抑郁症在精神科治疗中的十项基本程序

美国精神病学学会(American Psychiatric Association)于2010年10月正式发布了第3版《抑郁症治疗指南》(以下简称《2010版指南》)[1-2],这是美国精神病学学会组织抑郁症研究领域的专家,在检索MEDLINE数据库,全面复习1999-2006年发表在PubMed的文献和Cochrane系统数据库搜集到的168篇相关荟萃分析等循证医学研究证据的基础上,对2000年发布的第2版《抑郁症治疗指南》(以下简称《2000版指南》)的再次更新,融入了一些新的循证医学证据与治疗理念.《2010版指南》包括3个部分:第1部分为治疗建议,是《2010版指南》的主体;第2部分为抑郁症的背景资料,如流行病学与临床特征的研究资料,以及第1部分所提出的治疗建议的循证研究证据等,供读者参考;第3部分是对抑郁症未来研究走向的估计与分析.     

我国首部《循证精神病学》出版

由浙江省立同德医院、浙江省精神卫生中心金卫东教授等主编的《循证精神病学》日前由人民军医出版社出版,该书37万字12章,从循证医学理论到精神病学的数特点论述了循证精神病学的意义和价值,并从实际出发,应用循证医学方法评价了精神病病因学研究、治疗学研究、副作用评价等的方法与结果,介绍了不同精神药物国内外循证医学研究结果,同时也重点介绍了治疗指南的产生以及精神分裂症、双相障碍、抑郁症、痴呆等疾病的治疗指南,是精神科医生的临床重要参考书籍。     

伴忧郁特征的抑郁症患者自杀风险因素分析

目的:探讨伴忧郁特征的抑郁症患者的自杀风险因素。方法:对“中国双相障碍患者诊断评估服务研究项目”中626例符合伴忧郁特征的抑郁症患者采用《简明国际神经精神访谈》(MINI)自杀模块评估自杀风险,并将患者分为自杀风险组(300例)和无自杀风险组(326例),比较两组的人口学及临床资料,采用Logistic回归分析伴忧郁特征抑郁症患者的自杀风险因素。结果:自杀风险组起病年龄明显小于无自杀风险组(t=-4. 390,P=0. 032),出现抑郁发作频繁(χ2=8. 036,P=0. 005)、伴非典型症状(χ2=4. 586,P=0. 032)、伴精神病性症状(χ2=15. 580,P 0. 001)、症状晨重暮轻(χ2=4. 501,P=0. 034)、伴不切实际的罪恶感(χ2=33. 105,P 0. 001)的比率明显高于无自杀风险组。Logistic回归分析显示,伴精神病性症状(OR=2. 38,P 0. 001)、伴不切实际的罪恶感(OR=2. 51,P 0. 001)与伴忧郁特征抑郁症患者的自杀风险因素相关(P均0. 001)。结论:伴精神病性症状、伴不切实际的罪恶感可能是伴忧郁特征抑郁症患者的自杀风险因素。     

伴非典型特征的抑郁症患者自杀未遂的危险因素分析

目的探讨伴非典型特征抑郁症患者自杀未遂的社会人口学及临床特征方面危险因素。方法来自全国13个中心的1172例抑郁症患者,纳入其中179例伴非典型特征患者,依据简明国际神经精神访谈(the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview,MINI)5.0中文版自杀模块的访谈结果,分为自杀未遂组和无自杀未遂组,通过多因素logistic回归分析伴非典型特征的抑郁症患者在性别、年龄等社会人口学资料及伴焦虑症状、伴精神病性症状等临床特征方面可能与自杀未遂相关的危险因素。结果伴非典型特征抑郁症患者自杀未遂的发生率为23.5%(42/179)。与无自杀未遂组患者相比,自杀未遂组患者更多伴有自杀观念、产后起病,更常使用抗抑郁剂以外的其他药物治疗(如抗精神病药、情感稳定剂及苯二氮类药)(均P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,既往住院次数(OR=1.730,95%CI:1.093~2.740)和自杀观念(OR=3.899,95%CI:1.506~10.092)与伴非典型特征的抑郁症患者发生自杀未遂相关(均P0.05)。结论既往住院次数多及伴有自杀观念是伴非典型特征抑郁症患者自杀未遂的主要危险因素。     

盐酸米那普仑片临床用药建议

米那普仑(Milnacipran)作为5-羟色胺和去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂类抗抑郁药，具有相对独特的药效和药代动力学特征，其抗抑郁治疗具有起效快、临床治愈率高，有良好的耐受性，长期服用可减少复发等特点，已经被多个国家、地区和学术组织的治疗指南推荐为抑郁症一线治疗药物。为进一步发挥其治疗优势，规范临床应用，基于近年来国内外循证医学证据，结合业内专家的临床经验，特提出本指导建议，为广大临床医师了解米那普仑适用性、安全性、特定人群应用等提供参考。     

《中国抑郁障碍防治指南》(2024年版)计划书

为进一步提升中国抑郁障碍患者规范化筛查及诊断与治疗水平, 实现抑郁障碍临床实践标准化, 提高我国抑郁障碍防治水平, 由中华医学会精神医学分会、国家精神疾病医学中心和国家精神心理疾病临床医学研究中心(中南大学湘雅二医院、首都医科大学附属北京安定医院)联合发起, 共同制定《中国抑郁障碍防治指南(2024版)》, 北京大学循证医学中心提供方法学支持。指南制订委员会将遵循国际指南制定与报告相关规范, 组建多学科专家团队, 采用GRADE方法, 制订基于循证证据的中国抑郁障碍防治指南。该计划书主要阐述指南制订的意义及目的, 证据检索与质量评价方法, 指南制订流程, 指南的发表、实施与传播计划。     

2015NCS循证指南:神经危重症患者静脉血栓形成的预防

神经重症患者因静脉血栓栓塞而死亡的风险很高,这是由瘫痪后的静脉血液瘀滞风险增加以及潜在的病理改变激活血管内皮增加血栓形成风险导致的。在许多情况下,标准的静脉血栓预防能够导致相关的出血风险。目前,尚缺乏前瞻性研究来验证不同的静脉血栓栓塞的治疗策略。由于缺乏可靠的证据基础,使得建立统一、基于循证医学的临床实践标准变得困难重重。因为对该指南的需求,美国神经重症监护协会决定通过推荐强度结构以及证据分级原则建立基于循证医学的指南,从而降低静脉血栓栓塞的发生率及相关并发症。     

伴精神病性症状抑郁症患者人口学及临床特征

目的比较伴与不伴精神病性症状抑郁症患者的人口学及临床特点。方法数据来源于"中国双相障碍患者诊断评估服务研究"项目,将来自全国13个研究中心的1172例抑郁症患者,根据有无精神病性症状,分为伴精神病性症状组和不伴精神病性症状组,采用自制调查问卷收集患者社会人口学及临床特征方面的资料,比较两组差异,并分析抑郁症患者伴精神病性症状的影响因素。结果 13.3%(156/1172)的抑郁症患者伴有精神病性症状。与不伴精神病性症状组相比,伴精神病性症状的抑郁症患者起病早,年龄小,更多已婚,既往抑郁发作次数多,因精神疾病住院次数多,抑郁发作频繁,更多患者伴非典型特征、有周期性或季节性特点、伴自杀观念及精神障碍家族史(均P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,起病年龄(OR=0.972,95%CI:0.957～0.987)、抑郁发作频繁(OR=2.099,95%CI:1.233～3.573)、伴非典型特征(OR=1.937,95%CI:1.277～2.939)、伴自杀观念(OR=1.654,95%CI:1.147～2.385)与抑郁症患者伴精神病性症状相关(均P0.05)。结论伴精神病性症状的抑郁症患者具有起病年龄早、抑郁发作频繁、更常伴非典型特征、伴自杀观念的特点。     

《中国双相障碍防治指南》(2025年版)计划书

为规范我国双相障碍诊疗的临床治疗决策, 全面提升双相障碍患者规范化诊断与治疗水平, 中华医学会精神医学分会发起制定《中国双相障碍防治指南》(2025年版)(以下简称指南)。本计划书概要介绍该指南制定的背景和目的、制定方法、工作组成员及分工、指南注册、利益冲突、临床问题收集与遴选、指南依据的循证证据、撰写与外审、发布和传播等。     

重症肌无力的治疗:循证与辨证

通过1例重症肌无力(MG)患者的病情分析,提出临床处理需要解决的问题,并对比有关MG治疗的循证医学证据和指南与实际治疗之间存在的差距。经过比较,发现现有的循证医学证据不足以充分解决MG的治疗问题。以上分析提示我们重症肌无力的治疗需要结合循证医学证据,但更需要在充分理解病理生理学的基础上给予合理的治疗。     

Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder: consensus and controversies

Since the previous publication of Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) guidelines in 1997, there has been a substantial increase in evidence-based treatment options for bipolar disorder. The present guidelines review the new evidence and use criteria to rate strength of evidence and incorporate effectiveness, safety, and tolerability data to determine global clinical recommendations for treatment of various phases of bipolar disorder. The guidelines suggest that although pharmacotherapy forms the cornerstone of management, utilization of adjunctive psychosocial treatments and incorporation of chronic disease management model involving a healthcare team are required in providing optimal management for patients with bipolar disorder. Lithium, valproate and several atypical antipsychotics are first-line treatments for acute mania. Bipolar depression and mixed states are frequently associated with suicidal acts; therefore assessment for suicide should always be an integral part of managing any bipolar patient. Lithium, lamotrigine or various combinations of antidepressant and mood-stabilizing agents are first-line treatments for bipolar depression. First-line options in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder are lithium, lamotrigine, valproate and olanzapine. Historical and symptom profiles help with treatment selection. With the growing recognition of bipolar II disorders, it is anticipated that a larger body of evidence will become available to guide treatment of this common and disabling condition. These guidelines also discuss issues related to bipolar disorder in women and those with comorbidity and include a section on safety and monitoring.     

Bipolar depression: issues in diagnosis and treatment

Although bipolar affective disorder is defined by the history of manic or hypomanic episodes, depression is arguably a more important facet of the illness. Depressive episodes, on average, are more numerous and last longer than manic or hypomanic episodes, and most suicides occur during these periods. Misdiagnosis of major depressive disorder delays initiation of appropriate therapy, further worsening prognosis. Distinguishing features of bipolar depression include earlier age of onset, a family history of bipolar disorder, presence of psychotic or reverse neurovegetative features, and antidepressant-induced switching. Bipolar I depressions should initially be treated with a mood stabilizer (carbamazapine, divalproex, lamotrigine, lithium, or an atypical antipsychotic); antidepressant monotherapy is contraindicated. More severe or "breakthrough" episodes often require a concomitant antidepressant, such as bupropion or a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). The first treatment specifically approved for bipolar depression is a combination of the SSRI fluoxetine and the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine. For refractory depressive episodes, venlafaxine, the monoamine oxidase inhibitor tranylcypromine, and ECT are most widely recommended. The optimal duration of maintenance antidepressant therapy has not been established empirically and, until better evidence-based guidelines are established, should be determined on a case-by-case basis.     

Depression and suicide in epileptic victims: a population-based study of suicide victims during the years 1988-2002 in northern Finland

Patients with epilepsy are known to have comorbid affective disorders and a higher risk for suicide compared with the general population. Epilepsy, depression, and suicidal behavior have been shown to have common pathogenic mechanisms in their etiology. We evaluated the association between epilepsy, suicidal behavior, and depression by using the comprehensive database of all suicides (n=1877) committed in northern Finland during the years 1988-2002 with information on all hospital-treated somatic and psychiatric disorders. Hospital-treated epilepsy occurred in 1.3% of the victims. Compared with other suicide victims, those with epilepsy were more often female, were older, and had significantly more often suffered from depression. Epilepsy was first diagnosed 8.8 (3.9-11.6) years before suicide, and depression, about 1 year after epilepsy diagnosis. Interictal depression among patients with chronic epilepsy is often classified as atypical or chronic depression, or it can mimic a dysthymic disorder. Therefore, diagnosis and treatment of depression among patients with epilepsy constitute a great challenge in clinical practice.     

Depression With Atypical Features: Diagnostic Validity, Prevalence, and Treatment

Depression with atypical features is a treatable and relatively common disorder among depressed outpatients. A growing body of evidence suggests this is a biologically distinct subtype of depression. This assertion is supported by genetic epidemiologic studies and by a preferential response of the subtype to monoamine oxidase inhibitors compared with tricyclic antidepressants. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) includes atypical features as a parenthetical modifier for depressive illness. According to DSM-IV diagnostic criteria ("atypical features" specifier), the disorder is primarily characterized by 2 or more of the following symptoms as predominant features in patients with major depression or dysthymic disorder: overeating, oversleeping, "leaden paralysis," and interpersonal rejection sensitivity. Patients also show mood reactivity in response to actual or potential positive events. Despite aspects of the disorder resembling a maladaptive, persistent mode of behavior, patients diagnosed with depression with atypical features demonstrate a good response to antidepressant treatment.     

Atypical symptoms of depression in a sample of depressed child and adolescent outpatients

OBJECTIVE: To examine the presence of symptoms of atypical depression among children and adolescents with a major depressive disorder (MDD). METHOD: One thousand forty-six youths (aged 6-19 years) meeting DSM-III-R criteria for MDD were included in the study. All subjects had presented at an outpatient clinic seeking treatment and were identified as having MDD via clinical interviews using the semistructured Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present Episode (K-SADS-P) with the youngster themselves and a parent/guardian. A diagnosis of atypical depression was derived from the symptoms of depression assessed in the K-SADS-P and required the presence of mood reactivity and at least one the following symptoms: hypersomnia, increased appetite, weight gain, or psychomotor retardation (substituted for leaden paralysis). RESULTS: One hundred sixty-two (15.5%) of the depressed youths met criteria for atypical depression. The symptoms of atypical depression were found to correlate marginally, and the diagnosis of atypical depression had marginal construct validity for both children and adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: The findings from this large sample of depressed children and adolescents suggest that atypical features of depression occur in this age group. However, the diagnosis of atypical depression appears to have only marginal construct validity for both children and adolescents.     

Evidence-based guidelines: response to professor Gordon Parker's critique

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the development of the 'Australian and New Zealand clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of depression' and to discuss the critique of these guidelines. METHOD: Consideration of international practice in evidence-based medicine and rebuttal of criticisms. RESULTS: We agree with Professor Gordon Parker on fundamental issues in the treatment of depression. His main criticisms reflect his concerns about the classification of depression. We consider that many of his detailed criticisms reflect a difference of opinion on how data should be evaluated or interpreted. CONCLUSIONS: The guideline for the treatment of depression makes sound recommendations, in agreement with comparable guidelines from the US and the UK.     

Major depression: features indicative of bipolarity?

Several recent studies have shown that bipolar disorder is underdiagnosed in patients with major depression. Missing the diagnosis of a bipolar disorder may have serious and even occasionally fatal consequences for a patient with the disease. Moreover misdiagnosis may lead to inappropriate treatment and therefore contribute to worsening medical and functional prognosis. Although there are no pathognomonic characteristics of bipolar depression compared to unipolar depression, evidence-based findings suggest that some features may be indicative of bipolarity, in patients with depression. These features are related to clinical picture of depressive state, course of episode and illness, response to treatment, family history, comorbid conditions, as well as demographic and temperamental characteristics. Based on such features, some authors have proposed operationalized criteria or a diagnostic specific for bipolarity, to identify bipolar depression. Screening instruments may also be used, to facilitate early recognition. Validation studies of these diagnostic features and instruments are underway.     

A computerized clinical decision support system as a means of implementing depression guidelines

The authors describe the history and current use of computerized systems for implementing treatment guidelines in general medicine as well as the development, testing, and early use of a computerized decision support system for depression treatment among "real-world" clinical settings in Texas. In 1999 health care experts from Europe and the United States met to confront the well-documented challenges of implementing treatment guidelines and to identify strategies for improvement. They suggested the integration of guidelines into computer systems that is incorporated into clinical workflow. Several studies have demonstrated improvements in physicians' adherence to guidelines when such guidelines are provided in a computerized format. Although computerized decision support systems are being used in many areas of medicine and have demonstrated improved patient outcomes, their use in psychiatric illness is limited. The authors designed and developed a computerized decision support system for the treatment of major depressive disorder by using evidence-based guidelines, transferring the knowledge gained from the Texas Medication Algorithm Project (TMAP). This computerized decision support system (CompTMAP) provides support in diagnosis, treatment, follow-up, and preventive care and can be incorporated into the clinical setting. CompTMAP has gone through extensive testing to ensure accuracy and reliability. Physician surveys have indicated a positive response to CompTMAP, although the sample was insufficient for statistical testing. CompTMAP is part of a new era of comprehensive computerized decision support systems that take advantage of advances in automation and provide more complete clinical support to physicians in clinical practice.     

Psychopharmacology of borderline personality disorder

Psychopharmacology is widely used in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. However, support for this form of treatment has been largely based on case reports, case series, and open-label clinical trials. This evidence-based review examines the most recent randomized controlled trials of psychopharmacology in the treatment of borderline personality disorder, with a goal of highlighting the most promising pharmacotherapy for use in current clinical practice, as well as for future large-scale research testing. The results and limitations of the randomized controlled trial data are presented along with case vignettes illustrating the complexity of the disorder and the heterogeneity of its treatment. To date, there is at least some evidence-based support for the use of antipsychotics (conventional and atypical), monoamine oxidase inhibitors, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of borderline personality disorder.     

Australian and New Zealand clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of bipolar disorder

BACKGROUND: The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists is co-ordinating the development of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) in psychiatry, funded under the National Mental Health Strategy (Australia) and the New Zealand Health Funding Authority METHOD: For these guidelines, the CPG team reviewed the treatment outcome literature (including meta-analyses) and consulted with practitioners and consumers. TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS: This guideline provides evidence-based recommendations for the management of bipolar disorder by phase of illness, that is acute mania, mixed episodes and bipolar depression, and the prophylaxis of such episodes. It specifies the roles of various mood-stabilizing medications and of psychological treatments such as cognitive therapy and psycho-education.