人血液介电谱Cole-Cole数学模型的解析

通过Cole-Cole方程的数值计算,对人血液介电谱实验数据进行曲线拟合的残差分析,建立人血液Cole-Cole数学模型参数。在104～108 Hz频率范围,使用Agilent 4294A阻抗分析仪测量30人70例全血导纳,并利用Cole-Cole方程的非线性数值计算,对实测数据进行曲线拟合,计算曲线拟合的残差数值。人血液介电谱的Cole-Cole数学模型参数:高频极限介电常数εh=45±5;第一弛豫介电增量Δε1=6 200±350、第一特征频率fC1=(500±5)kHz、第一弛豫分布系数β1=0.86±0.06、第二弛豫介电增量Δε2=990±310、第二特征频率fC2=(2.7±0.1)MHz、第二弛豫分布系数β2=0.975±0.015、低频极限电导率κl=(4.15±0.85)mS/cm。人血液细胞介电行为可以通过介电频谱、Cole-Cole图、介电损耗因子频谱、电导率虚部频谱及损耗角正切频谱等5个频谱进行表征,建立Cole-Cole模型参数。     

蛙骨骼肌细胞的被动电特性

应用宽频域阻抗测量技术研究骨骼肌纤维走行与电场呈垂直和平行两个方向的蛙离体骨骼肌的被动电特性。采用Cole-Cole数学模型的非线性数值计算,经过频域介电谱、Cole-Cole图、介电损耗因子和介电损耗角正切频率谱的曲线拟合分析,建立了蛙骨骼肌细胞在垂直和平行两个方向的介电参数：在垂直方向,高频段介电常数εh=78,第一介电常数增量△ε1=113000,第二介电常数增量△ε2=45000,第一特征频率,fc1=9kHz,第二特征频率fc2=158kHz,第一相位角β1=0．881,第二相位角β2=0．984,低频段电导率κL=0．55mS／cm;在平行方向,εh=78,△ε1=550000,△ε2=140000,fc1=1．12kHz,fc2=19．9kHz,β1=0．92,β2=0．99,κL=4．5mS／cm。     

正常人血小板射频段介电响应测量

目的 在射频段测量正常人血小板介电谱,建立血小板对交流电场介电响应的数据特征.方法 利用频域阻抗技术测量人血小板交流阻抗,经过介电谱、Cole-Cole图、介电损耗因子△ε"、导电率虚部△κ"、介电损耗角正切△tgδ等频谱,明确人血小板介电频响的数据特征.结果 在射频电场中,人血小板的介电常数和电导率具有频率依赖性;血小板介电响应具有两个中心特征频率:第一中心特征频率fC1=6.66 MHz,第二中心特征频率fC2=9.81 MHz.结论 交流阻抗技术能够测量血小板射频段介电响应.     

正常人血小板射频段介电响应测量

目的在射频段测量正常人血小板介电谱,建立血小板对交流电场介电响应的数据特征。方法利用频域阻抗技术测量人血小板交流阻抗,经过介电谱、Cole-Cole图、介电损耗因子Δε”、导电率虚部Δκ”、介电损耗角正切Δtgδ等频谱,明确人血小板介电频响的数据特征。结果在射频电场中,人血小板的介电常数和电导率具有频率依赖性;血小板介电响应具有两个中心特征频率:第一中心特征频率fC1=6.66MHz,第二中心特征频率fC2=9.81MHz。结论交流阻抗技术能够测量血小板射频段介电响应。     

垂直和平行方向的骨骼肌介电谱的比较研究

在10Hz-100MHz频率范围内，应用阻抗分析仪测量了骨骼肌纤维走行与测量电场呈垂直和平行两个方向上的蛙离体骨骼肌的介电谱。比较了平行和垂直于外施电场方向的骨骼肌细胞介电谱的区别：（1）在低频低，平行方向电导率（K1，∥）高于垂直方向电导率（K1，⊥）近10倍；（2）在高频段，平行方向电导率（Kh,∥）与垂直方向电导率（Kh,⊥）不相等，存在着约0.8mS/cm的差值；（3）在电导率Cole-Cole图上，平行方向电导率增量（△k∥)低于垂直方向电导率增量（△k⊥);(4)在介电损失（ε“)方面，平行方向介电损失（ε“∥）主峰明显高于垂直方向介电损失（ε“⊥)主峰；（5）在介电损耗角正切（tgδ）方面，平行介电损耗正切（tgδ∥）主峰的频率滞后于垂直方向介电损耗角正切（tgδ⊥）主峰的频率，但是tgδ∥峰值高于tgδ⊥峰值。     

蛙血细胞被动电生理特性的数据分析

在10^4-10^8Hz范围内,应用阻抗测量技术研究了蛙血液细胞的介电常数,电导率与电场频率的关系特性,利用细胞介电谱,Cole-Cole图,介电损失和损耗角正切分析了蛙血液细胞的被动电生理特性的数据特征,结果表明：蛙全血细胞具有两个特征频率,第一特征频率fci在10^5Hz范围内,第二特征频率fc2在10^6Hz范围内。     

30例健康人血液射频介电常数和电导率的测量

在10kHz～110MHz频率范围,利用4294A阻抗分析仪测量了30例正常健康人血液样本的介电常数和电导率,通过介电常数和电导率频谱、复数平面图、介电损耗频谱、电导率虚部频谱和损耗角正切频谱的数据分析,旨在建立正常人血液的电生理特征参数,为进一步的临床研究提供基础数据和研究方法。结果表明,正常健康人全血介电常数和电导率具有频率依从性,其介电行为具有两个特征频率：第一特征频率f1=0.59MHz;第二特征频率f2=2.12MHz。     

骨骼肌细胞的介电弛豫特性

在100Hz～100MHz频率范围内,利用非线性数值计算和曲线拟合分析,验证了蛙离体骨骼肌细胞的介电弛豫特性满足Cole-Cole公式(误差≤3.45%),通过频域介电谱、Cole-Cole图、介电损耗因子和介电损耗角正切频率谱的曲线拟合分析,确定了蛙骨骼肌细胞的Cole-Cole介电参数:高频段相对介电常数εh=78,第一相对介电增量△ε1=113000,第二相对介电增量△ε2=45000,第一特征频率fc1=9 kHz,第二特征频率fc2=158 kHz,第一相位角β1=0.881,第二相位角β2=0.984,低频段电导率κL=0.55mS/cm,常数A=35,常数m=1.08.     

正常人血小板介电谱的实验研究

在100KHz～110MHz范围内,测量人血小板的介电谱,分析了人血小板对交流电场的介电响应的数据特征。利用频域阻抗技术首次测量了正常人血小板交流阻抗,绘制血小板的介电常数和电导率与电场频率的关系曲线。建立了人血小板的介电谱和Cole-Cole图,明确了人血小板的介电频响的数据特征。在射频电场中,人血小板的介电常数和电导率具有频率依赖性,血小板介电谱具有两个特征频率:第一特征频率fC1为6.66MHz,第二特征频率fC2为9.81MHz。     

应用Cole-Cole公式分析蛙血液细胞介电谱

利用Cole-Cole公式对10^4～10^8Hz频率段的蛙血液细胞介电谱进行了曲线拟合分析，建立了蛙血液细胞Cole-Cole参数：高频段相对介电常数εh=60，第一相对介电增量△εl=4900，第二相对介电增量△ε2=1200，第一特征频率fl=0．2MHz，第二特征频率f2=2．4MHz，第一相位角βl=0．92，第二相位角β2=0．93，低频段电导率εl=3．38ms／cm。     

人血液细胞介电谱的实验研究

在0．01～100MHz范围内，测量人血液细胞的介电谱，确立人血液细胞对交流电场的介电响应的数据特征。利用频域阻抗技术测量了正常人血液细胞交流阻抗，绘制细胞的介电常数和电导率与电场频率的关系曲线。建立了人血液细胞的介电谱和Cole—Cole图，明确了人血细胞的介电频响的数据特征。在射频电场中，人血液细胞的介电常数和电导率具有频率依赖性，表现为具有两个特征频率的介电弛豫：第一介电弛豫发生在fc。为1．42MHz，第二介电弛豫产生在fcz为3．32MHz。     

Anisotropy in the dielectric properties of skeletal muscle

The dielectric permittivity and conductivity of freshly excised dog skeletal muscle were measured at frequencies between 20 Hz and 1 MHz, with the tissue samples oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the applied electric field. At frequencies below 100 kHz a four-electrode technique was employed; at frequencies above 100 kHz a conventional two-electrode technique was used in conjunction with a commercial admittance bridge. All measurements were performed with the tissue sample at body temperature. Over the entire frequency range of the study, the dielectric properties of the muscle were found to be significantly anisotropic. At audio frequencies, the conductivity of the muscle measured in a direction parallel to the fibre orientation was typically found to be ten times higher than that measured perpendicular to the fibre axis; at frequencies approaching 1 MHz the conductivities measured in both directions approached a common value, near 8 ms cm^?1. The dielectric permittivity in both orientations is strongly dependent on frequency. These data are analysed using the suspension equation, and comments are made on the mechanisms that are responsible for the observed properties. In an Appendix these results are related to some of the very early work on the subject.     

Dielectric behavior of pulmonary edema induced in the rat lung

The dielectric properties (conductivity, kappa and relative permittivity, epsilon) of excised rat lung are modified by lung air and water content. The measurements of these quantities were made over the frequency range of 10 kHz to 100 MHz with an open-ended coaxial probe. The following relationships were analyzed in an oleic acid-induced pulmonary edema model using 18 animals: the spectra of kappa, epsilon and the loss tangent as a function of lung air and water content. Secondly, an isolated-perfused lung system was produced to induce a gradual increase in lung water. The time course of kappa, epsilon and the loss tangent for one excised lung was analyzed. The principal findings were: (i) a decrease in kappa and epsilon with increasing air content, (ii) an increase in kappa and epsilon with increasing water content, and (iii) a good correlation between lung water content and maximum loss tangent that was insensitive to changes in air content. We conclude that this technique could provide a quantitative assessment of lung water during pulmonary edema formation.     

Dielectric properties of mammalian breast milk at radiofrequencies

The relative permittivity and AC conductivity of breast milk have been investigated in four different mammalian species, human, cow, goat and sheep, in the frequency range 0.1-100 MHz and at a room temperature of 26.5 +/- 0.5 degrees C. The results showed that the sheep milk exhibited the largest dielectric dispersion, followed in decreasing order by milks from the goat, cow and human. The dielectric data were fitted to the Debye and Cole-Cole structural equations and the fitted parameters have been presented for the different species. The curve-fitting analysis has shown that for all the milk samples the Cole-Cole model gave a better fit to the dielectric data than the Debye model, thus suggesting heterogeneity of structure in milk. On the basis of the Cole-Cole model, the relaxation times in the mammalian milks were found to be distributed about the mean values of 162 +/- 10, 171 +/- 9, 177 +/- 14 and 192 +/- 12 ns for human, cow, goat and sheep milks, respectively.     

A large-scale study of the ultrawideband microwave dielectric properties of normal breast tissue obtained from reduction surgeries

The efficacy of emerging microwave breast cancer detection and treatment techniques will depend, in part, on the dielectric properties of normal breast tissue. However, knowledge of these properties at microwave frequencies has been limited due to gaps and discrepancies in previously reported small-scale studies. To address these issues, we experimentally characterized the wideband microwave-frequency dielectric properties of a large number of normal breast tissue samples obtained from breast reduction surgeries at the University of Wisconsin and University of Calgary hospitals. The dielectric spectroscopy measurements were conducted from 0.5 to 20 GHz using a precision open-ended coaxial probe. The tissue composition within the probe's sensing region was quantified in terms of percentages of adipose, fibroconnective and glandular tissues. We fit a one-pole Cole-Cole model to the complex permittivity data set obtained for each sample and determined median Cole-Cole parameters for three groups of normal breast tissues, categorized by adipose tissue content (0-30%, 31-84% and 85-100%). Our analysis of the dielectric properties data for 354 tissue samples reveals that there is a large variation in the dielectric properties of normal breast tissue due to substantial tissue heterogeneity. We observed no statistically significant difference between the within-patient and between-patient variability in the dielectric properties.     

Interrelationships between electrical properties and microstructure of human trabecular bone

Microstructural changes, such as reduction of trabecular thickness and number, are characteristic signs of osteoporosis leading to diminished bone strength. Electrical and dielectric parameters might provide diagnostically valuable information on trabecular bone microstructure not extractable from bone mineral density measurements. In this study, structural properties of human trabecular bone samples (n=26) harvested from the distal femur and proximal tibia were investigated using the computed microtomography (microCT) technique. Quantitative parameters, e.g. structural model index (SMI) or trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV), were calculated. In addition, the samples were examined electrically over a wide frequency range (50 Hz-5 MHz) using a two-electrode impedance spectroscopy set-up. Relative permittivity, loss factor, conductivity, phase angle, specific impedance and dissipation factor were determined. Significant linear correlations were obtained between the dissipation factor and BV/TV or SMI (|r| 0.70, p<0.01, n=26). Principal component analyses, conducted on electrical and structural parameters, revealed that the high frequency principal component of the dissipation factor was significantly related to SMI (r=0.72, p<0.01, n=26). The linear combination of high and low frequency relative permittivity predicted 73% of the variation in BV/TV. To conclude, electrical and dielectric parameters of trabecular bone, especially relative permittivity and dissipation factor, were significantly and specifically related to a trabecular microstructure as characterized with microCT. The data gathered in this study constitute a useful basis for theoretical and experimental work towards the development of impedance spectroscopy techniques for detection of bone quality in vitro or in special cases of open surgery.     

Effect of human trabecular bone composition on its electrical properties

Mechanical properties of bone are determined not only by bone mineral density (BMD), but also by tissue trabecular structure and organic composition. Impedance spectroscopy has shown potential to diagnose trabecular bone BMD and strength, however, the relationships between organic composition and electrical and dielectric properties have not been systematically investigated. To investigate these issues organic composition of 26 human trabecular bone samples harvested from the distal femur and proximal tibia was determined and compared with relative permittivity, loss factor, conductivity, phase angle, specific impedance and dissipation factor measured at wide range (50 Hz to 5 MHz) of frequencies. A strong linear correlation was found between the relative permittivity at 1.2 MHz and trabecular bone fat content (r = -0.85, p<0.01, n=26). On the other hand, relative permittivity measured at 200 Hz served as a good predictor of water content (r = 0.83). Phase angle, specific impedance and especially conductivity were strongly related to the trabecular bone dry density and water content (|r| > or = 0.69). Variation in bone tissue collagen content was strongly related to the relative permittivity measured at 1.2 MHz (r = 0.64), but only moderately to other parameters. Glycosaminoglycan content showed no significant relations with any investigated electrical parameters. The present study indicates that if the trabecular bone composition is known, the relationships presented in this study could facilitate calculation of current field distribution, e.g. during electrical stimulation of osteogenesis. On the other hand, our results suggest that permittivity measured at low (<1 kHz) or high (>100 kHz) frequencies could be used, e.g. during implant surgery, for prediction of trabecular bone water or fat contents, respectively.