缺血病史对老年急性心梗患者近期预后的影响

观察了213例急性心肌梗塞患者CPK峰值与缺血病史的关系。结果表明无病史组CPK、LDH和SGOT峰值显著高于有病史组;CPK峰值在无病史组中老年和非老年患者显著高于有病史组同年龄患者;在无病史组老年患者明显低于非老年患者;在有病史组中老年和非老年患者间无显著差异。提示无缺血病史患者和非老年患者的梗塞面积更大。两组中部分严重并发症老年患者较高。     

老年急性心肌梗死住院患者临床特点及急诊介入治疗的近期疗效

目的评价急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)对老年急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者住院期间的疗效。方法将沈阳军区总医院心血管中心从1995年12月至2006年6月收治的1337例AMI患者分为老年组(≥60岁,771例)和非老年组(<60岁,566例),于发病24h内行急诊PCI,比较两组患者的临床和冠脉造影特征、PCI成功率及术后并发症发生率。结果老年组有高血压、糖尿病、典型心绞痛等病史患者显著多于非老年组(P<0.05);老年组女性、非ST段抬高型AMI、急性左心衰、心源性休克患者显著多于非老年组(P<0.05);而非老年组吸烟和有高脂血症病史患者显著多于老年组(P<0.05)。老年组3支病变率为63.8%,显著高于非老年组的52.5%(P<0.01)。从发病至球囊扩张时间、PCI即刻成功率、无复流发生率、造影剂用量、术后住院时间在两组均无显著差异(P>0.05);术后心绞痛复发、再次心肌梗死、缺血性靶血管重建及非心脏并发症发生率两组亦无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论急诊介入治疗是老年AMI患者很好的可供选择治疗方法。     

老年女性急性心肌梗死患者经皮冠状动脉介入的长期疗效

目的 评价老年女性急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)后的长期临床疗效.方法 2006年8月至2010年11月行PCI治疗AMI女性患者,老年(≥65例)女性为332例,非老年(＜65岁)为236例,分析并比较两组患者的临床特征、围术期并发症以及随访期间主要不良心脑血管事件(MACCE)发生率.结果 老年组发生高血压病和脑血管病的比例明显高于非老年组(P＜0.05).老年组手术并发症的发生率与非老年组无明显差异.两组成功PCI的AMI女性患者随访24～ 72个月,平均(46.0±18.0)个月,老年组316例接受随访,无症状存活233例(73.7％).149例患者复查冠脉造影,23例(15.4％)发生再狭窄,总MACCE率14.2％ (45/316);非老年组228例接受随访,无症状存活175例(76.8％),126例患者复查冠脉造影,16例(12.7％)发生再狭窄,总MACCE率12.3％ (28/228),与老年组比较无显著性差异.结论 尽管老年女性AMI患者高血压和脑血管病的发生率明显高于非老年女性AMI患者,但两组PCI治疗成功率均较高,严重并发症发生率低,其长期临床疗效相似.PCI仍是老年女性AMI患者的首选治疗方法.     

老年急性心肌梗死特点及急诊介入治疗近期疗效分析

目的探讨急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)对老年急性心肌梗死(AMI)的疗效和安全性。方法采用回顾性分析方法 ,将228例行急诊PCI的AMI患者分为老年组(n=116例)和非老年组(n=112例),分别对两组的临床特征、住院时间和并发症发生率进行比较。结果两组患者平均住院时间非老年组明显短于老年组(P0.01);入院到球囊扩张平均时间两组间无显著性差异(P0.05),老年组置入2个以上支架数、住院期间二次PCI和梗死后心绞痛明显高于非老年组(P0.01),再梗死两组间无显著性差异(P0.05),老年组严重心律失常和泵功能KillipⅢ级以上明显多于非老年组血(P0.01),但两组间心源性休克的发生率和30d死亡率无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论老年AMI行急诊PCI治疗并发症高于非老年患者,但并不增加近期死亡率。     

老年急性心肌梗塞直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的价值

目的:评价老年急性心肌梗塞(AMI)患者直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的临床疗效。方法:对比分析66例老年和42例非老年AMI患者梗塞相关血管(IRA)急诊PCI的结果。结果:老年组冠脉IRA以前降支、右冠脉多见,与非老年组比较无显著性差异(P>0.05);老年组总成功率97%、死亡率2%、外周血管并发症发生率3%、住院天数(12±4.5)d,术中心律失常等与非老年组无显著性差异(P>0.05),心绞痛发作次数显著多于非老年组(P<0.05)。结论:老年AMI患者急诊PCI手术疗效与非老年组相近,无显著差异。     

心肌缺血预适应对急性心肌梗死影响的观察

目的:探讨心肌缺血预适应对急性心肌梗死(AMI)临床表现及其预后的影响。方法:根据AMI前有无心绞痛发作分为预缺血组和无预缺血组,分组观察AMI患者血清肌酸磷酸激酶(CPK)峰值,住院期间并发症(心衰、心源性休克、严重心律失常),以及住院期间心性病死率。结果:预缺血组血清CPK峰值明显低于无预缺血组(P<0.05),住院期间心源性休克及严重心律失常发生率明显低于无预缺血组(P<0.05)。结论:心肌缺血预适应可减轻心肌坏死程度,缩小梗死面积,并减少AMI并发症的产生。     

老年人急性心肌梗死的临床特征分析

目的　探讨老年人急性心肌梗死 (AMI)的临床特点。方法　对住院的 AMI患者的临床资料进行统计 ,分析年龄≥ 6 0岁的老年 AMI患者 (老年组 )及年龄 <6 0岁 (非老年组 )患者的临床特点。结果　本研究包括 2 5 8例老年AMI患者 (平均年龄 6 8.5± 6 .6岁 )及 117例非老年 AMI患者 (平均年龄 5 1.2± 6 .8岁 )。与非老年患者比较 ,老年AMI患者更多患有心绞痛或陈旧性心肌梗死 (7.8%与 18.2 % ,P <0 .0 2 )及高血压病 (43.6 %与 5 8.1% ,P <0 .0 1)。表现为无 Q波心肌梗死 (NQMI)的老年患者明显高于非老年组 (13.1%与 6 .0 % ,P<0 .0 5 ) ,肌酸激酶 (CK)峰值在老年组则显著低于非老年组 (1198.7± 132 2 .1U /L与 15 70 .4± 15 0 7.0 U /L ,P<0 .0 2 )。老年组较非老年组中有更多的患者伴有心力衰竭 (8.5 %与 2 .6 % ,P<0 .0 2 ) ,心房颤动 (14 .7%与 5 .1% ,P<0 .0 1)及右束支传导阻滞 (RBBB) (8.9%及 0 % ,P<0 .0 0 1) ,死亡率也显著增高 (13.5 %与 5 .1% ,P<0 .0 2 ) ,但老年患者却较少接受静脉溶栓治疗 (2 0 .1%及 4 1.9% ,P<0 .0 0 1)及择期经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术 (PTCA) (13.5 %与 33.3% ,P<0 .0 0 1)。结论　本研究提示老年 AMI患者较非老年患者更多表现为 NQMI,更多伴有心房颤动、心力衰竭及 RBBB等     

年龄对首次急性心肌梗塞发病率和预后的影响

大量的研究证明,年龄是急性心肌梗塞(AMI)患者住院期和长期预后的重要因素。作者分析1975～1984年间2 115例首次AMI后发现,这10年间各年龄组首次AMI发病率下降:25～54岁组下降46％,55～64岁组下降9％,65～74岁组下降21％,≥75岁组则下降8％。65岁以上年龄组中,女性、心绞痛病史、高血压、糖尿病较多(p<0.001);非Q波型心肌梗塞较多,梗塞范围(根据血清CPK峰值)较小,住院期充血性心力衰竭、心源性休克较多(p<0.001)。首次AMI后血清CPK峰值≥5倍正常范围的人数,在<55岁组中为67％,55～64岁组为65％,65～74岁组为56％,≥75岁组则为     

老年糖尿病合并急性心肌梗死后心功能评价

目的　探讨老年糖尿病合并急性心肌梗死后心功能变化及对预后的影响。　 方法 　对 5 8例 60岁以上老年糖尿病合并急性心肌梗死 (DM AMI)与 49例无糖尿病老年急性心肌梗死 (NDM AMI)患者 ,经同样的方法治疗后分别于 4周和 6月做超声心动图 ,比较 2组心功能差异及严重并发症发生率、病死率等。　 结果　DM AMI组梗死后 6月左室舒张末容量 (LVEDV)及收缩末容量 (LVESV)明显高于NDM AMI组 (P <0 0 1) ,而左室射血分数(LVEF)则明显低于NDM AMI组 (P <0 0 1) ,2组肌酸磷酸激酶 (CPK)峰值及心电图QRS记分均无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。　 结论 　DM AMI组较NDM -AMI组住院期间病死率及严重并发症发生率明显增高 ,提示DM AMI者左室功能及预后较NDM AMI者差 ,可能与合并糖尿病性心肌病有关     

高龄患者支架内慢性完全闭塞介入治疗

目的探讨高龄患者冠状动脉支架内慢性完全闭塞(ISCTO)病变经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗的预后及安全性。方法 2006年1月至2011年1月入院复查造影发现有ISCTO病变的38例老年患者(年龄≥70岁)及53例非老年患者(年龄70岁)行再次PCI治疗。对两组患者的临床资料、PCI治疗结果以及围术期并发症和随访期间主要不良心脑血管事件(MACE)发生率进行回顾性分析。结果老年组糖尿病,高血压,高脂血症及心力衰竭的比例高于非老年组(均P0.05)。老年组ISCTO中绝对性闭塞、刀切状病变、长度≥15 mm、直径≤2.5 mm、病变处弯曲≥45°或有分支发出的病变比例均高于非老年组(均P0.05)。两组病变手术成功率无统计学差异(90%vs 92%)。两组术中无死亡病例,术后住院期间无MACE发生,无患者进行急诊冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)。老年组和非老年组分别随访(12±4)个月和(13±5)个月,老年组心绞痛复发率低于非老年组(P0.05),两组MACE事件发生率无统计学差异。结论对老年患者的ISCTO病变行PCI治疗是安全而有效的。     

Incidence of hypertension in an ambulatory elderly population

Investigations of the natural history of blood pressure have generally evaluated mean systolic and diastolic pressure changes. While information, this information is not directly applicable to clinical practice settings, in which patients are usually classified as normotensive or hypertensive. We measured the actual incidence of hypertension, using two different definitions, in an ambulatory elderly population of 2,584 individuals over an 8-year period. Using the less stringent blood pressure definition (systolic blood pressure greater than 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 90 mmHg), 884 (34.2%) participants were normotensive and 1,700 (65.8%) were hypertensive at an initial screening. The average annual incidence of hypertension over the subsequent eight years was 13.2%, and life tables demonstrated a gradual risk of developing hypertension. The development of hypertension was not associated with gender or age; while older age groups had a greater chance of developing hypertension than younger, the difference did not reach statistical significance.     

Postprandial hypotension in the elderly with and without hypertension]

To clarify the mechanism of postprandial hypotension in the elderly, blood pressure and humoral factors were measured before and after meal, water, and glucose ingestion in 20 healthy elderly. The elderly patients were divided into 10 normotensive and 10 hypertensive cases. A reduction in systolic BP after meals in the hypertensive group was significantly larger than that in the normotensive group (-12.0 +/- 4.1 vs. 4.0 +/- 3.2 mmHg, p < 0.05). Systolic BP in hypertensive group significantly decreased at 30, 45 and 60 minutes after meals compared to the value before meals. However, no significant reduction in systolic BP was observed in the normotensive group. A change in systolic BP after meal significantly correlated with that after glucose, but not with that after water ingestion, suggesting that glucose intake mainly contributes to the postprandial hypotension in the elderly. An increase in plasma renin activity and plasma catecholamine were observed after meals in the normotensive group, but not in the hypertensive group. An increase in systolic BP significantly correlated with an increase in PRA. It was suggested that an impairment of the sympathetic nervous system in the elderly with hypertension was involved in the mechanism of postprandial hypotension.     

Influence of age and severity of hypertension on blood pressure response to isometric handgrip exercise.

The influence of age and severity of hypertension on the blood pressure response to isometric handgrip exercise (IHG) was studied in essential hypertensive patients (n = 122). The change in blood pressure during IHG in elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) (n = 12) was also studied. Left ventricular hypertrophy due to hypertension was used as an index of the severity of hypertension. The change in systolic blood pressure (SBP) during IHG was markedly greater in essential hypertensives than in normotensive subjects (n = 36). Among hypertensive patients, the change in SBP increased with increasing severity of hypertension. This change in SBP was not influenced by age. The change in SBP during IHG in patients with ISH was significantly smaller than that in essential hypertensive patients and was similar to that in normotensive subjects in the elderly. These results demonstrate that age does not affect the increased blood pressure response to IHG in essential hypertensive patients but the greater the severity of hypertension, the greater the increase in SBP during IHG. Elderly patients with ISH do not have an enhanced blood pressure response to IHG.     

Increased Osmotic Fragility of Erythrocytes in Essential Hypertension

The correlation between hypertension and the osmotic fragility of erythrocytes was examined. High osmotic fragility of erythrocytes was observed in patients with essential hypertension and normotensive subjects with family history of hypertension, compared with normotensive controls without family history of hypertension. In patients with secondary hypertension, the osmotic fragility of erythrocytes was not significantly different from that of normotensive controls without family history of hypertension. The membrane fragility had no correlation with the level of blood pressure or dietary salt intake. Thus, the osmotic fragility of erythrocytes might reflect functional or structural abnormalities of cell membranes, and could be one of the genetic markers of the hypertensive predisposition.     

Abnormal pressure passive dilatation of cerebral arterioles in the elderly with isolated systolic hypertension

The aim of this study was to investigate the cerebrovascular adaptability to 2 sequential pressor stimuli in elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Ten healthy elderly normotensive subjects (68 to 82 years), 10 elderly subjects with isolated systolic hypertension (63 to 82 years), and 10 young normotensive subjects (24 to 40 years) took part in the study. A pressor reaction, using sequential cold pressor and handgrip stimulation, was induced. The cerebrovascular response to the pressor stimulation was measured by transcranial Doppler determination of the mean flow velocity in the middle cerebral arteries. In all of the subjects, blood pressure increased during handgrip (+12 mm Hg, P<0.001 in the young; +18 mm Hg, P<0.01 in the elderly normotensive subjects; +19 mm Hg, P<0.001 in the hypertensive patients versus baseline). In the hypertensive subjects, the pressure increase persisted well into the recovery period. The pressure increase caused a significant increase in mean flow velocity in the middle cerebral arteries only in the elderly subjects. Cold pressor test increased blood pressure in all of the subjects during stimulation and the first 2 minutes of the recovery period (at whole-curve ANOVA: F=22.03, P<0.001 in the young participants; F=18.3, P<0.001 in the normotensive elderly; and F=13.04, P<0.001 in the hypertensive elderly). Mean flow velocity in the middle cerebral arteries significantly increased only in the hypertensive subjects. In the elderly hypertensive patients, the cerebrovascular reaction to adrenergic stimuli was more impaired than in the elderly normotensive subjects. This event can amplify the pressure insult on cerebral hemodynamics and increase the predisposition to cerebral damage, such as vascular cognitive impairment or stroke.     

Determinants of endothelial cell damage in the elderly hypertension: assessment by plasma von Willebrand factor

To investigate the determinants of endothelial cell damage in hypertensive elderly patients, we measured the plasma von Willebrand factor (vWF) levels by a recently developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using monoclonal antibody for the functional epitope. Plasma vWF level was markedly increased in the elderly normotensive subjects (n = 42) than in younger normotensive subjects (n = 39) (127 vs 88%, p < .0001), and was further increased in elderly hypertensive subjects (n = 68) (148%, p < .05 vs elderly normotensives). The vWF level was positively correlated with body mass index in younger normotensive subjects (r = 0.41, p < .01), with systolic blood pressure (BP) in elderly normotensive subjects (r = 0.41, p < .01), and with age (r = 0.44, p < .001) and fibrinogen level (r = 0.37, p < .01) in elderly hypertensive subjects. In elderly hypertensive subjects (n = 150), vWF level had a stronger positive correlation with 24-hr systolic BP measured (r = 0.41, p < .0001) by ambulatory BP monitoring than with clinic systolic BP (r = 0.33, p < .0001). In conclusion, in hypertensive elderly patients, endothelial cell damage increases with systolic BP and fibrinogen levels, indicating a prethrombotic condition.     

Hypertension and hyperparathyroidism: Inverse relation of serum phosphate level and blood pressure

In a retrospective study of 120 patients with surgically proved primary hyperparathyroidism, 71 patients who were normotensive and 49 patients (41 percent) who were either hypertensive at the time of parathyroidectomy or had a history of hypertension were compared. The mean serum calcium levels in the normotensive and hypertensive patients were very similar (11.6 ± 0.1 [SEM] mg/dl, and 11.8 ± 0.1), ruling against the hypothesis that hypercalcemia per se is the dominant cause of the hypertension of hyperparathyroidism. The mean serum creatinine levels in the two groups were also very similar (1.02 ± 0.05 and 1.09 ± 0.05 mg/dl), indicating that the hypertension of hyperparathyroidism is not the consequence of advanced renal parenchymal damage. The hypertensive patients did not have a significantly higher prevalence of urolithiasis. A review of the data in this and related studies leads to the conclusion that the hypertension of hyperparathyroidism is heterogeneous in origin. The mean serum phosphate level in the hypertensive patients was significantly lower than that in the normotensive patients (2.20 ±0.06 mg/dl versus 2.69 ± 0.09 mg/dl, p < 0.02), which may be due to a decrease in renal tubular phosphate reabsorption secondary to hypertension.     

Relation of Age to Left Ventricular Structure, Function, and Systemic Hemodynamics in Normotensive and Hypertensive Employed Adults

To determine the effect of age on left ventricular status and systemic hemodynamics, we evaluated by echocardiogram older (age at or above 60 years, n equals 148) and younger (age is less than 60 years, n equals 472) employed adults. Using World Health Organization criteria, the population was divided into the following blood pressure strata: normotensive (n equals 142), borderline hypertensive (n equals 194), and sustained hypertensive (n equals 284). Older subjects were compared to younger subjects in each blood pressure stratum. Older subjects with borderline hypertension and sustained hypertension had a higher systolic blood pressure and wider pulse pressure than younger individuals. Older subjects with borderline hypertension had higher left ventricular mass index (106.7?+/-28.7 vs 93.9?+/-22.4, P equals 0.03), and greater wall thicknesses and relative wall thicknesses than younger subjects. Older borderline hypertensive patients had greater left ventricular wall thicknesses and mass, but closely resembled both age groups of sustained hypertensive patients in this regard. Older and younger individuals with borderline hypertension had similar mean cardiac outputs, stroke volumes, and peripheral resistances. In contrast, older patients with sustained hypertension had a lower stroke volume, stroke volume index, cardiac output, cardiac index, and fractional shortening, and a higher total peripheral resistance than their younger counterparts. There were no significant relations between age and any echocardiographic measurement in normotensive subjects. Borderline hypertensive individuals exhibited weak relationships between age and left ventricular wall thicknesses (r equals 0.17; 23) and left ventricular internal dimensions (r equals -0.19 and -0.21). Very weak negative relationships were identified between age and cardiac output for both hypertensive groups. In conclusion, increasing age had relatively little effect on cardiac status in either normotensive or sustained hypertensive employed adults, but was associated with greater left ventricular hypertrophy among individuals with borderline hypertension according to the World Health Organization classification. These results are consistent with the independent value of age and left ventricular mass as predictors of hypertensive complications, but also suggest that under some circumstances, greater age or longer exposure to hypertension may magnify the target-organ effects at a given degree of blood pressure elevation.     

More non-Q-wave myocardial infarctions but similar infarct sizes in patients with hypertension

Of 350 consecutive patients without previous symptoms of coronary artery disease, admitted to hospital with an acute myocardial infarction, 109 of them (31%) reported a history of previous hypertension. Hypertensive patients were older than their normotensive counterparts, more of them were females, and thrombolytic treatment was administered to significantly fewer. Blood pressure values at admission to hospital were higher in hypertensive patients; this difference was significant in hypertensive males. Altogether 44 out of 49 female (90%) and 42 out of 60 male hypertensive patients (70%) reported using antihypertensive medication. A previous history of hypertension did not change infarct size as assessed by peak enzyme levels, neither in the bivariate nor in the multivariate analysis. In contrast to this, the adjusted odds ratio for developing a non-Q-wave infarct was 2.51 (p=0.003), i.e. the chance of developing a non-Q-wave infarct in hypertensives was increased by 151%. Thus, in spite of similar infarct size in normotensive and hypertensive patients, a relative smaller proportion of the probably hypertrophied left ventricular wall developed necrosis in the hypertensive population. The propensity towards non-Q-wave infarctions may contribute to the observed less use of fibrinolytic drug treatment in the presently observed patients with hypertension.     

Role of vagosympathetic balance in obesity-induced hypertension

A sympathetic hyperactivity is a common feature in hypertension, type 2 diabetes (T2D), ageing and obesity-induced hypertension. This increase in sympathetic activity may lead to an elevation of arterial rigidity. By contrast, cardiac parasympathetic impairment is observed in these pathologies. Recently we showed in a model of rats with massive obesity (ventromedial hypothalamic lesions) that an enhanced vagal activity may be protective against hypertension. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of an increase in sympathetic activity and a change in vagal activity on arterial rigidity and hypertension in T2D patients. Fourteen hypertensive T2D patients aged 54 +/- 2 years were compared to 22 elderly normotensive subjects (75 +/- 1 years: 11 controls and 11 T2D) and 34 middle aged normotensive subjects (43 +/- 1 years; 17 controls and 17 T2D). Cardiovascular vagosympathetic activity was investigated by spectral analysis of heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) (Finapres) during 6 min at a controlled breathing rate (12 cycles/min). BP and the low frequencies of systolic BP (LF-SBP) were significantly (p<0.01) higher in hypertensive T2D and elderly patients. Pulse pressure (PP) and the high frequencies of HR (HF-HR) were lower in hypertensive T2D patients. PP was positively correlated to LF-SBP (r=0.58; p=0.03) only in hypertensive T2D patients. Diastolic BP was negatively correlated to HF-HR in elderly control subjects (r=-0.63; p=0.03) but not in hypertensive T2D patients. The present results suggest that: sympathetic nervous system activity is enhanced in subjects over 70 years without any aggravating effect of T2D and in middle-aged hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes; the increase in pulse pressure, an index of arterial rigidity, in elderly subjects may result from sympathetic override; the decrease in the cardiac sympathovagal balance, mainly due to a high vagal activity, may be protective against the occurrence of hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes.