白型模式低因子得分组缺铁性贫血和锌缺乏的检出率均高于高因子得分组(P0.05)。结论安徽部分农村地区3～6岁留守与非留守儿童膳食模式存在差异,留守儿童的营养缺乏病检出与传统型和动物蛋白型食物摄入频率有关。     

2005年中国西部34县农村婴幼儿辅食添加状况分析

[目的]了解中国西部9省市34县农村3岁以下儿童辅食添加的状况.[方法]采用横断面调查设计和人口比例抽样法,2005年调查34县获得10655对母与子,通过母亲回顾调查了儿童的辅食添加情况,并与2001年相同的34县的调查结果进行比较.[结果]2005年儿童平均从6个月开始添加辅食.2005、2001年4个月以前添加任何辅食的比例分别是29.7%、42.6%,到6月龄时未添加任何辅食的比例分别是9.0%、17.1%.4～6个月开始添加下列辅食的比例分别是谷类59.2%、蛋类54.8%、鲜奶类11.7%、豆制品24.0%、肉类34.1%和蔬菜水果类45.4%.到9个月时,未添加下列各种辅食的儿童的比例分别是谷类10.1%、蛋类23.2%、鲜奶类71.3%、豆制品49.5%、肉类34.1%和蔬菜水果类24.8%.2005年辅食添加的时间、比例和频率明显优于2001年.[结论]谷类和蛋类是西部农村儿童普遍添加的辅食,其次为蔬菜水果类、肉类和豆制品;鲜奶类不是儿童普遍添加的辅食.可通过发展经济、营养健康教育,提高母亲的文化水平以及住院分娩来提高适时辅食添加率.适时足量添加豆制品和动物性食品可有效降低儿童营养不良患病率.     

Dietary sources of nutrients among rural Native American and white children

OBJECTIVE: To identify important food sources of energy, fiber, and major macro- and micronutrients among rural Native American and white children. DESIGN: In a 1997 cross-sectional study, food frequency questionnaire data were collected during in-person interviews with caregivers of young children. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Participants included a representative sample of 329 rural Native American and non-Hispanic white children aged 1 through 6 years living in northeastern Oklahoma. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: The percentage that each of 85 food items contributed to the population intake of 10 dietary constituents was calculated for the total sample and by age and race/ethnicity. Percentages are presented in descending rank order for foods providing at least 2% of the total sample intake. Z scores were used to assess age and racial/ethnic differences in food sources. RESULTS: Primary energy sources among study children were milk, cheese, white breads, salty snacks, nondiet soft drinks, hot dogs, candy, and sweetened fruit drinks. Diets showed poor food variety. With few exceptions (eg, milk, cheese, 100% orange juice, ready-to-eat cereals, peanuts/peanut butter, and dried beans), top sources of most dietary constituents were low-nutrient-dense high-fat foods and refined carbohydrates. Solid fruits and vegetables contributed minimally to nutrient and fiber intake. There were few differences in food sources by age or race/ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: Among rural Native American and white children in northeastern Oklahoma, food sources of nutrients appear less healthful than found in national samples. Sugar-sweetened beverages, high-fat foods, and refined carbohydrates are displacing more nutrient-dense alternatives, increasing children's risk for childhood obesity, type 2 diabetes, and adult chronic disease.     

What are the key food groups to target for preventing obesity and improving nutrition in schools?

OBJECTIVE: To determine differences in the contribution of foods and beverages to energy consumed in and out of school, and to compare consumption patterns between school canteen users and noncanteen users. DESIGN: Cross-sectional National Nutrition Survey, 1995. SETTING: Australia. SUBJECTS ON SCHOOL DAYS: A total of 1656 children aged 5-15 y who had weekday 24-h dietary recall data. RESULTS: An average of 37% of total energy intake was consumed at school. Energy-dense foods and beverages such as fat spreads, packaged snacks, biscuits and fruit/cordial drinks made a greater contribution to energy intake at school compared to out of school (P< or =0.01). Fast foods and soft drinks contributed 11 and 3% of total energy intake; however, these food groups were mostly consumed out of school. Fruit intake was low and consumption was greater in school. In all, 14% of children purchased food from the canteen and they obtained more energy from fast food, packaged snacks, desserts, milk and confectionary (P< or =0.05) than noncanteen users. CONCLUSIONS:: Energy-dense foods and beverages are over-represented in the Australian school environment. To help prevent obesity and improve nutrition in schools, biscuits, snack bars and fruit/cordial drinks brought from home and fast food, packaged snacks, and confectionary sold at canteens should be replaced with fruit and water.     

Dietary sources of energy and macronutrient intakes among Flemish preschoolers

This study aims to identify major food sources of energy and macronutrients among Flemish preschoolers as a basis for evaluating dietary guidelines. Three-day estimated diet records were collected from a representative sample of 696 Flemish preschoolers (2.5-6.5 years old; participation response rate: 50%). For 11 dietary constituents, the contribution of 57 food groups was computed by summing the amount provided by the food group for all individuals divided by the total intake of the respective nutrient for all individuals. Bread (12%), sweet snacks (12%), milk (6%), flavoured milk drinks (9%), and meat products (6%) were the top five energy contributors. Sweet snacks were among the top contributors to energy, total fat, all fatty acids, cholesterol, and complex and simple carbohydrates. Fruit juices and flavoured milk drinks are the main contributors to simple carbohydrates (respectively 14% and 18%). All principal food groups like water, bread and cereals, vegetables, fruit, milk and spreadable fats were under-consumed by more than 30% of the population, while the food groups that were over-consumed consisted only of low nutritious and high energy dense foods (sweet snacks, sugared drinks, fried potatoes, sauces and sweet spreads). From the major food sources and gaps in nutrient and food intakes, some recommendations to pursue the nutritional goals could be drawn: the intake of sweet snacks and sugar-rich drinks (incl. fruit juices) should be discouraged, while consumption of fruits, vegetables, water, bread and margarine on bread should be encouraged.     

Frequency of consumption of cariogenic food items by 4-month-old to 24-month-old children: comparison between two rural communities in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

The objective of the study was to compare the frequency of consumption of cariogenic food items among 4-month-old to 24-month-old children in two neighbouring rural areas in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa: Nyuswa/Embo (Area A) (n = 127) and Ndunakazi (Area B) (n = 105). Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Mothers or caregivers were interviewed by a team of Zulu-speaking fieldworkers. The percentage of children consuming the individual food items (consumers) and the weekly consumption for consumers were calculated for the two areas separately. The food items were ranked in descending order according to the combined group of children and reported for each area within five selected food groups (carbohydrates, sugars, fruit and vegetables, milk and milk products, and other foods and snacks). Food items were 'flagged' according to their cariogenic potential. Fisher's exact test on absolute numbers tested for significant differences in the frequency of intake between individual food items between the two groups. Significance was set at P < 0.05. The frequency of consumption of certain listed cariogenic food items showed significant differences between the two areas. A higher percentage of children in Area A than in Area B consumed most of the food items and also more frequently. Children mainly consumed foods with a cariogenic score of 2, solid foods with 8-20% sugars as well as foods high in starch with less than 10% sugars. This knowledge is essential to gain insight into the eating pattern among rural communities and will provide a baseline for developing and adapting dietary advice specifically for young rural South African children with particular emphasis on the prevention of dental caries.     

Development and Validation of a Beverage and Snack Questionnaire for Use in Evaluation of School Nutrition Policies

School nutrition policies limiting access to sweetened beverages, candy, and salty snacks have the potential to improve the health of children. To effectively evaluate policy success, appropriate and validated dietary assessment instruments are needed. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a beverage and snack questionnaire suitable for use among young adolescents. A new 19-item Beverage and Snack Questionnaire (BSQ) was administered to middle school students on two occasions, 2 weeks apart, to measure test-retest reliability. The questionnaire inquired about frequency of consumption, both at school and away from school, of soft drinks, salty snacks, sweets, milk, and fruits and vegetables. Students also completed 4-day food records. To assess validity, food-record data were compared with BSQ data. Forty-six students of diverse backgrounds from metropolitan Seattle, WA, participated in this study. Participants answered the BSQ during class time and completed the food record at home. Pearson correlation coefficients assessed test-retest reliability and validity. Using frequency per week data, the test-retest reliability coefficients were r=0.85 for fruits and vegetables consumed at school and r=0.74 and r=0.72 for beverages and sweets/snacks, respectively, consumed at school. Correlations ranged from r=0.73 to 0.77 for foods consumed outside of school. Compared with the criterion food record, validity coefficients were very good: r=0.69 to 0.71 for foods consumed at school and r=0.63 to 0.70 for foods consumed away from school. The validity coefficients for the 19 individual food items ranged from r=0.56 to 0.87. This easy-to-administer 19-item questionnaire captures data on sugar-sweetened beverages, salty snacks, sweets, milk, and fruit and vegetables as well as a more lengthy and expensive food record does. The BSQ can be used by nutrition researchers and practitioners to accurately evaluate student consumption of foods that are the focus of school nutrition policies.     

福州市儿童食物偏好及其影响因素调查研究

[目的]了解儿童的食物偏好状况及其影响因素。[方法]用整群抽样法对福州市区5所幼儿园的778名儿童家长进行儿童食物偏好及其影响因素问卷调查,用SPSS11.5软件包进行数据统计和分析。[结果]在24种食物中,牛奶、零食(冰淇淋、果冻、可乐、炸鸡等)等儿童均很喜欢,而鱼、鸡鸭、青菜、豆腐、胡萝卜、蘑菇和馒头,不喜欢者占25%。男女儿童的食物偏好存在差异。儿童的食物偏好与摄入情况呈正相关(P<0.01);儿童偏好与其母亲食物偏好正相关(P<0.01)。[结论]为保证儿童健康成长,母亲应有合理膳食的知识和有良好的饮食习惯,学校也应开展合理膳食和良好饮食行为的健康教育。     

A food frequency questionnaire for adolescents: defining eating patterns.

A self-administered food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was developed to indicate weekly consumption of 64 foods. Reliability, validity, and usefulness of the tool to define a protein eating pattern were determined. Adolescents (N = 1,108) completed the FFQ during the Bogalusa Heart Study. Two-hour and 2-week reliability measures demonstrated consistency of intake of specific foods. Frequency of foods obtained from seven consecutive 24-hour recalls was compared with frequency obtained from the FFQ. A mean 50% agreement for both frequency and quantity of food intake was observed. Geometric means showed differences in mean number of protein foods by age of adolescent but the only significant difference was for beef intake of 15-year-olds. White children reported more servings of beef, cheese, and vegetables with meat than did black children. Black children reported more servings of eggs, luncheon meat, pork, poultry, and total protein than did white children. Boys reported a greater frequency of total protein foods, specifically, eggs, milk, and poultry, than did girls. Significant correlations were noted between low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and intake of eggs and luncheon meat. We were able to quantitate the reliability and validity of the FFQ and to use it to explore the association of specific eating patterns with cardiovascular disease risk.     

The Food Environment of Primary School Learners in a Low-to-Middle-Income Area in Cape Town,South Africa

Rapid changes in food environments, where less nutritious foods have become cheaper and more accessible, have led to the double burden of malnutrition (DBM). The role food environments have played in shaping the DBM has attained global interest. There is a paucity of food environment research in low-to-middle-income countries. We conducted a case study of the food environments of school aged learners. A primary school in Cape Town was recruited. A multi-method design was used: a home food and eating behaviours questionnaire completed by 102 household respondents and four questions completed by 152 learners; learner participatory photography; a semi-structured school principal interview; a tuckshop inventory; observation of three-day tuckshop purchases. Foods that were commonly present in households: refined carbohydrates, fats/oils, chicken, processed meats, vegetables, fruit, legumes, snacks/drinks. Two thirds of households had rules about unhealthy drinks/snacks, ate supper together and in front of the TV, ate a home cooked meal five–seven times/week and ate breakfast together under two times/week. Vegetables were eaten under two times/week in 45% of households. A majority of learners (84%) took a lunchbox to school. Twenty-five learners photographed their food environment and 15 participated in semi-structured interviews. Six themes emerged: where to buy; what is available in the home; meal composition; family dynamics; peer engagement; food preparation. Items bought at informal food outlets included snacks, drinks and grocery staples. The principal interview revealed the establishment of a healthy school food environment, including a vegetable garden, although unhealthy snacks were sold at the tuckshop. Key dimensions of the food environment that require further investigation in disadvantaged urban and informal settlement areas include the home availability of unhealthy foods, eating behaviours in households and healthfulness of foods sold by informal food outlets.     

Income Level and Food Intake Patterns among Male Bengalee Slum Dwellers in Kolkata, India

This cross-sectional study explored the relationships between income levels and food intake patterns among slum dwellers in Kolkata, India. A total of 284 male subjects of Bengalee ethnicity participated in the study. The mean (SD) age, monthly family income and monthly per capita income of the subjects were 40.8 years (14.2), Indian Rupees (Rs.) 3259 (1574) and Rs. 700 (416) respectively. Potatoes, fresh vegetables, sweets and eggs were among the most frequently consumed food items on a daily basis. Butter, soft drinks, milk and ghee were least frequently consumed. The frequency of consumption of snacks, sweets and fruits showed strong significant correlations (p < 0.001). Principal component analysis of the frequency of consumption of different foods showed five components that explained a cumulative variance of 56%. Eigen values of components one to five were: 1.49 for fruit, sweets and snacks; 1.36 for fish and soft drinks; 1.16 for ghee and butter; 0.65 for fresh vegetables; and 1.02 for milk. Individually, these components explained 14, 12, 11, 10 and 9% of the variations respectively. Regression analyses showed monthly per capita income to be significantly associated with frequency of consumption of soft drinks (F = 6.79, p < 0.001) and fish (F = 7.90, p< 0.005). Age showed a significantly positive association with butter consumption (F = 9.41, p<0.002), and was negatively associated with intake of soft drinks and fried snacks (F = 10.10, p< 0.002). Using regression equations to predict the impact of increased income on consumption patterns, it was found that a 10% increase in income is associated with 1% increase in consumption of fish, which carries traditional prestige. A similar increase in income would also lead to 10% increase in consumption of soft drinks that has connotations of brand associated prestige.