参附注射液对家兔心肌缺血再灌注的保护作用

目的 评价参附注射液对家兔心肌缺血再灌注的保护作用。方法采用家兔离体心脏缺血模型,分别给予不同浓度参附注射液,观测心脏血流动力学、心肌酶学以及心肌病理改变,进行组间比较。结果在参附注射液组中,LVP、LVdp／dtmax和CO都得到改善,缺血后灌流液心肌酶浓度变化明显低于对照组。光镜及电镜均显示心肌细胞的损害较对照组轻。结论参附注射液具有保护心肌和防止心肌细胞破坏的作用。     

糖尿病对大鼠心肌缺血预处理保护作用的影响

目的 探讨糖尿病对缺血预适应(IPC)在大鼠缺血再灌注心肌保护作用中的影响.方法 取糖尿病SD大鼠及非糖尿病SD大鼠各30只,分为非糖尿病对照组(A组)、非糖尿病缺血再灌注组(B组)、非糖尿病IPC组(C组)、糖尿病对照组(D组)、糖尿病缺血再灌注组(E组)、糖尿病IPC组(F组),每组10只.动物处死后建立离体心脏Langendorff灌注模型.对照组采用全心灌流90min,余不做任何处理;缺血再灌注组采用心脏平衡灌流30min后,缺血30min,再复灌30min;IPC组采用心脏平衡灌流10min,经2次缺血5min再灌注5rnin后,缺血30min,再复灌30min.比较各组复灌30min后心排血量(CO)、左室发展压(LVDP)、左室内压最大上升和下降速率(±dp/dtmax)的恢复率,检测缺血前及复灌30rain后冠脉流出液中肌酸激酶(CK)的活性和心肌组织中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的含量,并计算心肌含水率.结果 与非糖尿病缺血再灌注组比较,非糖尿病IPC组CK活性、MDA含量、心肌含水率均明显降低,SOD含量明显增加,CO、LVDP、 dp/dtmax、-dp/dtmax恢复率明显增加(P<0.05).而糖尿病IFC组与糖尿病缺血再灌注组比较上述变化均不明显(P>0.05).结论 糖尿病可抑制IPC对大鼠缺血再灌注心肌的保护作用.     

不同剂量美托洛尔对家兔缺血再灌注损伤心肌细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨不同剂量美托洛尔对家兔缺血再灌注损伤心肌细胞凋亡的影响。方法48只家兔随机分为4组．假手术组、模型组、小剂量美托洛尔组、大剂量美托洛尔组。采用高脂饮食并免疫损伤制作动脉粥样硬化模型。用药4周后结扎家兔左冠状动脉前降支（LAD）,建立家兔缺血再灌注动物模型。测定家兔血脂指标（TG、TC）及心率,取左心室病理,应用11℃染色的方法检测各组心肌梗死面积,采用免疫组化染色半定量检测心肌核因子KBp65（NF—KBp65）及Fas蛋白的表达量．采用TUNEL法计数心肌凋亡指数：结果药物干预组心率较不用药组心率减慢（P〈0．01）,大剂量美托洛尔组比小剂量美托洛尔组心率减慢（P〈0．05）;手术组的凋亡指数、Fas和NF—κB蛋白表达较假手术组明显增加（P〈0．01）,大小剂量美托洛尔组凋亡指数、Fas和NF—κB蛋白的表达较模型组明显减少（P〈O．01）,大剂量美托洛尔组凋亡指数、Fas和NF—κB蛋白的表达较小剂量美托洛尔组明显减少（P〈0．05）;大小剂量美托洛尔组心肌梗死面积较模型组明显减小（P〈0．01）,大剂量美托洛尔组较小剂量美托洛尔组心梗面积明显减少（P〈0．01）。结论美托洛尔对缺血再灌注心肌有保护作用,减少心梗面积,可能与它减慢心率、减少心肌细胞Fas和NF—κB蛋白的表达抗凋亡有关,美托洛尔对缺血再灌注损伤心肌的保护作用呈剂量依赖性。     

H2S供体——NaHS对肢体缺血再灌注远隔脏器损伤的保护性作用

目的 观察双下肢肢体缺血再灌注(IR)所致心脏、肝脏和肾脏的损伤及H2S对这种损伤的保护作用,为肢体IR引起的远隔器官损伤的干预治疗提供理论依据.方法 采用双下肢IR大鼠模型,Wistar大鼠28只随机分为对照组、缺血4h组、缺血4h再灌注4h组、缺血再灌后NaHS干预(IR NaHS)组(其中NaHS作为H2S的供体可在大鼠体内生成H2S).干预结束后,心、肝、肾组织HE染色观察病理变化,测定血浆H2S浓度、血浆中心肌酶学指标(CK、CK-MB和Tn-T)以及肝肾功能指标(ALT、AST和Cr、Ur).结果 与对照组相比,缺血4h组血浆CK、CK-MB及Tn-T浓度升高,缺血再灌注组较缺血组进一步升高;缺血组与对照组比较,血浆ALT、AST和Cr、Ur含量无显著变化,缺血再灌注组较缺血组显著升高;IR NaHS组上述指标较缺血再灌注组均显著降低.病理检查可见缺血后心、肝、肾组织轻度病理改变,缺血再灌组组织损伤更加明显,IR NaHS组相对减轻.结论 肢体缺血再灌注可以引起心、肝、肾的损伤,H2S干预可以对这种损伤起到一定的保护作用.     

含二氮嗪停搏液对缺血再灌注心肌能量代谢保护作用研究

目的观察线粒体内膜三磷酸腺苷敏感钾离子通道开放剂二氮嗪加入停搏液内对缺血再灌注大鼠心肌能量代谢的保护作用.方法 50只大鼠随机分为五组,每组10只,取离体心脏;A组取正常心肌,其余制备离体工作心脏灌注模型;B组停灌30 min,复灌60 min;其余三组分别灌注不同的停搏液,C组灌注停搏液,D组灌注含二氮嗪的停搏液,E组灌注含二氮嗪停搏液之前10 min给予格列苯脲,各组复灌30 min后进行工作模式心脏灌注,监测心率、左室收缩峰压和舒张末压.实验终了取心肌,提取线粒体,测定细胞色素氧化酶活性、线粒体H -三磷酸腺苷酶活性;高效液相法测定心肌含量.结果缺血再灌注心肌线粒体细胞色素氧化酶活性和线粒体H -三磷酸腺苷酶活性降低(P＜0.05);而二氮嗪处理组相应指标显著改善(P＜0.01).结论含二氮嗪停搏液能够改善缺血再灌注心肌功能,能量代谢恢复.     

辛伐他汀预处理减轻缺血再灌注心肌损伤的实验研究

目的 研究辛伐他汀预处理对大鼠缺血再灌注心肌损伤的保护作用并探讨相关机制.方法 通过冠状动脉结扎法建立大鼠心肌缺血再灌注模型.实验动物分为假手术组、对照组和辛伐他汀组.辛伐他汀组按照5 mg/(kg·d)的剂量术前7 d起灌胃.观察各组室性心律失常发生率及心肌细胞超微结构变化,测定梗死心肌面积,检测血清心肌酶谱、脂质水平及心肌肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、白细胞介素(IL)-6和单核细胞趋化因子(MCP)-1的含量.结果 与对照组相比,辛伐他汀预处理可以:(1)显著降低心律失常评分;(2)显著下调血清磷酸肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)水平;(3)减少再灌注后心肌梗死区面积/缺血危险区面积比;(4)保护再灌注心肌细胞超微结构.各组血清总胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白、高密度脂蛋白未见差异,辛伐他汀组心肌组织TNF-α、IL-6和MCP-1含量与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 辛伐他汀预处理能减轻大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤,这种作用不依赖于其降脂作用,可能与其降低再灌注心肌炎性细胞因子表达相关.     

离体鼠心脏短暂缺血后再灌注时脂肪酸代谢的变化

目的研究缺血再灌注心脏脂肪酸代谢变化及葡萄糖对其的影响。方法３２只大鼠经麻醉后摘除心脏，并接到Ｌａｎｇｅｎｄｏｒｆ灌注装置上。将离体心脏分成正常组和缺血再灌注组，每组分成２个亚组，即Ｋｒｅｂ灌注液组及Ｋｒｅｂ灌注液加葡萄糖组。在离体心脏的主动脉注入１３１Ｉ十六烷脂肪酸（ＨＡ），并记录心脏的时间放射性曲线。结果正常组离体心脏，灌注液中存在葡萄糖时，脂肪酸代谢清除速率减慢，仅为灌注液中无葡萄糖组的２０％左右。但在缺血再灌注组，即使灌注液中有葡萄糖，再灌注心脏仍表现为脂肪酸分解代谢增加，与灌注液中无葡萄糖组的结果相似，明显高于同灌注条件的正常对照组；然而，灌注液中无葡萄糖时，缺血再灌注心肌的脂肪酸分解代谢低于正常同灌注条件组。结论短暂性缺血对心肌线粒体脂肪酸分解代谢有一定的损害；在正常心脏组中，主要的能量底物为葡萄糖，而缺血后再灌注心肌则以脂肪酸为主要能量底物，可能与再灌注心肌脂肪酸分解代谢代偿性增加，以迅速补充缺血时所造成的能量耗损有关。     

大鼠急性心肌缺血再灌注心肌细胞凋亡与Bcl—2／Bax蛋白的表达

目的：为了证实急性心肌缺血再灌注过程中存在着不同程度的心肌细胞凋亡现象,初步研究心肌细胞凋亡与Bcl-2/Bax蛋白表达的关系。方法：电镜观察心肌细胞的超微结构变化,抽提心肌组织DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳,TUNEL法原位标记凋亡的心肌细胞,免疫组化技术和图像分析技术检测心肌细胞内Bcl-2/Bax蛋白表达。结果：缺血及再灌注组电镜观察心肌细胞出现典型凋亡超微结构特征,TUNEL染色可见不同程度的心肌细胞凋亡阳性反应,DNA电泳显示在缺血再灌注2h组出现明显的DNA ladder,再灌注较在缺血组心肌细胞中Bcl-2表达明显降低（P＜0．05）,而Bax表达明显增高＊（P＜0．05）,结论：急性心肌缺血及再灌注能诱导不同程度的心肌细胞凋亡,Bcl-2/Bax基因对心肌细胞凋亡的发生有着重要的调控作用。     

醛固酮在大鼠骨骼肌缺血再灌注所致心肌损伤中的变化

目的 观察醛固酮(ALD)在骨骼肌缺血再灌注所致心肌损伤中的动态变化.方法 雄性wistar大鼠62只,应用止血带结扎构建大鼠双下肢缺血再灌注模型,按照缺血及再灌注不同时间点随机分为以下9组:正常对照组(n=8),缺血2h组(n=4),缺血4h组(n=8),再灌注0.5h组(n=8),再灌注2h组(n=8),再灌注4h组(n=8),再灌注6h组(n=8),再灌注12h组(n=4),再灌注24h组(n=6),其中再灌注组缺血时间均为4h.观察各组大鼠血浆ALD、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌钙蛋白-T(TNT)及心肌ALD水平的变化.结果 与正常对照组比较,缺血4h组血浆及心肌ALD水平开始上升(P<0.05),再灌注后二者继续上升.再灌注24h组血浆ALD达峰值,是正常对照组的6.2倍,且明显高于再灌注4h组(P<0.05),再灌注4～24h,心肌ALD持续稳定在较高水平;与缺血4h组比较,再灌注4、6、12、24h各组血浆及心肌ALD水平均明显升高(P<0.05).与正常对照组比较,缺血2h后血浆CK-MB即开始明显上升,缺血4h后血浆TNT、LDH开始升高(P0.05);再灌注后,上述心肌酶学指标继续上升,于再灌注4～6h达峰值,且明显高于缺血组(P<0.05).结论 骨骼肌缺血再灌注可导致全身及心肌局部醛固酮的持续激活,可能对骨骼肌缺血再灌注后远期心肌结构及功能损伤具有重要作用.     

运动性和高血压性心肌肥大对再灌注损伤耐受性的研究

为探讨运动性心肌肥大和高血压心肌肥大对缺血再灌注损伤的差异，本文在大鼠游泳训练心肌肥大和主动脉缩窄性高血压心肌肥大离体心脏灌流模型上，观察它们对缺血再灌注损伤的差异。结果表明，反映组织损伤程度的指标如乳酸脱氢酶漏出，心肌脂质过氧化终产物丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）和心肌钙在高血压心肌肥大的心肌较对照组和运动心肌肥大组皆明显升高，而运动组和对照组则无差异，高血压心肌肥大的程度和运动性心肌肥大的程度基本一致。本研究提示运动性心肌肥大的心肌抗缺血再灌注损伤的能力较高血压心肌肥大者增强。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.