广州市白云区传染性非典型肺炎流行病学调查分析

目的 及时分析传染性非典型肺炎(SARS)在广州市白云区的流行特点，为进一步的预防控制工作提供依据。方法 对白云区辖内医院收治的SARS病例的报告资料和病例的流行病学调查资料进行分析。结果 截止2003年5月20日，白云区共报告SARS病例138例，死亡2例。其中以医务人员(16例)和学生(17例)多见，占23．9l％。在16例医务人员中8例通过院内感染。发病高峰在2～3月，占发病总数的73．9l％；病例集中在21～40岁年龄组，占发病总数的53．62％。全区大部分病例为散发，出现3起共8例家庭聚集性病例。结论 广州市白云区出现以社区散发为主的SARS暴发流行，经采取综合防治措施后，疫情已得到有效控制。     

广东省传染性非典型肺炎流行病学特征分析

目的 了解广东省局部地区流行的传染性非典型肺炎(SARS)的流行病学特征，为制定预防控制对策和措施提供科学依据。方法 采用统一的流行病学个案调查表对SARS，临床确诊病例进行调查。分析SARS病例在广东省的流行过程、地区、时间、人群分布及聚集性等特征。结果 截止2003年6月6日，广东省21个地级市有15个市报告SARS病例1511例，发病率为1．98／10万，病死率为3．77％。发病主要集中在1月下旬到2月下旬(2月上旬达到高峰)，占病例总数的54．00％，。首例发病时间为2002年11月16日，末例发病时间为2003年2003年5月9日。病例主要集中在广州、深圳、江门、中山、佛山5个市，占96．03％，其中广州占86．04％。20～49岁发病占病例总数的65．45％；医务人员发病较多，占病例总数的22．90％；聚集性病例占31.97％(483／1511)。潜伏期1～12d，中位数4d。结论 广东省SARS疫情波及面广，发病相对集中，有明显的家庭和医院聚集现象；传播途径主要为近距离飞沫和密切接触传播。     

广州市芳村区传染性非典型肺炎流行病学分析

目的 通过对广州市芳村区传染性非典型肺炎(SARS)流行情况分析,初步探讨其流行规律与特征,为制定预防控制措施提供科学依据。方法 用描述性流行病学分析方法对芳村区发生的SARS病例进行分析。结果 2003年1月至5月,芳村区共发生SARS病例86例,死亡4例;病例以20～49岁为主,占63．95％;病例无明显的职业特点和地区差异;医院内感染并呈聚集性发病的病例共48例,占55．81％;有明确接触史的病例共51例,占59.30％。结论 芳村区的SARS疫情呈明显的聚集性和医院内感染,初步推断本次疫情与病区空气污染和近距离接触有关。     

广东省严重急性呼吸综合征的流行与控制

目的 分析广东省2003年严重急性呼吸综合征(severe acute respirstory syndrome,SARS)流行特征,探讨其危险因素,为有效控制该病的流行提供对策、依据与参考。方法 用描述流行病学方法对SARS流行病学及控制措施等相关资料进行描述与分析。结果 目前追溯到首例发病日期为2002年11月16日,家庭聚集发病5例;2003年1月2日,河源市为全国最早正式报告SARS病例的城市。至2003年6月15日止,广东省共有15个地级市报告SARS病例1511例,全省报告发病率为1．77／10万,主要集中在珠江三角洲的5个城市(佛山、广州、深圳、中山及江门),占病例总数的95．97％,广州市报告病例最多,占病例总数的85．81％;报告死亡数为58例,报告死亡率为0．07／10万,病死率为3．84％。发病高峰出现在1月28日至2月26日(占病例总数的50．69％),单日发病例数最多的为2月8日,共55例。发病年龄主要集中在青壮年(20—49岁),占65．86％。发病率随着年龄的增大而升高。有明显的医院和家庭聚集现象,医务人员的聚集性病例占病例总数的19．38％,家庭聚集性病例占12．04％。早期135例无明确接触史的社区散发患者中,从事与动物相关职业者11例,占8．14％。潜伏期为1—12d,中位数为4．5d。实行严格的SARS疫情监测报告制度,落实预防控制SARS的各项指引,切断SARS从患者到健康人的传播链,强化医院感染控制的技术指导和落实,做好消毒和个人防护工作是主要的控制措施。结论 切断SARS从患者到健康人的传播链是控制SARS流行的关键;重点控制医院内感染的发生;一些研究结果支持SARS病原可能来源于动物的假设。     

天津市传染性非典型肺炎流行特点及主要控制措施效果评价

目的：分析天津市传染性非典型肺炎[严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)]流行病学特征，对主要控制措施的效果进行初步评价。方法：采用自行设计的病例报告表，全市统一的流行病学个案调查表及病例接触者、密切接触者树状分布图，深入病房、家庭、社区、团体等对病例及接触者进行调查。结果：以发病时间计算，自2003年4月13日至5月8日，包括输入病例在内发病175例，发病率为1．9／10万，其中死亡14例，病死率达8．O％。整个流行过程不足1个月，流行特点：1例“超级传播者”直接或间接传染了全市94．3％的病例；呈现以A、B、C 3家医院聚集发病为特点的爆发性流行，占全市病例的68．6％，3家医院外的家庭聚集发病占全市病例的14．3％，同事间传播为2．3％，散发者为9．1％，这些散发者未造成接触者感染；早期医务人员发病较多，占总病例数的38．2％，流行全过程参加SARS救治工作的1975名医护人员的总感染率为3．4％；全部流行过程传染源明确，传染链清晰，全市仅3例患者未找到传染源，占病例总数的2％；在10例源头病例中仅“超级传播者”和另一病例传染了其接触者，其他传染源由于及时隔离未造成任何传播。结论：SARS是严重急性呼吸系统传染病，如能及时准确地掌握传染链并进行范围适当、及时有效的封闭及隔离措施，以科学的方法提高全民的警觉度，传染链可能在较短时间内被切断，从而控制传播。     

广东省1 164例社区传染性非典型肺炎病例流行病学分析

目的 通过分析社区传染性非典型肺炎(又称严重急性呼吸综合征，简称SARS)病例的流行病学特点，摸清社区SARS病例的发病规律、流行特征，为当前更有效地减少社区发病及有效防治提供科学依据。方法 采用描述性流行病学分析方法对1164例社区SARS病例进行调查，分析其三间分布特点。结果 截止2002年5月12日，广东省共报告1：164例社区SARS病例，病例分布在15个地级市，以珠江三角洲一带人口流动大的经济发达地区为主，其中广州病例最多，高达86．43％。发病的高峰在2月上、中旬，占病例总数的38.75％，并由2月上旬日均30.8例下降至5月上旬日均0．7例。社区病例以20～59岁年龄段为主，占总病例数的70．96％。社区病例病死率为4.30％，农民病死率最高，达12．50％。80.7％的社区病例无明确同类病例接触史。结论 广东省社区SARS病例以散发为主，且疫情已得到有效控制。     

连云港市2008年风疹疫情分析

目的了解连云港市风疹流行特征与规律,探讨适合该地区特点的风疹防治对策与措施。方法收集连云港市2008年风疹疫情资料,应用SPSS 6．12统计软件分析。结果2008年该市共报告风疹病例775例,无死亡病例,报告发病率为15．98／10万,人群以学生为主,占90．06％,发病年龄主要集中在10～14岁年龄组,占发病总数的62．32％,病例集中在3—5月份,占93．25％。结论该市风疹为局部暴发流行,做好重点地区和重点发病人群的防制是今后防控工作的重点。     

广州市番禺区传染性非典型肺炎疫情分析

目的 分析广州市番禺区传染性非典型肺炎(SARS)疫情特点，了解流行因素，探讨防制措施。方法 采用统一的流行病学个案调查表对番禺区报告的SARS病例进行调查和统计分析。结果 2003年2月11日至5月31日共发生SARS病例16例，死亡2例。发病高峰在2～3月，占总病例数的81．3％；30～45岁病例占总病例数的56．2％，以离退休人员及家务待业人员多发(占37．5％)；发病呈聚集性(占43．8％)。结论 SARS是新发现的传染病，目前已得到有效控制。加强医院感染的控制。可有效减少SARS发病。     

广州市东山区传染性非典型肺炎流行病学调查分析

目的 了解广州市东山区传染性非典型肺炎(SARS)病例分布情况及其流行特征。方法 对东山区传染性非典型肺炎病倒进行流行病学调查及分析。结果 2003年1月17日东山区出现首例传染性非典型肺炎病例，最后一例发病时间为4月30日。共发生病例122例，死亡8例，病死率为6．56％。2月份为发病高峰，其发病人数占总发病人数的51．64％，3、4月份发病人数逐步下降；21～30岁年龄组和31～40岁年龄组发病例数分别占总数的25．41％和20．49％；医务人员发病在职业人群中发病最高，占总数的28．68％。结论 在采取了有效的预防控制措施后传染性非典型肺炎的流行在东山区内已受到遏制。     

2007年龙岩市麻疹流行特征分析

目的分析龙岩市麻疹流行状况，探讨加速控制麻疹策略。方法采用流行病学方法对龙岩市2007年麻疹监测系统报告的病例资料进行分。结果龙岩市2007年报告麻疹确诊病例49例，报告发病率为1．70／10万；流动人口发病25例，占病例总数的51．02％；发生爆发疫情2起，发病19例，占病例总数的38．78％；确诊病例中10～14岁年龄组最多，占32．65％，小于8月龄儿童和成人也占较大比例；病例中有免疫史的16例，占32．65％。结论龙岩市2007年麻疹发病率维持在较低水平，据高流动人口中适龄儿童麻疹疫苗棒种率是消除麻疹流行的关键。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.