红色诺卡菌细胞壁骨架胸腔注射治疗恶性胸腔积液

目的 :观察红色诺卡菌细胞壁骨架 (N CWS)胸腔内注射治疗恶性胸腔积液的临床疗效。方法 :60例恶性胸腔积液病人行胸腔闭式引流尽量放尽胸液后分成 2组 ,N CWS组 30例 ,男性 19例 ,女性 11例 ,年龄 62a±s 11a ,将N CWS每次 4 0 0～ 60 0 μg溶于氯化钠注射液 2 0mL ,注入胸腔内 ,qw ,连续 2次 ;薏苡仁组 30例 ,男性 17例 ,女性 13例 ,年龄 63a± 10a ,将薏苡仁注射液每次 10 0～ 2 0 0mL ,注入胸腔内 ,qw ,连续 2次 ,观察胸腔积液控制效果及其不良反应。结果 :N CWS组有效率为87% ,薏苡仁组为 57% ,2组差异有显著意义 (P <0 .0 5)。结论 :N CWS治疗恶性胸腔积液效果较薏苡仁注射液佳。     

胸腔内注射透明质酸钠预防结核性胸腔积液胸膜肥厚的作用

目的 :观察胸腔内注射医用透明质酸钠凝胶对结核性胸腔积液胸膜肥厚的治疗作用。方法 :将中等量结核性胸腔积液 (B超示胸液包裹及胸膜肥厚 >2mm)患者 5 2例 ,随机分为治疗组 2 7例和对照组 2 5例 ,两组均按 2HRZS 4HR化疗 ,抽液后治疗组注入透明质酸钠凝胶 2 .5ml,对照组注入生理盐水2 .5ml,分别于注药前后 72h检测胸水常规和蛋白定量。胸腔积液吸收后 2wk及 3mon作肺功能测定。结果 :治疗组较对照组胸穿次数减少 ,胸腔积液完全吸收时间显著变短 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;肺功能指标FEV1%和FVC %明显优于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;胸膜厚度注药前 0 .92± 0 .11cm与注药后 0 .5 7± 0 .13cm的变化显著 ,与对照组比具有显著的统计学意义 (P<0 .0 5 )。注药后 72h胸水蛋白定量和胸水白细胞数明显低于注药前 (P <0 .0 5 )。治疗中未见不良反应。结论 :胸腔内注射医用透明质酸钠凝胶有防治结核性胸腔积液胸膜肥厚的作用 ,无不良反应     

顺铂加香菇多糖治疗恶性胸腔积液30例

目的　 观察顺铂联合香菇多糖治疗恶性胸腔积液的临床疗效。 方法　 治疗组 ( 3 0例 )患者引流尽胸水后胸腔内注入顺铂加香菇多糖 ;对照组 ( 3 0例 )引尽胸水后注入香菇多糖。 结果　 治疗组有效率 ( 83 3 % )高于对照组 ( 5 6 6% ) ,具有显著差异性 (P <0 0 5 )。 结论　 顺铂加香菇多糖治疗恶性胸腔积液有较好疗效 ,并能提高患者生存质量。     

沙培林胸腔内注射治疗术后胸腔积液疗效分析

目的　观察沙培林对胸腔恶性肿瘤术后胸腔积液的疗效 ,了解其毒副作用并探讨其作用机制。方法　选择 1998～ 2 0 0 1年胸腔恶性肿瘤术后胸腔积液 2 8例 ,术后第二天开始平均胸引量大于 30 0ml的病例 ,自胸管内注入沙培林 5KE闭管 ,8小时后开放 ,观察 2 4小时并记录引流量 ,若引流量大于 10 0ml,再注入 3KE后拔管 ,治疗前后摄胸片对照 ,治疗前胸引量按每日胸引量及 3天胸水量之和评估 ,治疗后以胸片或B超定位胸穿抽液为准。结果　 2 8例中完全缓解 2 1例 ( 75 %) ,部分缓解 6例 ( 2 1 4 %) ,总有效率 96 4 %。结论　沙培林胸腔内注射治疗胸腔恶性肿瘤术后胸腔积液疗效肯定 ,不良反应主要是发热 ,胸痛 ,无肝肾等不良反应。     

胸腔穿刺引流联合岩舒注射液治疗恶性胸腔积液疗效观察

目的:观察胸腔穿刺引流联合岩舒注射液治疗恶性胸腔积液的疗效。方法:52例恶性胸腔积液患者随机分成2组,每组26例,胸腔内置管排尽胸水后,治疗组予岩舒注射液20mL以0.9%氯化钠注射液20mL稀释后注入胸腔治疗;对照组予0.9%氯化钠注射液20mL+顺铂40mg.m-2胸腔内注入。2组均每隔2～3d依据胸水情况治疗1次,共4～6次,观察临床疗效、生活质量及不良反应。结果:总有效率治疗组为76.9%,对照组为53.9%,治疗组较对照组有显著性差异(P<0.05);生活质量改善率治疗组为65.4%,对照组为50%,2组间比较有显著性差异(P<0.05);不良反应治疗组除2例轻度发热、1例轻度胸痛外,其余较对照组均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:胸腔穿刺引流联合胸腔灌注岩舒注射液是治疗恶性胸腔积液的一种有效、安全的方法。     

羟基喜树碱治疗恶性胸腔积液

目的观察羟基喜树碱(HCPT)治疗恶性胸腔积液的近期疗效和毒副反应.方法 17例恶性胸腔积液患者,先给予胸腔穿刺抽尽胸水后,腔内注入HCPT20～30 mg,每周1次,连续2～3次.结果 17例恶性胸腔积液的近期疗效为58.8 %(10/17).结论胸水引流后腔内注入HCPT,治疗恶性胸腔积液,疗效肯定,是控制恶性胸腔积液的有效方法.     

顺铂与博莱霉素治疗恶性胸腔积液的疗效比较

目的:探讨胸腔内分别注入顺铂(PDD)与博莱霉素(BLM)治疗恶性积液的疗效与不良反应。方法:将经胸水细胞学或病理确诊为恶性胸腔积液的患者共40例,随机分为两组,A组(PDD组)胸腔内注入0.9%生理盐水100mL PDD针60mg 地塞米松5mg 2%利多卡因5mL,反复2次;B组(BLM组)胸腔内注入0.9%生理盐水100mL BLM针60mg 地塞米松5mg 2%利多卡因5mL反复2次,观察疗效、生活质量、不良反应。结果:PDD组总有效率51.45%,BLM组总有效率76%。差异有显著性(P<0.05),治疗后的不良反应中血小板轻度降低,两组比较差异无显著性,而白细胞降低和消化道反应BLM组显著低于PDD组(P<0.05)。结论:胸腔内注入BLM治疗胸腔积液疗效显著,是晚期恶性肿瘤姑息治疗的一种有效方法。     

胸腔内注射药物治疗恶性胸腔积液68例疗效分析

目的　探讨胸腔内注入顺铂 (DDP)内置联合长春地辛 (VDS)治疗恶性胸腔积液的疗效。方法　病理确诊的恶性胸腔积液 68例 ,经胸腔插管引流术排尽胸液后 ,按随机化原则分为 2组 ,治疗组( 3 6例 )在胸腔内注射DDP 5 0mg m2 ,VDS 4mg ,对照组 ( 3 2例 )在胸腔内注入DDP 5 0mg m2 ,7d后重复 1次 ,观察疗效 ,生活质量 ,生存率以及毒副反应。结果　治疗组总有效率 81%,病变进展率 3 %,较对照组 5 0 %、2 5 %差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。Karnofsky评分大于 70分治疗组较对照组有显著提高 (P <0 .0 5 )。治疗组 0 .5年、1年、1.5年、2年的生存率为 97%、5 8%、44 %、8%,分别高于对照组的 72 %、5 0 %、13 %、6%,其中 0 .5、1.5年的生存率差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。治疗组白细胞下降较对照组明显。结论　胸腔内联合注入DDP和VDS治疗恶性胸腔积液是一种有效的 ,副反应小 ,可耐受的方法。     

热疗联合胸腔内注射药物治疗恶性胸腔积液临床研究

目的:观察热疗加胸腔内注射顺铂治疗恶性胸腔积液的疗效和不良反应。方法:确诊为肿瘤所致的恶性胸腔积液的患者56例,随机分为两组。采用胸腔穿刺或胸腔闭式引流尽可能排尽胸水后,A组(28例)患者给予胸腔内注射顺铂60 mg,然后进行患侧胸腔深部热疗;B组(28例)患者只给予胸腔内注射顺铂60 mg。结果:两组总有效(胸水得到控制)率(A组85.71%,B组60.71%)比较差异有显著性(P<0.05),A组与B组生活质量好转率分别为75%和46.43%(P<0.05)。结论:热疗与DDP联合应用治疗恶性胸水有较好疗效,毒副反应小,可以改善患者生活质量,是安全有效的方法。     

异烟肼与地塞米松联合胸腔注入治疗结核性胸腔积液疗效观察

目的 :探讨胸腔注药治疗结核性胸膜炎的疗效。方法 :治疗组胸腔注入异烟肼 0 2g和地塞米松 5mg ;对照组胸腔注入地塞米松 5mg。结果 :治疗组胸水吸收显效率 94 2 % ,总有效率 98 1% ;对照组胸水吸收显效率 72 7% ,总有效率 81 8% ,两组比较 χ2 =9 0 6 2 4,P <0 0 5。结论 :应用异烟肼与地塞米松联合胸腔注入治疗结核性胸腔积液疗效高 ,并发症少 ,值得推广。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.