学习和实践《社区获得性肺炎诊断和治疗指南》

中华医学会呼吸病学分会新修订的《社区获得性肺炎诊断和治疗指南》正式颁布，这是中华医学会呼吸病学分会感染学组在近年完成的两项较大样本社区获得性肺炎（community—acquired pneumonia，CAP）病原谱及其耐药性调查的基础上，对1999年指南草案的第1次重要修订，实现了我们对新指南的期待。在这期间国际上有不少新制定的CAP指南或修订版（包括最新资料）的发表，如美国胸科学会（ATS，2001）、美国感染病学会（IDSA，2003）、美国疾病预防控制中心（CDC，     

社区获得性肺炎的诊断和治疗

社区获得性肺炎（CAP）的病情分级对于预后判断和指导治疗具有重要意义,目前英国胸科学会（BTS）与美国胸科学会（ATS）推荐的病情分级方法为临床广泛应用。     

老年社区获得性肺炎诊治分析

目的探讨老年社区获得性肺炎的临床特点与治疗转归。方法对80例老年社区获得性肺炎患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果老年社区获得性肺炎临床表现及实验室检查不典型,基础疾病多,易发生多种并发症,且病原菌多耐药,影响治疗。结论对老年社区获得性肺炎要掌握其特点,做到早诊断、合理使用抗生素、综合治疗以提高治愈率。     

社区获得性肺炎治疗中的几个重要问题

1初始治疗中的抗菌药物选择问题社区获得性肺炎(community-acquired pneu-monia,CAP)的初始抗菌药物治疗均为经验性治疗,最初选择的抗菌药物恰当与否对患者(尤其是重症患者)的预后和总体诊疗费用均会产生很大影响,如何在保证疗效的同时避免广谱抗生素的滥用一直是备受关注的问题。国外已有大量的流行病学研究结果证实,CAP的致病原构成和细菌耐药情况在不同人群中是存在明显差异的,因此,国外的CAP诊治指南大多倾向于针对不同患者人群推荐不同的初始抗菌药物治疗方案[1~5,12]。我国最近完成的两项全国性CAP致病原流行病学调查的结果显示,…     

老年社区获得性肺炎的诊治进展

老年社区获得性肺炎（community acquired pneumonia，CAP）是指患者年龄超过65岁的CAP，是威胁老年人健康的主要疾病之一。据估计，美国≥65岁的成人中每年有915900人发生CAP。老年人由于机体免疫力下降，脏器功能减退，基础疾病多，导致CAP发病率高，致残率和死亡率也高。因此及时地诊断，有效、合理、安全地治疗老年CAP，对于改善老年人的预后是极其重要的。本文就近年老年CAP方面的诊治进展作一综述。     

老年社区获得性肺炎的诊治体会

随着社会的老龄化 ,老年社区获得性肺炎(community acquired pneumonia CAP)越来越受到临床医学界的重视 ,统计表明 ,65岁以上 CAP的发病率为 1.6% ,而 75岁以上 CAP的发病率为 11.6% ,现就老年 CAP的诊断和治疗体会报告如下 :1　老年 CAP的易患因素呼吸道粘膜和腺体萎缩 ,粘液、唾液分泌减少 ;老年人脑活动性衰退 ,遇有异物时吞咽运动的时间延长 ,这两种防御功能明显减弱。随着年龄的增长 ,胸廓向桶状转化 ,致使通气不足 ,小气道周围弹力纤维减少 ,管壁弹性牵引力减弱 ,致使小气道变窄、塌陷 ,气道阻力增加。这结构和功能的改变均影…     

老年社区获得性肺炎病原学分析

目的研究老年社区获得性肺炎患者的病原体分布。方法收集2005年6月-2008年5月在我院住院的128例老年CAP患者,留取呼吸道分泌物进行细菌培养,分离鉴定细菌并进行药物敏感性试验,同时检测患者急性期和恢复期肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体、嗜肺军团菌血清抗体。结果 128例CAP患者60例（46.9%）病原学检查阳性,病原菌45株,其中主要为流感嗜血杆菌14株,肺炎克雷伯杆菌12株,肺炎链球菌10株。非典型病原阳性18例,主要为肺炎支原体13例,肺炎衣原体4例,3例为混合感染。流感嗜血杆菌对氨苄西林耐药率为14.3%;肺炎链球菌对青霉素不敏感率为30%,对阿齐霉素耐药率为60%;肺炎克雷伯菌产酶率16.7%,对含β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的复方抗生素制剂和亚胺培南敏感。结论老年患者肺炎以革兰阴性菌为优势菌株,对喹诺酮类和第3代头孢菌素具有不同程度的耐药性,对革兰阴性菌选用含有酶抑制剂的复方抗生素制剂或亚胺培南,非典型病原体的感染也占重要地位。     

左氧氟沙星治疗老年社区获得性肺炎临床观察

目的了解左氧氟沙星治疗老年社区获得性肺炎（CAP）的临床有效性和毒副作用。方法调查我院2006年5月～2008年5月治疗的老年CAP患者36例,全部病例应用左氧氟沙星,每日一次500mg静点,疗程5～14天。结果22例痰培养检出多药耐药的肺炎链球菌,8例检出铜绿假单胞菌,6例检出流感嗜血杆菌,临床有效率75．0％;细菌清除率82．1％;表现有腹泻、皮疹、肾损害各为2例,占16．7％。结论左氧氟沙星治疗老年CAP疗效好,毒副作用相对较低。     

老年社区获得性肺炎86例诊治分析

随着社会老龄化,老年性肺炎越来越受到人们的关注,其发病率有明显上升的趋势。因老年性肺炎的临床表现常不典型,多发生于基础疾病之上,病情进展快,易发生漏诊、误诊。为探讨老年社区获得性肺炎（CAP）的临床特点,提高诊治水平,现就我院近两年来诊治的86例老年CAP患者的临床资料回顾性分析如下。     

老年社区获得性肺炎237例临床分析

目的总结老年社区获得性肺炎（CAP）的临床资料,分析其临床特点。方法分析我科2005年1月-2008年1月收治的237例老年社区获得性肺炎住院患者的临床资料。结果237例中男性136例（57.4％）,女性101例（42.6％）;年龄65-95岁,有基础疾病者174例（73.4％）,出现并发症者96例（40.5％）;173例（73％）有呼吸道症状;影像学检查多呈片斑片状模糊阴影;白细胞总数升高（≥10×10^9／L）仅66例（27.85％）。结论老年社区获得性肺炎临床表现不典型,病情重,基础疾病多,并发症多,容易漏诊及误诊,应该引起重视。     

Epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly

The attack rate for pneumonia increases with increasing age and with residence in a nursing home. The rate of hospitalization of Halifax County, Nova Scotia, Canada, residents with pneumonia was 1 in 1,000, while for nursing home residents it was 33 in 1,000. The overall mortality rate for community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization was 21.9%. Mortality was age-related: Seven percent of those 30 years of age or younger died, while 38% of those in the 81 to 90 year age group died. Comorbidities increased with increasing age from 0.73 +/- 0.81 for those 30 years old or younger to 2.75 +/- 1.47 for those 71 to 80 years of age. The most common comorbidities were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, malignancy, alcoholism, and neurological disease. The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome was a significant comorbidity among those 50 years of age or younger. Age-dependent trends were observed in the use of antimicrobial therapy: Cefamandole and aminoglycosides were prescribed more frequently with increasing age, whereas after the age of 61 years, the use of erythromycin declined. Penicillin usage was not age-dependent. Resource (hemograms, chest radiographs, blood chemistry, blood gases, and sputum culture) use peaked at the 50 to 60 year age group.     

老年社区获得性肺炎住院患者临床资料分析

目的总结老年社区获得性肺炎（CAP）患者的临床表现、病原学及预后相关资料。方法回顾分析2002年1月~2007年10月我院收治的CAP患者的临床资料,比较老年CAP患者（年龄）≥60岁）与中青年患者（年龄≤60岁）临床特征的异同。结果成人CAP患者321例,年龄（67±22）岁。老年CAP患者231例,其中73.4%患者合并基础疾病,住院死亡率为12%,肺炎链球菌仍是老年CAP患者的最主要致病菌。与90例中青年CAP患者相比,老年CAP患者入院时出现呼吸困难、急性意识障碍、心率增快及呼吸急促的比例明显增多,病原体分布与中青年CAP患者存在差异。结论老年CAP患者发病率高、并发症多、预后差。临床表现、病原学具有其特殊性,应予足够重视。     

Clinical analysis of community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical features, etiology, and outcome of patients over 65 years old hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia. PATIENTS: Eighty-four patients (50 males, 34 females) hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia in Kawasaki Medical School Kawasaki Hospital between April 1998 and March 2000. RESULTS: Most of the patients had respiratory symptoms or signs, but over one-third also had atypical symptoms of pneumonia such as dyspnea, consciousness disturbance, and gastrointestinal symptoms. The causative microorganisms were identified in 48% of these patients. Streptococcus pneumoniae (13%), respiratory viruses (13%), Haemophilus influenzae (8%) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (8%) were frequently identified, but Mycoplasma pneumoniae was less frequently noted in the elderly. Double infection was recognized in 19 % and a combination of some virus and bacteria in 13%. Treatment consisted of the administration of second or third generation cephalosporin antibiotics intravenously, because antibiotics had already been preadministered in 39%. The prognosis was poor (mortality rate 9%) for the elderly with community-acquired pneumonia despite mechanical ventilation in 8%. CONCLUSIONS: Although the range of microorganisms causing community-acquired pneumonia differed slightly from that in previous reports; namely, lower frequency of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila, it is suggested that the initial antibiotic treatment should always cover S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae. In addition, since a prevalence of virus infections related to the increase in community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly was found in this study, the routine use of influenza vaccine and pneumococcal vaccines in the elderly is recommended to reduce the high mortality rate.     

Ertapenem therapy for community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly

OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy and safety of ertapenem, 1 g once a day, with ceftriaxone, 1 g once a day, for treatment of the subgroup of patients aged 65 and older with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) requiring parenteral therapy. DESIGN: Combined data from patients aged 65 and older in two randomized, double-blind clinical trials. SETTING: Eighty international centers. PARTICIPANTS: Eight hundred fifty-seven treated patients, of whom 351 were aged 65 and older. INTERVENTIONS: Intravenous or intramuscular ertapenem or ceftriaxone with the option to switch to oral amoxicillin-clavulanate after at least 3 days of parenteral therapy. MEASUREMENTS: Clinical efficacy was assessed at completion of parenteral therapy and 7 to 14 days after all therapy had been completed (test of cure (TOC) assessment). Bacterial eradication was assessed at the TOC visit. Safety was assessed daily during study therapy and for 14 days thereafter. RESULTS: One hundred forty-eight clinically evaluable patients aged 65 and older were treated with ertapenem and 125 with ceftriaxone. Pathogens were identified in 157 (57.5%) patients (the most common being Streptococcus pneumoniae), most of which were penicillin-susceptible. Clinical cure rates were 95.9% for patients in the ertapenem group and 92.7% for patients in the ceftriaxone group at completion of parenteral therapy and 93.9% and 90.4%, respectively, at the TOC assessment. Overall bacterial eradication rates were 92.8% (77 of 83) for patients treated with ertapenem and 93.2% (69 of 74) for those treated with ceftriaxone. The most common drug-related adverse experiences in both treatment groups were diarrhea and mild to moderate elevation of serum aminotransferase levels. CONCLUSION: Ertapenem 1 g once a day was highly effective for treatment of elderly patients with CAP requiring parenteral therapy and was as effective as ceftriaxone. Ertapenem was generally well tolerated, with an overall safety profile similar to ceftriaxone.     

老年社区获得性肺炎住院患者的临床资料分析

目的总结老年社区获得性肺炎（CAP）患者的临床表现、病原学及预后相关资料。方法回顾性分析2002年1月-2006年1月中山大学附属第三医院收治的成人CAP患者的临床资料,比较老年CAP患者（年龄〉65岁）与中青年CAP患者（年龄≤65岁）临床特征的异同。结果成人CAP患者302例,年龄（68±21）岁。老年CAP患者216例,其中67．1％的患者合并基础疾病,175例（81．0％）患者在Fine危险分级Ⅳ～Ⅴ级,住院病死率为12．0％。肺炎链球菌仍是老年CAP患者最主要的致病菌。与86例中青年CAP患者相比,老年CAP患者入院时出现呼吸困难、急性意识障碍、心率增快及呼吸急促的比例明显增多,病原体分布与中青年CAP患者存在差异。结论老年CAP患者发病率高、并发症多、预后差。临床表现、病原学具有其特殊性,应予足够重视。     

The management of community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly

Pneumonia is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. The elderly population has exponentially increased in the last decades and the current epidemiological trends indicate that it is expected to further increase. Therefore, recognizing the special needs of older people is of paramount importance. In this review we address the main differences between elderly and adult patients with pneumonia. We focus on several aspects, including the atypical clinical presentation of pneumonia in the elderly, the methods to assess severity of illness, the appropriate setting of care, and the management of comorbidities. We also discuss how to approach the common complications of severe pneumonia, including acute respiratory failure and severe sepsis. Moreover, we debate whether or not elderly patients are at higher risk of infection due to multi-drug resistant pathogens and which risk factors should be considered when choosing the antibiotic therapy. We highlight the differences in the definition of clinical stability and treatment failure between adults and elderly patients. Finally, we review the main outcomes, preventive and supportive measures to be considered in elderly patients with pneumonia.     

莫西沙星治疗老年社区获得性肺炎中的疗效

目的评估莫西沙星治疗老年社区获得性肺炎的有效性及其安全性。方法将2008年1月至2009年3月在我科住院的老年社区获得性肺炎分治疗组和对照组,其中治疗组随机抽取40例患者,对照组随机抽取20例患者。治疗组给予莫西沙星400 mg静脉滴注qd;对照组给予左氧氟沙星300 mg静脉滴注qd,疗程为2周。观察临床疗效及其不良反应。结果治疗组有效率87.50%,细菌清除率为82.75%,不良反应12.50%。结论莫西沙星在老年社区获得性肺炎中有效率高,不良反应少。     

Radiographic resolution of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in the elderly

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the radiographic clearance of proven community-acquired nontuberculous bacterial pneumonia in nonimmunocompromised older patients to provide working estimates of the rate of radiographic resolution as a function of the patient cumulative comorbidities, extent of initial radiographic involvement, functional status, and causative pathogens. DESIGN: A prospective study. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-four patients aged 70 and older, consecutively admitted to a hospital for community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. SETTING: A university-affiliated teaching hospital. MEASUREMENTS: Chest radiographs were performed every 3 weeks from the date of admission for a total period of 12 weeks or until all radiographic abnormalities had resolved or returned to baseline. RESULTS: Sixty-four patients (86%) completed the study. The rate of radiographic clearance was estimated at 35.1% within 3 weeks, 60.2% within 6 weeks, and 84.2% within 12 weeks. Radiographic resolution was significantly slower for those with high comorbidity index, bacteremia, multilobar involvement, and enteric gram-negative bacilli pneumonias. Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that the comorbidity index (relative risk for clearance=0.67 per class index, P<.001) and multilobar disease (relative risk for clearance=0.24 for more than one lobe, P<.001) had independent predictive value (Cox proportional hazards regression model) on the rate of resolution. CONCLUSION: The radiographic resolution of nontuberculous bacterial pneumonia in the elderly should take into account the extent of lobar disease and the burden of underlying illnesses. A waiting period of 12 to 14 weeks is recommended for slowly resolving pneumonia to be considered nonresolving.     

Comparison of nursing home-acquired pneumonia with community-acquired elderly pneumonia]

To clarify whether the environment of a nursing home affects the clinical features of patients with pneumonia, we compared the characteristics of 103 patients (nursing home group) who suffered from pneumonia at a nursing home with 153 elderly patients with the same background (community group) who lived in their own home. Although there were no significant differences in CRP, WBC, and body temperature at admission and duration of hospitalization, the degree of independency of the nursing home group was significantly lower than the community group. As the degree of independency became worse, the length of hospitalization extended and mortality increased. Bacteriological findings of sputum culture showed that methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was cultured in 20 cases (19%) of the nursing home group and 18 cases (13%) of the community group. In isolated analysis of total care cases, MRSA positive rates were similar in the nursing home group (17/58; 29%) and the community group (8/30; 27%). Only 1 case with penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae (PSSP) was found in the nursing home group, however 7 species of PSSP were cultured in the community group, including 5 self-help cases. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was cultured in 8 patients of each group, and most of them were total care cases. We concluded that the difference in frequency and species of bacteria depended on the condition of patients, rather than the environment, and differences in conditions might lead to differences in clinical features.