皖南歙县药用植物分布新记录

目的 摸清皖南野生药用植物分布的新种类,为后期安徽省药用植物资源种类的统计奠定基础.方法 采用野外调查、文献查阅和标本鉴定的研究方法.结果 皖南有4种药用植物分布新记录,新记录种分别是锦葵科植物白背黄花稔Sida rhombi folia Linn.、景天科植物土佐景天Sedum tosaense Makino、大戟科植物飞扬草Euphorbia hirta Linn.和荨麻科植物小叶冷水花Pilea microphylla (Linn.) Liebm..结论 这4种药用植物标本可为其在安徽的分布提供依据,可丰富安徽药用植物资源的种类.     

Plant profile,phytochemistry and pharmacology of Avartani (Helicteres isora Linn.): A review

Plants are used as medicine since ancient time, in organized (Ayurveda, Unani & Siddha) and unorganized (folk, native & tribal) form. In these systems, drugs are described either in Sanskrit or vernacular languages. Avartani (Helicteres isora Linn.) is a medicinal plant which is used in several diseases. It is commonly known as Marodphali, Marorphali, Enthani etc. due to screw like appearance of its fruit. Avartani is used as a folk medicine to treat snake bite, diarrhoea and constipation of new born baby. In the research, antioxidant, hypolipidaemic, antibacterial and antiplasmid activities, cardiac antioxidant, antiperoxidative potency, brain-antioxidation potency, anticancer activity, antinociceptive activity, hepatoprotective activity, anti-diarrheal activity and wormicidal activity in this plant were reviewed.     

Medicinal plants used by tribal population of Coochbehar district,West Bengal,India–an ethnobotanical survey

ObjectiveTo explore traditional ethnomedicinal knowledge of different tribes of Coochbehar district of West Bengal, India, and its present status.MethodsWith the help of standardized questionnaires, traditional healers and resource persons were interviewed on medicinal use of local flora in all the tribal villages of Coochbehar district during July, 2007 to December, 2009 and some of the places were revisited for this purpose again during July to December of 2012.ResultsA total of 46 plant species belonging to 42 genera and 27 families were reported to be used for treating 33 various physical ailments. In terms of the number of medicinal plant species, Fabaceae (5 species) and Euphorbiaceae (4 species) are dominant families. Among different plant parts used for the preparation of medicine, leaves were most frequently used for the treatment of diseases.ConclusionsIn all tribal villages we found the use of medicinal plants, particularly to treat common physical problems like smaller injuries, stomachache and abdominal disorder. However, non-availability of such plants in close vicinity is imposing restriction on using medicinal plants. Further research on these species may lead to the discovery of novel bioactive molecules in one hand and also it may open up a new horizon of sustainable development.     

山指甲与扭肚藤的比较鉴别研究

【目的】从植物的外观性状和显微特征等方面鉴别山指甲(Ligustrum sinense Lour.)和扭肚藤(Jasminum elongatum(Bergium)Wild.)的生药学异同点。【方法】采集2种植物新鲜的茎、叶、花、果为样品,采用体视镜进行外观形态鉴别;采用显微镜对2种植物的茎横切面、叶横切面、叶上下表皮撕片以及粉末进行显微鉴别。【结果】原植物形态鉴别:山指甲圆锥花序,花冠漏斗形;扭肚藤聚伞花序,花冠高脚碟状。显微特征鉴别:山指甲茎髓部较小,而扭肚藤茎髓部较大;山指甲茎粉末中石细胞孔沟或层纹多不明显,导管多为网纹导管,而扭肚藤茎粉末中石细胞孔沟或层纹明显,导管多为螺纹导管。【结论】研究结果可为山指甲和扭肚藤的药材鉴定及其开发利用提供依据。     

Antimicrobial Agents from Selected Medicinal Plants in Libya

Objective: To test the in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of water and methanol extracts of 23 plant species that are commonly used in Libyan folk medicine. Methods: The antimicrobial activity was determined using the well-diffusion method. Four test microorganisms were used namely, Escherichia coli , Salmonella species, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis . The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for the high biologically active crude plant extracts. Results: Among 23 medicinal plants used in the study, only 5 methanolic extracts [Rosmarinus offcinalis L., Carduus marianium L., Lantana camara L., Rhus tripartite (ueria) Grande, and Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffm (link)] showed the highest antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella species, while 22 methanolic and aqueous extracts showed moderate to weak antimicrobial activity on all tested organisms. However 19 of the extracts showed no activity at all against Gram –ve and Gram +ve microorganisms. MIC was found to be 1.25 mg/mL (Thymus capitatus), 3 mg/mL (Rhus tripartite), 4 mg/mL (Carduus marianium), 5 mg/mL (Rosamarinus officinalis) and 5 mg/mL (Lantana camara), respectively. Conclusions: The present results revealed that, crude methanolic extracts of the investigated Libyan folk medicinal plants exhibited mild to high in vitro antibacterial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.     

An ethnobotanical study of plants used for the treatment of livestock diseases in Tikamgarh District of Bundelkhand,Central India

ObjectiveTo explore and document the information regarding usage of ethnoveterinary medicinal plants utilized by rural farmers and traditional herbal healers for livestock healthcare in Tikamgarh District of Bundelkhnad, Central India.MethodsThe remote villages of Tikamgarh district were regularly visited from July 2011 to June 2012. Following the methods of Jain and Goel (1995) information regarding the usage of ethnoveterinary medicinal plants was collected.ResultsA total of 41 plant species in 39 genera and 25 families were used traditionally with various plant parts and their combinations for the treatment of more than 36 diseases in the studied area. Trees (17 species) were found to be the most used Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants followed by herbs (15 species), shrubs (6 species) and grasses (3) in descending order. The most common diseases cough, diarrhoea and fever were treated by 04 ethnoveterinary medicinal plant species.ConclusionsThe present study recommended that the crop and medicinal plant genetic resources cannot be conserved and protected without conserving/managing of the agro-ecosystem or natural habitat of medicinal plants and the socio-cultural organization of the local people. The same may be applied to protect indigenous knowledge, related to the use of medicinal and other wild plants. Introduction of medicinal plants in degraded government and common lands could be another option for promoting the rural economy together with environmental conservation, but has not received attention in the land rehabilitation programs in this region.     

A recent review on phytochemical constituents and medicinal properties of kesum (Polygonum minus Huds.)

Medicinal plants and herbal preparations are gaining renowned interest in scientific communities nowadays due to their reliable pharmacological actions and affordability to common people which makes them effective in control of various diseases. Polygonum minus (Polygonaceae) locally known as kesum is an aromatic plant commonly used in Malay delicacies. The plant is having potential applications due to its high volatile oil constituents in perfumes and powerful antioxidant activity. It has been used traditionally to treat various ailments including dandruff. The research has been carried out by various researchers using different in vitro and in vivo models for biological evaluations to support these claims. This review paper may help upcoming research activities on Polygonum minus by giving up to date information on the phytochemical constituents and medicinal properties of kesum to a possible extent with relevant data.     

Antifungal Effect of Plant Extract and Essential Oil

The advancement of phytochemical and phytopharmacological sciences has enabled elucidation of the composition and biological activities of several medicinal plant products including plant extract and essential oils. These products have been widely used around the world since ancient times for the treatment of various disorders such as diabetes, hypertension, peptic ulcer disease, microbial infection, sexual disorder and many more. Its popularity in the modern system of medicine is mainly due to their availability and fewer adverse reactions compared to synthetic drugs. Various scientifific investigations have been conducted to look for the potential of the extract from the plant or isolated compounds for the continued use of these products in the treatment and prevention of various kinds of human diseases. It is evident from the available literature and scientifific investigations that many plant species possess potential for use as a benefificial therapeutic remedy with multiple pharmacological actions such as analgesic, anti-inflflammatory, antipyretic, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, antimicrobial, antiulcer and anticonvulsant activities. The present review aims to provide relevant updated information about certain plant products, its composition, preparation and its fungicidal or fungistatic effects on different species of fungus as evaluated by studies done in the past. It introduces six medicinal plants that have been studied for their antifungal property and are found to be effective. The overall objective is to provide comprehensive information about the use of plant extract and essential oil for treating fungal infections and to explore the evidence supporting its effectiveness in treating fungal diseases without causing any serious adverse reactions.     

Ethnomedicinal plants used in the treatment of skin diseases in Hyderabad Karnataka region,Karnataka, India

Objective

To document traditional medicinal plants knowledge used in treating skin diseases at Hyderabad Karnataka Region.

Methods

The information on the use of medicinal plants in the treatment of skin diseases was gathered from traditional herbal healers and other villagers through interviews.

Results

A total of 60 plants species belonging to 57 genera and 34 families were found useful and herewith described them along with the method of drug preparation, mode of administration, probable dosage and duration of treatment. Several new findings on the traditional rural practices were reported.

Conclusions

The present study revealed that the Hyderabad Karnataka rural people is primarily dependent on medicinal plants for treating skin diseases.     

Ethnopharmacological Survey of Medicinal Plants in Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China

Objective To document the knowledge and the use of indigenous medicinal plants by traditional healers in Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China. Methods Data were collected from 112 randomly-selected interviewees using semi- structured interviews in wild herbal plant collected from 2007 to 2010. The data from the interviewees were analyzed with two quantitative tools. With the informant consensus factor, the information homology was evaluated and with the fidelity level the most important species from the categories were found. Results One hundred and fifty-two species belonging to 112 genera in 48 families with medicinal values were recorded. The reported medicinal plants species were used to treat 63 kinds of diseases. And the medicinal plants in this district possessed significant potentials for their pharmacological activities in the context of ethnopharmacological knowledge, especially in the treatments of gastrointestinal, dermatological, and cardiovascular diseases. Conclusion In this work, 152 medicinal plants with their ethnopharmacological information are reported. This study demonstrates that many species play an important role in healing practices among inhabitants from Baotou. More ethnopharmacological information of Mongolian medicinal plants should be gathered and documented in further studies, which is a fundamental step toward developing efficacious natural drugs for various diseases.     

Ethno botanical and Phytophrmacological potential of Abrus precatorius L.: A review

Medicinal plants are being widely used, either as a single drug or in combination in health care delivery system. Medicinal plants can be important source of previously unknown chemical substances with potential therapeutic effects. Abrus precatorius L. is commonly known as Gunja or Jequirity and abundantly found all throughout the plains of India, from Himalaya down to Southern India and Ceylon. This plant is having medicinal potential to cure various diseases. The roots, leaves and seeds of this plant are used for different medicinal purpose. It principally contains flavonoids, triterpene glycosides, abrin and alkaloids. The plant have been reported for neuromuscular effects, neuro-protective, abortifacient, antiepileptic, anti-viral, anti-malarial, antifertility, nephroprotective, immunomodulator, immunostimulatory properties, anti-inflammatory activity, antidiabetic effect, etc. As this is a potential medicinal plant, present review reveals chemical constituents of leaf, root and seeds of Abrus precatorius. The plant is considered as a valuable source of unique natural products for development of medicines against various diseases and also for the development of industrial products.     

植物内生菌对道地药材道地性的影响

目前,许多植物药用植物都分离到了植物内生菌,不同的植物含有的植物内生菌的种类和数量有很大差异。内生菌在和宿主长期共生过程中,形成了互惠共生的关系。一些植物内生菌能够产生和宿主相同的药物活性物质,从而影响药材的药物活性。因此,植物内生菌对药材的道地性有一定的影响。     

薄层色谱法检测海州常山桐树叶中肾上腺素的含量

In the Ayurvedic,Siddha and other medicalsystems of India,products derived from herbs,used either as active ingredients or as adjuvants,hold paramount i mportance as alternative medi-cines.However,their standardization poses a greatchallenge.Correct identification of these drugs isoften problematic     

New Collection of Crude Drugs in Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010 I. Callicarpa Linn. and Related Items

Callicarpa Linn. (beautyberry) is one of the major genera in Verbenaceous, about 20 of which are medicinal plants. Beautyberry, called Zizhu in China, is a generic name of those species and largely used as hemostatic medicine. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010 has admitted three new crude drugs from the genus of Callicarpa Linn. including Callicarpae Macrophyllae Folium, Callicarpae Caulis et Folium, and Callicarpae Formosanae Folium for the first time since the 1977 version of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. In order to better understand these new crude drugs, we systematically described their bibliography, admission reasons, botanical identification, chemistry, and pharmacology. Several other species, out of national regulations but intensively studied and widely used, are also covered in this review.     

基因芯片技术在药用植物研究中的应用

基因芯片技术是近年来迅速发展起来的一项生物技术。由于其具有大规模、高通量、平行检测等优势,已在多个领域得到广泛应用。根据新近的研究资料讨论该技术在药用植物中最新的应用情况,包括分离差异表达的基因及发现新基因、功能基因组学的研究、中药的鉴定、转基因药用植物的检测、药用植物作用分子机制及病害的相关研究等内容,并简要介绍其存在的问题及未来应用的展望。     

金丝桃属植物的HPLC指纹谱研究

目的 建立金丝桃属植物的HPLC指纹谱，对该属植物中所含的化学成分进行综合评价并为该属植物鉴定提供依据。方法 采用HPLC方法将获得的色谱数据转化为色谱指纹谱，据此对样品进行分折鉴别。结果 不同种金丝桃均显示了它们各自的指纹特征。结论HPLC指纹谱可以用来鉴别金丝桃属的不同种植物，该属植物种间的化学成分有较高的相似性，但各相应的成分含量差异显著。     

In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Some Traditional Persian Medicinal Plants on Pathogenic Fungi

Objective

To investigate the antifungal activities of the extracts and sub-fractions of Phlomis olivieri, Verbascum speciosum, Sambucus ebulus and Erigeron hyrcanicus, four Persian medicinal plants used in Iranian folk medicine.

Methods

Evaluation of the antifungal activity was performed on the clinical isolates of pathogenic fungi including Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. verrucosum, Microsporum canis, M. gypseum and Epidermophyton floccosum, and the yeast Candida albicans. The susceptibility tests were done by agar well diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of active extracts and sub-fractions were measured using method of National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS).

Results

Only P. olivieri sub-fractions were found to have fungicidal activity among the other investigated plants. The MIC and MFC was found to be high in petroleum ether, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions (100 and 200 mg/mL) against the studied pathogenic fungi and the yeast Candida albicans. P. olivieri sub-fractions significantly inhibited the growth of all pathogenic fungi and the yeast studied.

Conclusion

If the antifungal activity of P. olivieri is confirmed by in vivo studies and if the responsible compound (s) is isolated and identified, it could be a good remedy for mycotic infections.

     

Identification of medicinal plants effective in infectious diseases in Urmia,northwest of Iran

Objective: To identify the medicinal plants effective in infectious diseases.Methods: Initially, we obtained a list of herbalists and traditional healers from Food and Drug Deputy. Direct observations and interviews as well as collection of herbarium specimens of indigenous medicinal plants effective in infectious diseases of urinary tract,reproductive, digestive, respiratory and skin systems were performed. This study was conducted through questionnaires and interviews; the questionnaires were distributed among traditional healers and simultaneous interviews were also run. The plants were herbariumized, herbarium specimens were authenticated, and their species were determined by using reliable flora and other sources. Finally, the data were input into Excel2010 and analyses were performed.Results: Out of the studied plants, 35 native medicinal plants belonging to 17 families were effective in the treatment of various diseases and infections. In this study, the Lamiaceae family had the highest frequency of plants for the treatment of infections.Traditional healers of Urmia in 24% of cases used the leaves of medicinal herb to treat patients. In 68% of cases, they prescribed medicinal herbs in the boiled forms. Most medicinal herbs showed therapeutic effect on the digestive system.Conclusions: Traditional medicinal sources, valuable knowledge of traditional healers in Urmia, the scientific investigation of the effects of the herbs offered in this study and their effects in traditional medicine may provide a good source for new drugs in modern medicine.     

Novel Approaches for Diagnosing Melanoma Skin Lesions Through Supervised and Deep Learning Algorithms

Dermoscopy is a technique used to capture the images of skin, and these images are useful to analyze the different types of skin diseases. Malignant melanoma is a kind of skin cancer whose severity even leads to death. Earlier detection of melanoma prevents death and the clinicians can treat the patients to increase the chances of survival. Only few machine learning algorithms are developed to detect the melanoma using its features. This paper proposes a Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) system which equips efficient algorithms to classify and predict the melanoma. Enhancement of the images are done using Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization technique (CLAHE) and median filter. A new segmentation algorithm called Normalized Otsu’s Segmentation (NOS) is implemented to segment the affected skin lesion from the normal skin, which overcomes the problem of variable illumination. Fifteen features are derived and extracted from the segmented images are fed into the proposed classification techniques like Deep Learning based Neural Networks and Hybrid Adaboost-Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithms. The proposed system is tested and validated with nearly 992 images (malignant & benign lesions) and it provides a high classification accuracy of 93 %. The proposed CAD system can assist the dermatologists to confirm the decision of the diagnosis and to avoid excisional biopsies.     

牯牛降国家自然保护区珍稀濒危药用植物资源调查

目的 调查牯牛降国家自然保护区的珍稀濒危药用植物资源,对资源的保护及永续利用进行探讨。方法 通过查阅文献、走访调查、野外实地调查、标本采集与鉴定,对保护区的珍稀濒危药用植物特色进行整理分析。结果 牯牛降有珍稀濒危药用植物30科58种,其中国家级保护植物18种,其他珍稀药用植物40种。在58种珍稀濒危药用植物中,28种是常用中药材的正品来源,12种是中国特有的第四纪以前孑遗植物。结论 牯牛降国家自然保护区珍稀濒危药用植物种类丰富,需合理利用,并加强环境和资源保护。