Rab28相关信号通路在低切应力诱导 血管平滑肌细胞迁移中的作用

目的 研究低切应力（low shear stress, LowSS）诱导的血管平滑肌细胞（vascular smooth muscle cells, VSMCs）迁移功能异常在动脉粥样硬化血管重建病理过程中的作用及其分子机制。 方法 应用双向凝胶电泳结合质谱分析的差异蛋白质组学方法,研究1.5 Pa正常切应力（normal shear stress, NSS）与0.5 Pa LowSS条件下培养血管组织的蛋白质差异表达谱。应用血管内皮细胞（endothelial cells, ECs）与VSMCs联合培养的平行平板流动腔系统,分别施加NSS和LowSS,Western blot检测ECs与VSMCs的Rab28表达水平以及VSMCs的磷酸化ERK表达水平;Transwell法检测VSMCs的迁移能力;RNA干扰和PD98059分别特异性抑制VSMCs的Rab28表达和ERK磷酸化,再观察VSMCs迁移能力变化。结果 血管差异蛋白质组学的结果发现,与NSS组相比,Rab28在LowSS组血管组织的表达水平明显升高。细胞实验结果显示,LowSS加载明显上调VSMCs的Rab28蛋白表达、VSMCs迁移和ERK磷酸化。静态条件下RNA干扰抑制单独培养VSMCs的Rab28表达,VSMCs迁移能力明显降低,但ERK磷酸化水平无明显变化;应用PD98059特异性抑制VSMCs的ERK磷酸化,VSMCs迁移能力和Rab28表达水平均明显降低。结论 LowSS可能通过上调VSMCs的ERK磷酸化水平引起Rab28表达水平增加,从而诱导VSMCs迁移。探讨Rab28及其相关信号通路在切应力调控VSMCs功能中的作用及其机制,可能为深入理解动脉粥样硬化血管重建疾病发病机制和寻找新的药物治疗靶点提供力学生物学依据。     

切应力与血管平滑肌细胞对内皮细胞增殖的影响及TGFβ1与p-Akt信号通路在其中的作用

目的探讨切应力与血管平滑肌细胞(VSMCs)对内皮细胞(ECs)增殖功能的影响及其一些分子机制。方法应用平行平板流动腔系统对单独培养的ECs以及与VSMCs联合培养的ECs施加15dyn/cm2(1dyn=10-5N)的正常切应力;Western blot技术检测反映细胞增殖能力的分子—增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)的表达及细胞内信号转导分子Akt的磷酸化水平。静态条件下,以单独培养ECs为对照组,将ECs与VSMCs隔开培养,并应用TGFβ1封闭性抗体,观察TGFβ1在VSMCs诱导ECs增殖中的作用。结果正常切应力抑制了ECs增殖及p-Akt表达,VSMCs在与ECs联合培养及隔开培养时均明显促进ECs增殖及p-Akt表达。正常切应力部分逆转了联合培养VSMCs诱导的ECs增殖和p-Akt表达,而TGFβ1封闭性抗体能够拮抗隔开培养VSMCs诱导的ECs增殖和p-Akt表达。结论正常切应力可视为血管的保护因子,抑制ECs增殖;VSMCs通过旁分泌作用诱导了ECs增殖;TGFβ1及PI3/Akt信号分子参与了其调节过程。     

切应力对与内皮细胞联合培养的血管平滑肌细胞粘附的影响及其机制

目的　细胞粘附是细胞迁移的关键性起始步骤。研究切应力和内皮细胞(endothelial cells, ECs)对血管平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth muscle cells, VSMCs)粘附的影响及其可能的信号通路，为探讨流体切应力诱导的血管壁细胞迁移行为的机制提供一些实验依据。方法　应用VSMCs和ECs联合培养流动腔系统，对ECs面施加1.5 Pa切应力，12 h；以静止状态下，单独培养的VSMCs以及与ECs联合培养的VSMCs 为对照，应用细胞粘附实验和Western Blot技术，观察切应力对与EC联合培养的VSMCs粘附的影响及蛋白激酶B(PKB/Akt)磷酸化水平表达变化。结果　静态联合培养12 h，VSMCs的粘附能力明显增强，同时磷酸化Akt的表达平行增高。切应力作用下，明显抑制了联合培养的VSMCs粘附，同时磷酸化Akt的表达平行降低。结论　生理大小切应力明显抑制了ECs诱导的VSMCs粘附，其中Akt信号通路起了关键作用。     

microRNA-133b在低切应力诱导血管内皮细胞影响血管平滑肌细胞增殖中的作用

目的研究血管内皮细胞(endothelial cells,ECs)直接感受低切应力刺激后分泌类胰岛素生长因子-1(insulinlike growth factor-1,IGF-1)影响血管平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth muscle cells,VSMCs)增殖这一过程中microRNAs(miRs)的作用。方法用平行平板流动腔系统对ECs施加1.5 Pa正常切应力(normal shear stress,NSS)和0.5 Pa低切应力(low shear stress,Low SS),Real-time PCR检测VSMCs的miRs变化。用miRs预测网站预测miR-133b靶基因并验证。Western blotting检测核糖核酸结合蛋白1(polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1,Ptbp1)和N-myc下游调节基因1(N-myc downstream regulated 1,Ndrg1)的蛋白水平变化。Ed U流式检测miR-133b对VSMCs增殖的影响。结果 IGF-1静态刺激后,VSMCs的miR-133b和miR-378a表达上升。Low SS条件下,VSMCs的miR-133b表达显著上升,miR-378a表达无明显变化。下调VSMCs的miR-133b表达,Ptbp1、Ndrg1的mRNA水平均显著升高,上调VSMCs的miR-133b的表达,Ptbp1、Ndrg1的mRNA和蛋白水平显著降低,并且显著促进VSMCs增殖。结论在Low SS条件下ECs分泌IGF-1可能通过调控联合培养VSMCs的miR-133b和靶基因Ptbp1和Ndrg1促进VSMCs增殖。研究结果为心血管疾病治疗提供了一个新的潜在靶标。     

microRNA-34a在低切应力诱导血管平滑肌细胞增殖中的作用

目的探讨micro RNA-34a(mi R-34a)在低切应力诱导血管平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth muscle cells,VSMCs)增殖中的作用。方法应用细胞联合培养平行平板流动腔系统对与VSMCs联合培养的内皮细胞(endothelial cells,ECs)施加1.5 Pa正常切应力(normal shear stress,NSS)和0.5 Pa低切应力(low shear stress,Low SS),加载时间为12 h。Western blotting检测联合培养VSMCs的增殖细胞核抗原(proliferating cell nuclear antigen,PCNA)蛋白表达,以此反映VSMCs的增殖能力。实时PCR检测联合培养VSMCs的mi R-34a表达变化。通过Target Scan、mi RWalk等网站预测mi R-34a的下游靶蛋白。Western blotting检测联合培养VSMCs的mi R-34a靶蛋白Forkhead转录因子J2(forkhead box j2,Foxj2)表达。通过mimics和inhibitor转染技术,分别上调和抑制VSMCs的mi R-34a表达,Western blotting检测Foxj2及PCNA的表达变化,验证mi R-34a和Foxj2之间的调控关系。结果与NSS相比,Low SS促进联合培养VSMCs的PCNA表达,并显著上调联合培养VSMCs的mi R-34a表达。通过Target Scan、mi RWalk等网站预测mi R-34a的下游靶蛋白为Foxj2。Low SS加载下联合培养VSMCs的mi R-34a靶蛋白Foxj2表达明显降低。静态条件下上调VSMCs的mi R-34a表达,靶蛋白Foxj2表达明显降低,PCNA表达显著升高;抑制VSMCs的mi R-34a表达,靶蛋白Foxj2表达明显上调,PCNA表达显著降低。结论 Low SS通过调控联合培养VSMCs的mi R-34a和靶蛋白Foxj2,促进VSMCs增殖。研究结果为进一步阐明动脉粥样硬化疾病的发病机制及药物治疗靶标提供新的力学生物学实验依据。     

切应力作用下联合培养的血管平滑肌细胞对内皮细胞PDGF-B mRNA表达的影响

目的：探讨切应力作用下联合培养的血管平滑肌细胞（VSMCs）对内皮细胞（ECs)PDGF-BmRNA表达的影响，为预防血管移植物发生再狭窄提供实验资料。方法：用原位杂交和图像分析等技术，以静态条件下单独培养的ECs和联合培养的ECs为两对照组，观察切应力作用下单独培养的ECs和与VSMCs联合培养ECs的PDGF－BmRNA表达变化。结果：静态条件下联合培养ECs和PDGF－BmRNA表达水平比单独培养的ECs下降；切应力作用下，联合培养ECs的PDGF－BmRNA的表达在切应力作用1h左右有瞬时上升，6h后 下降至低于联合培养条件下的静态水平，且瞬时上升的时间点比单独培养的ECs提前。结论：切应力作用下，与VSMCs联合培养ECs的PDGF－BmRNA表达水平下降，这可能有利于抑制VSMCs的增生。     

具有梯度的流体切应力促进血管内皮细胞增殖

目的探讨流体切应力(shear stress,SS)对血管内支架边缘内皮细胞(endothelial cells,ECs)增殖的影响。方法应用具有切应力梯度的平行平板流动腔(梯度切应力组)和普通矩形平行平板流动腔(恒定切应力组),分别对ECs施加0.566￣1.438Pa和1.137Pa的切应力,加载时间6h,以未施加切应力的ECs为静止对照组。流式细胞仪检测各组ECs细胞周期的变化。结果梯度切应力组ECs在受力6h后进入S期与G2+M期细胞明显多于静止对照组与稳定切应力组(P<0.05);恒定切应力组的ECs受力后进入S期与G2+M期细胞明显少于其他两组(P<0.05)。结论梯度切应力促进ECs进入分裂增殖期,而稳定的层流切应力则产生对ECs细胞周期的抑制作用。提示血管内支架植入后,继发的血流切应力改变诱导细胞进入分裂、增殖期,这可能是引起支架内再狭窄过程中血管内膜增生的原因之一。     

切应力对与血管平滑肌细胞联合培养的内皮细胞微管骨架重构的影响

目的探讨切应力对与血管平滑肌细胞(VSMCs)联合培养的内皮细胞(ECs)中微管的聚集重构的影响,为阐明应力诱导血管重建的分子机制提供一些实验证据。方法应用ECs与VSMCs联合培养的平行平板流动腔系统,给ECs面施加15dyne/cm2的层流切应力,以静态条件下联合培养的ECs为对照组,用WesternBlot、免疫荧光细胞化学和图像分析等技术,研究切应力作用下与VSMCs联合培养的ECs的微管聚集的变化。结果静态联合培养组,ECs微管骨架的排列是稀疏、发散和无规律的。切应力诱导了ECs的微管的重构,,微管骨架变得有序,朝切应力的方向规律的排列。切应力能够促进ECs的微管聚集,与对照组相比,切应力作用下的ECs内多聚微管的数量增加,切应力作用3h,ECs内多聚微管的数量达到峰值,之后开始下降。结论切应力诱导和促进了EC的微管骨架发生重构(聚集)。结果提示:微管可能是机械应力刺激作用的靶标,应力可能通过它改变ECs的形态,影响细胞的黏附与迁移等功能。     

Akt调节切应力诱导骨髓间充质干细胞Bmi-1基因的表达

目的探讨流体切应力对骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)中Bmi-1基因表达的影响及可能的信号机制。方法原代体外分离培养大鼠BMSCs,应用平行平板流动腔系统,给BMSCs施加不同强度(0.5、1.5、3.0 Pa)和不同加载时间(1、2、6、24 h)的层流切应力,用实时定量RT-PCR法检测Bmi-1基因的表达水平,用免疫印迹法检测磷酸化Akt和ERK1/2的表达水平,利用Wortmannin(PI3K特异性抑制剂)、PD98059(ERK1/2 MAPK特异性抑制剂)信号阻断剂探讨信号转导途径。结果 BMSCs在1.5 Pa切应力作用1 h后Bmi-1基因表达即明显增强,24 h达高峰。不同强度切应力都会刺激Bmi-1基因表达,其中3.0 Pa最强。切应力能显著激活磷酸化Akt和ERK1/2表达。Wortmannin而不是PD98059可以明显抑制Bmi-1基因的表达。结论切应力可诱导BMSCs中Bmi-1基因表达,其表达量与刺激时间和切应力的强度密切相关,这种作用可能通过Akt信号调节。     

细胞联合培养杯膜的孔径对血小板源性生长因子通透的影响

目的 探讨细胞联合培养杯膜的孔径对生物大分子通透的影响,解决血管细胞分子力学生物学实验的关键技术问题。方法 以杯底PET膜孔径为0.4 μm和1.0 μm的两种型号细胞联合培养杯作为研究对象,将大鼠血管平滑肌细胞（vascular smooth muscle cells, VSMCs）和内皮细胞（endothelial cells, ECs）分别种植于联合培养杯底PET膜的内外侧面。实验分为EC/VSMC联合培养施加低切应力组、PET膜未接种细胞静止组、PET膜单侧接种细胞静止组和PET膜双侧接种细胞静止组。ELISA检测低切应力组ECs侧和VSMCs侧培养液中血小板源性生长因子（platelet-derived growth factor BB, PDGFBB）含量,Western blotting检测重组PDGF-BB（rPDGF-BB）刺激后,各组细胞内信号转导分子p-ERK1/2和p-Akt以及核骨架蛋白Lamin A的表达变化。结果 EC/VSMC联合培养施加0.5 Pa层流低切应力12 h后,0.4 μm联合培养杯VSMCs侧PDGFBB浓度显著高于ECs侧。0.4 μm和1.0 μm两种孔径的PET膜未接种细胞时,rPDGF-BB上调了隔开培养细胞的pERK1/2和p-Akt表达,并下调Lamin A表达。PET膜外侧面接种单层细胞时,rPDGF-BB上调了对侧细胞的p-ERK1/2和p-Akt表达,并下调Lamin A表达。PET膜内外侧面均接种细胞时,rPDGF-BB仅能影响0.4 μm PET膜同侧细胞的pERK1/2、p-Akt和Lamin A表达,对对侧细胞无明显作用;而1.0 μm PET膜两侧细胞的p-ERK1/2、p-Akt和Lamin A表达无显著性差异。结论 两种有孔PET材料本身均允许生物大分子的通透,而细胞接种会影响有孔PET膜对生物大分子的通透。0.4 μm孔径PET膜两侧均接种细胞时,对生物大分子的通透明显减弱,更接近于在体情况。     

Shear stress protects against endothelial regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration in a coculture system.

Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) are constantly exposed to blood flow-induced shear stress; these forces strongly influence the behaviors of neighboring vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). VSMC migration is a key event in vascular wall remodeling. In this study, the authors assessed the difference between VSMC migration in VSMC/EC coculture under static and shear stress conditions. Utilizing a parallel-plate coculture flow chamber system and Transwell migration assays, they demonstrated that human ECs cocultured with VSMCs under static conditions induced VSMC migration, whereas laminar shear stress (1.5 Pa, 15 dynes/cm2) applied to the EC side for 12 h significantly inhibited this process. The changes in VSMC migration is mainly dependent on the close interactions between ECs and VSMCs. Western blotting showed that there was a consistent correlation between the level of Akt phosphorylation and the efficacy of shear stress-mediated EC regulation of VSMC migration. Wortmannin and Akti significantly inhibited the EC-induced effect on VSMC Akt phosphorylation and migration. These results indicate that shear stress protects against endothelial regulation of VSMC migration, which may be an atheroprotective function on the vessel wall.     

切应力作用下联合培养的血管平滑肌细胞对内皮细胞F-肌动蛋白构筑的影响

目的　探讨切应力作用下联合培养的血管平滑肌细胞对内皮细胞抗应力和粘附能力的影响 ,为改进血管内皮细胞种植的组织工程学技术提供生物力学基础。　方法　应用荧光标记和激光共聚焦扫描显微镜技术 ,以静态条件下单独培养的内皮细胞、联合培养的内皮细胞以及切应力作用下单独培养的内皮细胞为对照组 ,研究了切应力作用下与血管平滑肌细胞联合培养的内皮细胞的细胞骨架F 肌动蛋白构筑的变化。　结果　静态条件下单独培养的内皮细胞的F 肌动蛋白排列松散 ,不规则 ,微丝较细 ;联合培养的内皮细胞的F 肌动蛋白微丝明显增多增粗。切应力作用下 ,与血管平滑肌细胞联合培养的内皮细胞的F 肌动蛋白发生重排 ,并形成大量沿切应力方向排列的应力纤维 ,且发生重排的时间明显早于单独培养的内皮细胞。　结论　在切应力作用和血管平滑肌细胞的影响下 ,内皮细胞F 肌动蛋白构筑的变化有利于增强内皮细胞的抗应力和粘附能力     

Aging reduces susceptibility of vascular smooth muscle cells to H₂O₂-induced apoptosis through the down-regulation of Jagged1 expression in endothelial cells

In addition to excessive proliferation, reduced apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays a key role in aging-exaggerated neointima formation after vascular injury. Our previous studies have shown that impaired expression of Jagged1 in the endothelium may be a key event that leads to enhanced VSMC proliferation in the elderly. Here, we are the first to investigate whether the expression of Jagged1 in endothelial cells (ECs) may regulate apoptosis of VSMCs. We discovered that VSMCs co-cultured with senescent ECs exhibited decreased susceptibility to H?O?-induced apoptosis compared with those co-cultured with young ECs. Senescent ECs also displayed lower Jagged1 expression compared to young ECs, which was more evident after H?O? stimulation. Overexpression of Jagged1 in senescent ECs significantly promoted H?O?-induced apoptosis in the co-cultured VSMCs, whereas silencing Jagged1 expression in young ECs reduced H2O2-induced apoptosis in the co-cultured VSMCs. Our studies also revealed that Jagged1 expressed in ECs exerted its pro-apoptotic activity by lowering expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. These results demonstrate that aging reduces the susceptibility of co-cultured VSMCs to H?O?-induced apoptosis through impaired Jagged1 expression in ECs.     

FOXO1参与高血压条件下异常张应变诱导的血管平滑肌细胞增殖

目的 探讨高血压条件下异常升高的周期性张应变刺激对血管平滑肌细胞（vascular smooth muscle cells, VSMCs）增殖的影响,以及Forkhead转录因子1（FOXO1）在其中可能的作用。方法 构建腹主动脉缩窄高血压大鼠模型,并以假手术组为对照,应用FX-4000T体外周期性张应变加载系统,分别对VSMCs施加5%的生理性张应变和15%的高血压病理性张应变。Western blot检测VSMCs的FOXO1及p-FOXO1表达水平,BrdU法检测VSMCs 增殖活性。RNA干扰技术抑制VSMCs的FOXO1表达,检测FOXO1、p-FOXO1表达以及VSMCs增殖活性变化。结果 腹主动脉缩窄术后 2和4周,大鼠血压较假手术大鼠明显增高。与假手术大鼠相比,高血压大鼠血管壁细胞增殖活性明显增高,同时 FOXO1及 p-FOXO1表达水平也显著性升高。细胞实验表明,与5%张应变组相比,15%张应变加载显著上调VSMCs的FOXO1、p-FOXO1表达水平,以及VSMCs增殖活性。静态条件下RNA干扰抑制VSMCs的FOXO1及p-FOXO1表达,VSMCs的增殖活性明显降低。结论 高血压病理条件下,异常增高的周期性张应变可能通过促进 FOXO1表达和磷酸化诱导VSMCs增殖。以动物模型观察现象,在细胞分子水平探讨机制,旨在明确FOXO1在高血压血管重建中的作用及其力学生物学机制,为阐明高血压血管重建的发病机理和药物治疗靶标的研究提供新的实验依据。     

Normal Shear Stress and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Modulate Migration of Endothelial Cells Through Histone Deacetylase 6 Activation and Tubulin Acetylation

Endothelial cells (ECs) line the innermost of the blood vessel wall and are constantly subjected to shear stress imposed by blood flow. ECs were also influenced by the neighboring vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The bidirectional communication between ECs and VSMCs modulates vascular homeostasis. In this study, the involvement of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) in modulating migration of ECs co-cultured with VSMCs by the normal level of laminar shear stress (NSS) was investigated. ECs was either cultured alone or co-cultured with VSMCs under static conditions or subjected to NSS of 15 dyne/cm² by using a parallel-plate co-culture flow chamber system. It was demonstrated that both NSS and VSMCs could increase EC migration. The migration level of ECs co-cultured with VSMCs under NSS was not higher than that under the static condition. The process of EC migration regulated by VSMCs and NSS was associated with the increased expression of HDAC6 and low level of acetylated tubulin. The increase in HDAC6 expression was accompanied by a time-dependent decrease in the acetylation of tubulin in ECs co-cultured with VSMCs. Inhibition of the HDAC6 by siRNA or tributyrin, an inhibitor of HDACs, induced a parallel alteration in the migration and the acetylated tubulin of ECs co-cultured with VSMCs. It was observed by immunofluorescence staining that the acetylated tubulin was distributed mostly around the cell nucleus in ECs co-cultured with VSMCs. The results suggest that the NSS may display a protective function on the vascular homeostasis by modulating EC migration to a normal level in a VSMC-dependent manner. This modulation process involves the down-regulation of acetylated tubulin which results from increased HDAC6 activity in ECs.